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Preface |
xvi |
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1 |
An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology |
2 |
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The Sciences of Anatomy and
Physiology |
4 |
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Anatomy |
4 |
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Physiology |
5 |
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Levels of Organization |
5 |
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An Introduction to Organ Systems |
7 |
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Homeostasis and System Integration |
7 |
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Homeostatic Regulation |
7 |
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Homeostasis and Disease |
15 |
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The Language of Anatomy |
16 |
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Surface Anatomy |
17 |
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Clinical Note Surface Anatomy |
18 |
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Sectional Anatomy |
18 |
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Clinical Note Sectional Anatomy and Clinical
Technology |
22 |
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Chapter Review |
24 |
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2 |
The Chemical Level of Organization |
28 |
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Matter: Atoms and Molecules |
29 |
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The Structure of an Atom |
29 |
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Chemical Bonds and Chemical
Compounds |
31 |
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Chemical Notation |
34 |
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Chemical Reactions |
34 |
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Basic Energy Concepts |
34 |
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Clinical Note Kinetic Energy and Injury |
35 |
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Types of Reactions |
36 |
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Enzymes and Chemical Reactions |
36 |
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Inorganic Compounds |
37 |
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Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen |
38 |
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Water and its Properties |
38 |
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Inorganic Acids and Bases |
38 |
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Clinical Note Understanding pH |
40 |
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Salts |
41 |
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Organic Compounds |
41 |
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Carbohydrates |
42 |
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Lipids |
43 |
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Proteins |
45 |
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Nucleic Acids |
49 |
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High-Energy Compounds |
50 |
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Clinical Note Physical Properties of
Emergency Medications |
52 |
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Chemicals and Cells |
54 |
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Chapter Review |
54 |
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3 |
Cell Structure and Function |
58 |
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Studying Cells |
59 |
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An Overview of Cell Anatomy |
60 |
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The Cell Membrane |
61 |
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Membrane Structure |
63 |
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Membrane Transport |
64 |
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Clinical Note Fluid Movement |
68 |
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Clinical Note IV Fluid Therapy |
70 |
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The Cytoplasm |
76 |
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The Cytosol |
76 |
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Organelles |
76 |
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The Nucleus |
81 |
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Chromosome Structure |
81 |
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The Genetic Code |
82 |
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Clinical Note DNA Fingerprinting |
82 |
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Protein Synthesis |
83 |
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Clinical Note Recombinant DNA Technology |
85 |
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The Cell Life Cycle |
86 |
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Interphase |
86 |
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Mitosis |
87 |
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Cytokinesis |
87 |
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Cell Division and Cancer |
88 |
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Cell Diversity and
Differentiation |
88 |
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Chapter Review |
89 |
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4 |
The Tissue Level of Organization |
94 |
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Epithelial Tissue |
96 |
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Functions of Epithelia |
96 |
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Intercellular Connections |
97 |
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The Epithelial Surface |
98 |
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The Basement Membrane |
99 |
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Epithelial Renewal and Repair |
99 |
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Classifying Epithelia |
99 |
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Clinical Note Cellular Adaptation |
100 |
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Glandular Epithelia |
103 |
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Clinical Note Exfoliative Cytology |
104 |
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Connective Tissues |
105 |
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Classifying Connective Tissues |
103 |
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Connective Tissue Proper |
