Table of Contents

 

 

 

 

Foreword

xi

 

Foreword from First Edition

xiii

 

Introduction

xv

1

Human Factors Defined

1

 

Cause and Effect

3

 

Accident or Incident

4

 

Definitions of Human Factors and Flight Physiology

5

 

The “SHEL” Model

7

 

Incapacitation/Impairment

9

 

Flight Surgeons and Aviation Medical

10

 

Examiners (Ames)

11

2

Basic Human Anatomy

13

 

The Nervous System

14

 

The Musculoskeletal System

17

 

The Gastrointestinal (GI) System

19

 

The Metabolic System

20

 

The Circulatory System

22

 

Respiration

27

3

The Atmosphere

32

 

Composition of the Atmosphere

33

 

Physical Characteristics of the Atmosphere

35

 

Gas Laws

37

 

Divisions of the Atmosphere

41

 

Physiological Divisions of the Atmosphere

43

 

General Effects on the Human Body

44

4

Situation Awareness

45

 

Situation Awareness Defined

46

 

Components of Situation Awareness

47

 

Causes and Clues of Lost Situation Awareness

48

 

Prevention of Lost Situation Awareness

48

5

Altitude Physiology

50

 

The Physiology of Oxygen in the Body

50

 

Review of Respiration Physiology

51

 

Carbon Monoxide and Ozone

67

 

Decompression of Cabin Altitude

68

 

Trapped Gases

70

 

Evolved Gas Disorders

75

6

Hearing and Vibration

84

 

Anatomy and Physiology of the Ear

85

 

Definition of Sound

87

 

Definition of Noise

89

 

Perception of Sound

92

 

Measurement of Hearing

92

 

Noise and Hearing Loss

93

 

Other Types of Hearing Loss

96

 

Hearing Conservation

97

 

Vibration

99

7

Vision

100

 

The Light Spectrum

101

 

Anatomy of the Eye

102

 

Optics and Physics of Light

106

 

Correction of Acuity

107

 

Correction without Glasses or Contacts

111

 

Night Vision

113

 

Factors Affecting Visual Acuity

119

 

Visual Scanning

119

 

Visual Illusions and Misperceptions

120

 

Black Holes and Whiteouts

121

 

Sunglasses

122

 

Ultraviolet Radiation

124

8

Orientation

125

 

Disorientation

126

 

Definition of Disorientation

126

 

Types of Disorientation

128

 

Visual Illusions

145

 

Tolerance to Disorientation and Illusions

148

 

Flicker Vertigo

150

 

Motion Sickness

151

9

Self-Imposed Medical Stresses

153

 

Self-Diagnosis

154

 

Over-the-Counter Medications

157

 

Caffeine

166

 

Miscellaneous Abuses

169

 

Physical Condition

172

 

Alcohol and Drugs

172

 

It Only Takes One

186

10

Environmental Stresses

189

 

Basic Physics of Heat

190

 

The Body’s Temperature Control System

192

 

Coping with Heat Extremes

195

 

Coping with Cold Extremes

200

 

Dehydration

203

 

Radiation

204

 

Cabin Air Quality

206

 

Toxic Chemicals and Fumes

206

11

Sleep, Jet Lag, and Fatigue

208

 

Sleep

209

 

Circadian Rhythms

219

 

Fatigue

224

12

Acceleration

234

 

Types of Acceleration

234

 

Common Situations in Civilian Flying

236

 

Symptoms of G Forces

236

 

Tolerance to G Forces

238

 

Negative G Forces

239

13

Crew Resource Management (CRM) and Stress Management

240

 

Definitions in CRM

241

 

Resources

242

 

Management

242

 

Skills Learned in CRM

243

 

Training in CRM

245

 

Deterrents to Good CRM

245

 

Stress Management

247

 

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

249

14

Human Factors of Automation

251

 

Cockpit Automation Denned

252

 

Information Processing

254

 

Physiological Impairments

255

 

Quantifying Impairment

257

15

Inflight Medical Emergencies

259

 

First Aid

260

 

Onboard Medical Kits

262

 

Transporting Ill Passengers

263

 

Basic Survival Techniques

263

 

A Reminder

265

16

Health Maintenance Program

266

 

Nutrition and Diet

267

 

Hypoglycemia

271

 

Exercise

271

 

The Medical Examination

272

 

FAA and Company Flight Physicals

282

17

Medical Standards, Regulations, and Certification

284

 

Definitions

286

 

Typical Certification Scenario

290

 

Preferred Certification Scenario

295

 

Denial

295

 

Recertification and Special Issuance

296

 

Glossary

298

 

Recommended Resources for Aerospace Medicine and Flight Physiology

304

 

Index

305