Foreword

x

Preface

xvii

Contributors

xviii

1

The History of Rabies   George M. Baer

1

1

Introduction

1

2

Remedies for Dog Rabies from the Early and Middle Ages to the 18th Century

2

3

Rabies in the New World

6

4

The Early Role of Wild Animals in the Spread of Rabies

7

5

Development of the First-Generation Rabies Vaccine

11

References

19

2

Rabies Virus   William H. Wunner

23

1

Introduction

23

2

Rabies Virus Structure

24

3

Rabies Virus Replication

29

4

Life Cycle of Rabies Virus Infection

33

5

Virus Cell-to-Cell Spread – Perpetuating the Virus Life Cycle

41

6

Structure of Rabies Virus Proteins in Relation to Function

42

References

56

3

Molecular Epidemiology   Susan A. Nadin-Davis

69

1

Introduction

69

2

Methods and Definition of Terms

70

3

Viral Taxonomy

96

4

Aspects of Rabies Pathogenesis and Evolution Revealed by Molecular Epidemiology

110

5

Conclusions and Future Trends

114

Acknowledgments

115

References

115

4

Epidemiology   James E. Childs and Leslie A. Real

123

1

Introduction to Concepts

123

2

The Epidemiology of Human Rabies

129

3

Routes of Rabies Virus Transmission to Humans

143

4

Risk and Prevention of Rabies Following an Exposure

144

5

Epidemiology of Rabies in Mammalian Populations

147

6

Dissemination of Canine Rabies and Evidence for Periodic Cycles

155

7

Cross-Species Transmission (Spillover) of Rabies Virus

157

8

Spatial Spread and Epidemiology of Wildlife Rabies

166

9

Control of Rabies Directed Toward Mammalian Reservoir Hosts

172

References

180

5

Rabies in Terrestrial Animals   Cathleen A. Hanlon, Michael Niezgoda, and Charles E. Rupprecht

201

1

Introduction

201

2

Host Range and Susceptibility

203

3

Transmission

210

4

Clinical Course

211

5

Differential Diagnosis

214

6

Viral Excretion and Public Health Implications

214

7

Reservoirs and Other Lyssaviruses

216

8

Rabies in Domestic Animals

216

9

Wildlife Reservoirs

226

10

Other Animals as Reservoirs or Simply Spillover Hosts?