105 |
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Clinical Note Marfan’s Syndrome |
107 |
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Clinical Note Blunt Chest Trauma |
107 |
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Clinical Note |
107 |
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Fluid Connective Tissues |
109 |
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Supporting Connective Tissues |
109 |
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Clinical Note Meniscal Knee Injuries |
109 |
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Membranes |
112 |
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Mucous Membranes |
112 |
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Serous Membranes |
113 |
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The Cutaneous Membrane |
113 |
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Synovial Membranes |
113 |
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Muscle Tissue |
113 |
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue |
113 |
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Cardiac Muscle Tissue |
113 |
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Smooth Muscle Tissue |
115 |
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Neural Tissue |
115 |
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Tissue Injuries and Repair |
116 |
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Tissues and Aging |
116 |
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Aging and Cancer Incidence |
117 |
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Chapter Review |
117 |
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5 |
The Integumentary
System |
122 |
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Integumentary Structure and Function |
123 |
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The Epidermis |
124 |
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Clinical Note Dermatology |
124 |
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Clinical Note Drug Administration through the
Skin |
126 |
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Clinical Note Skin Color |
127 |
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Clinical Note Skin Lesions |
129 |
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The Dermis |
132 |
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The Subcutaneous Layer |
133 |
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Clinical Note Medical Conditions of the Skin |
133 |
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Accessory Structures |
134 |
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Clinical Note The Hair in Disease |
136 |
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Clinical Note Hair Loss |
136 |
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Local Control of Homeostasis in
the Integumentary System |
138 |
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Injury and Repair of the Skin |
138 |
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Clinical Note Chronic Skin Conditions |
140 |
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Clinical Note Traumatic Conditions of the Skin |
141 |
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Aging and the Integumentary System |
145 |
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Integration with Other Systems |
145 |
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Chapter Review |
147 |
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6 |
The Skeletal System |
150 |
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The Structure of Bone |
152 |
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Macroscopic Features of Bone |
152 |
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Microscopic Features of Bone |
153 |
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Clinical Note Intraosseous Needle Placement |
154 |
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Bone Formation and Growth |
156 |
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Intramembranous Ossification |
156 |
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Endochondral Ossification |
157 |
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Bone Growth and Body Proportions |
158 |
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Requirements for Normal Bone
Growth |
158 |
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Bone Remodeling and Homeostatic
Mechanisms |
159 |
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The Role of Remodeling in
Support |
159 |
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Homeostasis and Mineral Storage |
159 |
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Injury and Repair |
160 |
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Clinical Note Skeletal Injuries |
161 |
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Aging and the Skeletal System |
166 |
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Clinical Note Osteoporosis |
166 |
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An Overview of the Skeleton |
166 |
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Bone Markings (Surface Features) |
166 |
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Skeletal Divisions |
166 |
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The Axial Division |
166 |
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The Skull |
166 |
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The Vertebral Column and
Thoracic Cage |
175 |
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Clinical Note Compression Fractures |
177 |
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The Appendicular Division |
179 |
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The Pectoral Girdle |
179 |
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The Upper Limb |
182 |
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The Pelvic Girdle |
183 |
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The Lower Limb |
185 |
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Clinical Note Hip Fractures |
186 |
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Articulations |
187 |
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The Classification of Joints |
187 |
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Clinical Note Rheumatism and Arthritis |
189 |
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Synovial Joints: Movement and Structure |
189 |
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Representative Articulations |
194 |
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Clinical Note Dislocations |
195 |
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Integration with Other Systems |
197 |
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Chapter Review |
199 |
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7 |
The Muscular System |
200 |
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Functions of Skeletal Muscle |
208 |
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The Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles |
208 |
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Gross Anatomy |
208 |
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Microanatomy |
209 |
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Clinical Note Rigor Mortis |
211 |
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Clinical Note The Muscular Dystrophies |
211 |
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Clinical Note Rhabdomyolysis |
212 |
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The Control of Muscle Fiber
Contraction |
212 |
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The Neuromuscular Junction |
212 |
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Clinical Note Myasthenia Gravis |
214 |
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The Contraction Cycle |
215 |
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Clinical Note Neuromuscular Blockade |
216 |
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Clinical Note Interference with Neural
Control Mechanisms |
216 |
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Muscle Mechanics |
218 |
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The Frequency of Muscle Fiber
Stimulation |
218 |
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Clinical Note The Disease Called Tetanus |
219 |
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The Number of Muscle Fibers
Involved |
219 |
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Isotonic and Isometric
Contractions |
220 |
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Muscle Elongation |
221 |
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The Energetics of Muscular Activity |
221 |
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ATP and CP Reserves |
221 |
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ATP Generation |
221 |
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Muscle Fatigue |
223 |
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The Recovery Period |
223 |
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Muscle Performance |
224 |
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Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers |
224 |
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Physical Conditioning |
224 |
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Cardiac and Smooth Muscle
Tissues |
225 |
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Cardiac Muscle Tissue |
225 |
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Clinical Note Laboratory Testing in Heart
Attack |
226 |
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Smooth Muscle Tissue |
226 |
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Anatomy of the Muscular System |
227 |
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Origins, Insertions, and Actions |
230 |
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Mimes of Skeletal Muscles |
230 |
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The Axial Muscles |
231 |
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Clinical Note Spasmodic Torticollis |
234 |
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Clinical Note Musculoskeletal Back Disorders |
236 |
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Clinical Note Hernias |
238 |
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The Appendicular Muscles |
239 |
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Clinical Note Intramuscular Drug Injection |
243 |
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Clinical Note Fibromyalgia |
251 |
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Aging and the Muscular System |
251 |
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Integration with Other Systems |
253 |
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Chapter Review |
253 |
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8 |
The Nervous System |
258 |
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The Nervous System |
260 |
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Cellular Organization in Neural
Tissue |
261 |
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Neurons |
261 |
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Neuroglia |
263 |
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Clinical Note Demyelination Disorders |
265 |
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Anatomical Organization of
Neurons |
265 |
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Neuron Function |
266 |
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The Membrane Potential |
266 |
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Clinical Note Neurotoxins in Seafood |
268 |
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Propagation of an Action
Potential |
268 |
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Neural Communication |
270 |
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Structure of a Synapse |
271 |
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Synaptic Function and
Neurotransmitters |
271 |
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Clinical Note Organophosphate Poisoning |
273 |
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Clinical Note Neurotransmitters |
273 |
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Neuronal Pools |
273 |
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The Central Nervous System |
274 |
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The Meninges |
274 |
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Clinical Note Burr Holes |
275 |
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Clinical Note Epidural and Subdural Damage |
276 |
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Clinical Note Nervous System Infections |
276 |
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The Spinal Cord |
278 |
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Clinical Note Spinal-Cord Injuries |
280 |
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The Brain |
282 |
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The Ventricles of the Brain |
284 |
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Clinical Note Hydrocephalus |