242

11

Conclusions

245

References

246

6

Bat Rabies   Ivan V. Kuzmin and Charles E. Rupprecht

259

1

Introduction – General Considerations on Bat Rabies

259

2

Bat Rabies in the New World

261

3

Bat Rabies in the Old World

277

References

299

7

Human Disease   Alan C. Jackson

309

1

Introduction

309

2

Exposures, Incubation Period and Prodromal Symptoms

309

3

Clinical Forms of Disease

314

4

Investigations

319

5

Differential Diagnosis

323

6

Therapy

324

7

Recovery from Rabies

325

8

Rabies Due to Other Lyssavirus Genotypes

329

References

333

8

Pathogenesis   Alan C. Jackson

341

1

Introduction

341

2

Events at the Site of Exposure

341

3

Spread to the CNS

348

4

Spread within the CNS

349

5

Spread from the CNS

350

6

Animal Models of Rabies Virus Neurovirulence

351

7

Rabies Virus Receptors

354

8

Brain Dysfunction in Rabies

356

9

Recovery from Rabies and Chronic Rabies Virus Infection

368

10

Summary

371

References

372

9

Pathology   John P. Rossiter and Alan C. Jackson

383

1

Introduction

383

2

Macroscopic Findings

383

3

Pathology in the Central Nervous System

384

4

Pathology in the Peripheral Nervous System

397

5

Pathology Involving the Eye and Extraneural Organs

401

6

Summary and Conclusions

403

References

403

10

Diagnostic Evaluation   Charles V. Trimarchi and Susan A. Nadin-Davis

411

1

Introduction

411

2

Post-Mortem Diagnosis of Rabies in Animals

413

3

Virus Isolation

429

4

Use of Molecular Methods to Detect Viral RNA

430

5

Diagnosis of Rabies in Humans

453

6

Rabies Antibody Assays

459

Acknowledgements

462

References

462

11

Rabies Serology   Susan M. Moore, Chandra R. Gordon, and Deborah J. Briggs

471

1

Introduction

471

2

Investigative Serology

472

3

Serologic Methods

474

4

Choosing an Assay

480

5

Quality Assurance Measures

483

6

Conclusions

486

References

486

12

Immunology   Monique Lafon

489

1

Introduction

489

2

Molecular Components of a Specific Immune Response

489

3

Immune Responses During RABV Infection

491

4

Immunological Basis for Post-Exposure Vaccination Efficiency

498

5

Conclusions

501

References

501

13

Human Rabies Vaccines   Deborah J. Briggs

505

1

Introduction

505

2

Value of Vaccination

506

3

Nerve Tissue Vaccines

508

4

Cell Culture Vaccines

509

5

Conclusions

513

References

513

14

Animal Vaccines   David W. Dreesen

517

1

Introduction

517

2

Animal Rabies Vaccines

517

References

527

15

Next Generation Rabies Vaccines   William H. Wunner

531

1

Introduction

531

2

Recombinant Virus Vaccines

531

3

DNA-Based Rabies Vaccines

537

4

Oral Rabies Vaccines Derived from Plants

539

References

540

16

Public Health Management of Humans at Risk   Deborah J. Briggs and B.J. Mahendra

545

1

Introduction

545

2

Pre-Exposure Vaccination

548

3

Post-Exposure Vaccination

553

4

Adverse Reactions to Cell Culture Vaccines

561

5

Interchangeability of Vaccines

561

6

Rabies in Children

562

7

Travel to Canine Rabies Endemic Countries

563

8

Rabies Control in Developing Countries

564

9

Educational Awareness

565

References

566

17

Dog Rabies and its Control   Darryn Knobel, Magai Kaare, Erie Fevre, and Sarah Cleaveland

573

1

Introduction

573

2

The Burden of Canine Rabies

573

3

Historical Perspectives on Dog Rabies Control

576

4

Dog Accessibility

578

5

Vaccination Coverage

580

6

The Epidemiological Theory of Dog Rabies Control

582

7

Oral Vaccination of Dogs

584

8

Age at First Vaccination

585

9

Dog Rabies Control in Wildlife Conservation

586

10

Economics of Dog Vaccination for Rabies Control

587

11

Dog Population Management

588

12

Conclusion

589

Acknowledgments

590

References

590

18

Rabies Control in Wild Carnivores   Richard C. Rosatte, Rowland R. Tinline, and David H. Johnston

595

1

Introduction

595

2

Historical Aspects of Rabies Control in Wildlife

595

3

The Concept of Controlling Rabies in Wildlife

599

4

Initiation of Wildlife Rabies Control Programs

600

5

Diagnosis of Suspect Wildlife

602

6

Vector Species Biology in Relation to Rabies Epidemiology

602

7

Transportation of Wildlife

603

8

Point Infection Control: The First Call for Control

603

9

Bait Development for Delivery of Oral Rabies Vaccine

605

10

ORV Initiation/Considerations

606

11

Importance of Vector Home Range and Density for Vaccine Bait Distribution

612

12

Large-Scale Vaccine Bait Distribution Technology

613

13

Surveillance Prior To, During and After a Rabies Control Program

614

14

Vaccine Baiting Costs/Benefits and Costs of Rabies Control

618

15

Vaccine Baiting Efficiency and Baiting Success Guidelines

619

16

Contingency Planning

621

17

Modeling

621

18

Conclusion

623

References

624

19

Future Developments and Challenges   Alan C. Jackson and William H. Wunner

635

1

Introduction

635

2

Pathogenesis

635

3

Epidemiology

636

4

Prevention of Human Rabies

637

5

Diagnosis and Therapy of Human Rabies

638

6

Control of Animal Rabies

639

7

Summary

641

References

641

Index

645