286 |
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Clinical Note Aphasia and Dyslexia |
289 |
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Clinical Note Seizures |
291 |
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The Peripheral Nervous System |
294 |
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The Cranial Nerves |
294 |
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The Spinal Nerves |
297 |
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Nerve Plexuses |
298 |
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Reflexes |
298 |
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Clinical Note Reflexes |
302 |
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Sensory and Motor Pathways |
303 |
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Clinical Note Extrapyramidal Motor Syndromes |
305 |
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Clinical Note Cerebral Palsy |
305 |
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Clinical Note Headache |
306 |
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The Autonomic Nervous System |
306 |
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The Sympathetic Division |
308 |
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Clinical Note Sympathetic Nervous System |
309 |
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The Parasympathetic Division |
310 |
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Clinical Note Parasympathetic Nervous System |
312 |
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Relationships Between the
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions |
313 |
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Aging and the Nervous System |
314 |
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Clinical Note Alzheimer’s Disease |
314 |
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Clinical Note Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke) |
314 |
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Clinical Note Neurologic Trauma |
316 |
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Integration with Other Systems |
319 |
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Chapter Review |
319 |
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9 |
The General and Special Senses |
326 |
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The General Senses |
328 |
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Pain |
328 |
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Temperature |
329 |
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Touch, Pressure, and Position |
329 |
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Clinical Note Pain |
330 |
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Chemical Detection |
332 |
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The Special Senses |
333 |
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Smell |
333 |
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The Olfactory Pathways |
334 |
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Taste |
334 |
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The Taste Pathways |
335 |
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Vision |
336 |
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The Accessory Structures of the
Eye |
336 |
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The Eye |
337 |
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Clinical Note Anisocoria |
340 |
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Clinical Note Hyphema |
343 |
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Clinical Note Cataracts |
344 |
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Visual Physiology |
345 |
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Clinical Note Visual Acuity |
345 |
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Clinical Note Accommodation Problems |
346 |
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The Visual Pathway |
347 |
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Clinical Note Night Blindness |
348 |
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Clinical Note Eye Emergencies |
350 |
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Equilibrium and Hearing |
351 |
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The Anatomy of the Ear |
351 |
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Equilibrium |
353 |
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Hearing |
356 |
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Clinical Note Hearing Loss |
359 |
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Aging and the Senses |
360 |
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Smell |
360 |
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Taste |
361 |
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Vision |
361 |
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Hearing |
361 |
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Chapter Review |
361 |
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10 |
The Endocrine System |
366 |
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An Overview of the Endocrine
System |
368 |
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The Structure of Hormones |
368 |
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The Mechanisms of Hormonal
Action |
369 |
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The Secretion and Distribution
of Hormones |
371 |
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Clinical Note Endocrine Emergencies |
372 |
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The Control of Endocrine
Activity |
372 |
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The Pituitary Gland |
373 |
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The Anterior Pituitary Gland |
374 |
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The Posterior Pituitary Gland |
377 |
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Clinical Note Vasopressin |
378 |
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Clinical Note Diabetes Insipidus |
379 |
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The Thyroid Gland |
379 |
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Thyroid Follicles and Thyroid
Hormones |
379 |
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The C Cells of the Thyroid
Gland: Calcitonin |
380 |
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Clinical Note Disorders of the Thyroid Gland |
381 |
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The Parathyroid Glands |
384 |
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The Adrenal Glands |
385 |
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The Adrenal Cortex |
385 |
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The Adrenal Medulla |
386 |
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Clinical Note Disorders of the Adrenal Glands |
387 |
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The Pineal Gland |
388 |
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The Pancreas |
389 |
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Regulation of Blood Glucose
Concentrations |
389 |
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Clinical Note Diabetes Mellitus |
391 |
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The Endocrine Tissues of Other
Organ Systems |
393 |
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The Intestines |
393 |
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The Kidneys |
394 |
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The Heart |
394 |
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Clinical Note Natriuretic Peptides |
394 |
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The Thymus |
394 |
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The Gonads |
395 |
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Clinical Note Estrogen Replacement Therapy |
395 |
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Adipose Tissue |
395 |
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Patterns of Hormonal Interaction |
396 |
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Hormones and Growth |
396 |
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Hormones and Stress |
397 |
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Clinical Note The Physiologic Response to
Stress |
398 |
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Hormones and Behavior |
398 |
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Hormones and Aging |
398 |
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Clinical Note Endocrine Disorders |
399 |
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Integration with Other Systems |
401 |
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Chapter Review |
401 |
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11 |
The Cardiovascular System: Blood |
406 |
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The Functions of Blood |
407 |
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The Composition of Blood |
408 |
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Blood Collection and Analysis |
408 |
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Plasma |
408 |
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Plasma Proteins |
410 |
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Formed Elements |
410 |
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The Production of Formed
Elements |
410 |
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Red Blood Cells |
411 |
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Clinical Note Sickle Cell Disease |
412 |
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Clinical Note Rapid Blood Tests |
416 |
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Clinical Note Emergency Transfusions |
419 |
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White Blood Cells |
419 |
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Clinical Note Hemolytic Disease of the
Newborn |
419 |
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Clinical Note Testing for Blood Compatibility |
420 |
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Clinical Note Blood Transfusion Reactions |
420 |
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Platelets |
424 |
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Clinical Note Blood Banking and Transfusion |
424 |
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Homostasis |
425 |
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The Clotting Process |
426 |
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Clinical Note Aspirin |
426 |
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Clot Retraction and Removal |
427 |
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Clinical Note Heparin and Fibrinolytic Therapy |
428 |
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Clinical Note Abnormal Hemostasis |
429 |
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Clinical Note Fibrinolytic Therapy: The Era of Reperfusion |
429 |
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Chapter Review |
431 |
|
12 |
The Cardiovascular System: The Heart |
436 |
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The Heart’s Place in the
Circulatory System |
437 |
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The Anatomy and Organization of
the Heart |
438 |
|
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The Surface Anatomy of the Heart |
438 |
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The Heart Wall |
439 |
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Clinical Note Chagas’ Disease |
442 |
|
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Internal Anatomy and
Organization |
442 |
|
|
Clinical Note Mitral Valve Prolapse |
445 |
|
|
Clinical Note Valvular Heart Disease |
445 |
|
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The Blood Supply to the Heart |
445 |
|
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Clinical Note Coronary Artery Disease |
447 |
|
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The Heartbeat |
450 |
|
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Contractile Cells |
450 |
|
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The Conducting System |
452 |
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|
Clinical Note Defibrillation |
453 |
|
|
The Electrocardiogram |
455 |
|
|
Clinical Note Emergency Cardiac Care |
457 |
|
|
The Cardiac Cycle |
457 |
|
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Heart Dynamics |
458 |
|
|
Factors that Control Cardiac
Output |
459 |
|
|
Clinical Note Blunt Myocardial Injury |
459 |
|
|
Clinical Note the Denervated Heart |
461 |
|
|
Clinical Note Extracellular Ions, Temperature, and Cardiac
Output |
461 |
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|
Chapter Review |
462 |
|
13 |
The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and
Circulation |
466 |
|
|
The Structure of Blood Vessels |
468 |
|
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Arteries |
468 |
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Capillaries |
470 |
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|
Clinical Note Arteriosclerosis |
470 |
|
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Veins |
472 |
|
|
Circulatory Physiology |
472 |
|
|
Factors that Affect Blood Flow |
472 |
|
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Cardiovascular Pressures within
the Systemic Circuit |
473 |
|
|
Clinical Note Hypertension |
474 |
|
|
Clinical Note Capillary Physiology |
476 |
|
|
Cardiovascular Regulation |
476 |
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Clinical Note Vital Signs |
477 |
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Autoregulation of Blood Flow |
478 |
|
|
Neural Control of Blood Pressure
and Blood Flow |
479 |
|
|
Hormones and Cardiovascular
Regulation |
481 |
|
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Patterns of Cardiovascular
Response |
482 |
|
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Exercise and the Cardiovascular
System |
482 |
|
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The Cardiovascular Response to
Hemorrhage |
483 |
|
|
Clinical Note Shock |
483 |
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The Blood Vessels |
484 |
|
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The Pulmonary Circulation |
484 |
|
|
Clinical Note Acute Pulmonary Embolism |
484 |
|
|
The Systemic Circulation |
487 |
|
|
Clinical Note Aneurysm |
488 |
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Clinical Note Vasculitis |
493 |
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|
Clinical Note Acute Arterial Occlusion |
495 |
|
|
Clinical Note Peripheral Vascular Conditions |
498 |
|
|
Fetal Circulation |
500 |
|
|
Aging and the Cardiovascular
System |
501 |
|
|
Clinical Note Vascular Trauma |
502 |
|
|
Integration with Other Systems |
503 |
|
|
Chapter Review |
505 |
|
14 |
The Lymphatic System and Immunity |
510 |
|
|
Organization of the Lymphatic
System |
512 |
|
|
Functions of the Lymphatic
System |
512 |
|
|
Lymphatic Vessels |
513 |
|
|
Lymphocytes |
513 |
|
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Lymphoid Nodules |
515 |
|
|
Lymphoid Organs |
515 |
|
|
Clinical Note “Swollen Glands” |
516 |
|
|
Clinical Note Injury to the Spleen |
517 |
|
|
The Roles of the Lymphatic
System in Body Defense |
518 |
|
|
Nonspecific Defenses |
519 |
|
|
Physical Barriers |
519 |
|
|
Phagocytes |
519 |
|
|
Immunological Surveillance |
520 |
|
|
Interferons |
520 |
|
|
Complement |
521 |
|
|
Inflammation |
521 |
|
|
Fever |
522 |
|
|
Clinical Note Fever |
522 |
|
|
Specific Defenses: The Immune
Response |
522 |
|
|
Types of Immunity |
522 |
|
|
Properties of Immunity |
523 |
|
|
Clinical Note Immunology |
524 |
|
|
An Overview of the Immune
Response |
527 |
|
|
T Cells and Cell-Mediated
Immunity |
527 |
|
|
B Cells and Antibody-Mediated
Immunity |
529 |
|
|
Clinical Note AIDS |
531 |
|
|
Hormones of the Immune System |
532 |
|
|
Patterns of Immune Response |
534 |
|
|
Immune Disorders |
534 |
|
|
Clinical Note Allergies |
536 |
|
|
Aging and the Immune Response |
537 |
|
|
Integration with Other Systems |
537 |
|
|
Clinical Note Anaphylaxis |
539 |
|
|
Chapter Review |
540 |
|
15 |
The Respiratory System |
546 |
|
|
The Functions of the Respiratory
System |
547 |
|
|
The Organization of the
Respiratory System |
548 |
|
|
The Respiratory Tract |
548 |
|
|
The Nose |
548 |
|
|
The Pharynx |
549 |
|
|
The Larynx |
550 |
|
|
Clinical Note Cystic Fibrosis |
550 |
|
|
The Trachea |
552 |
|
|
The Bronchi |
553 |
|
|
Clinical Note Bronchial Angles |
553 |
|
|
The Bronchioles |
553 |
|
|
The Alveolar Ducts and Alveoli |
553 |
|
|
Clinical Note Bronchiolitis and Respiratory Synctial Vir
Infections |
556 |
|
|
The Respiratory Membrane |
556 |
|
|
Clinical Note Pulmonary Embolism |
556 |
|
|
The Lungs |
556 |
|
|
Clinical Note Pneumonia |
557 |
|
|
The Pleural Cavities |
558 |
|
|
Clinical Note Tension Pneumothorax and Chest Decompression |
559 |
|
|
Clinical Note Tuberculosis |
560 |
|
|
Clinical Note Tobacco Abuse |
560 |
|
|
Respiratory Physiology |
560 |
|
|
Pulmonary Ventilation |
560 |
|
|
Clinical Note Respiratory System
Interventions |
562 |
|
|
Clinical Note Pulmonary Function Tests |
565 |
|
|
Gas Exchange |
565 |
|
|
Clinical Note Chronic Respiratory System
Diseases |
566 |
|
|
Gas Transport |
568 |
|
|
Clinical Note Upper Respiratory Infection |
569 |
|
|
Clinical Note Pulse Oximetry |
570 |
|
|
Clinical Note Carbon Monoxide Poisoning |
571 |
|
|
Clinical Note Arterial Blood Gas Measurements |
572 |
|
|
The Control of Respiration |
573 |
|
|
The Local Control of Respiration |
573 |
|
|
Control by the Respiratory
Centers of the Brain |
573 |
|
|
The Reflex Control of
Respiration |
574 |
|
|
Clinical Note Hypoxic Drive |
575 |
|
|
Clinical Note Lung Cancer |
575 |
|
|
Clinical Note Capnography |
576 |
|
|
Clinical Note SIDS |
577 |
|
|
Control by Higher Centers |
577 |
|
|
Respiratory Changes at Birth |
578 |
|
|
Aging and the Respiratory System |
578 |
|
|
Integration with Other Systems |
578 |
|
|
Chapter Review |
580 |
|
16 |
The Digestive System |
584 |
|
|
An Overview of the Digestive
Tract |
586 |
|
|
Histological Organization |
587 |
|
|
Clinical Note Ascites |
588 |
|
|
The Movement of Digestive
Materials |
588 |
|
|
The Oral Cavity |
589 |
|
|
The Tongue |
589 |
|
|
Salivary Glands |
590 |
|
|
Clinical Note Salivary Gland Disorders |
590 |
|
|
Teeth |
590 |
|
|
The Pharynx |
592 |
|
|
The Esophagus |
592 |
|
|
Swallowing |
592 |
|
|
Clinical Note Swallowed Foreign Bodies |
593 |
|
|
Clinical Note Esophagitis and Diaphragmatic (Hiatal) Hernias |
593 |
|
|
The Stomach |
593 |
|
|
The Gastric Wall |
595 |
|
|
Clinical Note Peptic Ulcers |
595 |
|
|
The Regulation of Gastric
Activity |
596 |
|
|
Clinical Note Stomach Cancer |
598 |
|
|
The Small Intestine |
598 |
|
|
Clinical Note Upper GI Bleeding |
599 |
|
|
The Intestinal Wall |
600 |
|
|
Intestinal Secretions |
601 |
|
|
Clinical Note Vomiting |
601 |
|
|
Digestion in the Small Intestine |
602 |
|
|
The Pancreas |
603 |
|
|
Histological Organization |
603 |
|
|
The Control of Pancreatic
Secretion |
603 |
|
|
Clinical Note Pancreatitis |
604 |
|
|
The Liver |
605 |
|
|
Anatomy of the Liver |
605 |
|
|
Clinical Note Portal Hypertension |
607 |
|
|
Clinical Note Hepatic Abscesses |
608 |
|
|
Liver Functions |
609 |
|
|
Clinical Note Liver Transplant |
609 |
|
|
Clinical Note Hepatitis |
610 |
|
|
The Gallbladder |
611 |
|
|
Clinical Note Biliary Colic and Cholecystitis |
612 |
|
|
The Large Intestine |
613 |
|
|
The Cecum |
614 |
|
|
Clinical Note Appendicitis |
614 |
|
|
The |
614 |
|
|
The Rectum |
615 |
|
|
Clinical Note Hemorrhoids |
615 |
|
|
The Functions of the Large
Intestine |
615 |
|
|
Clinical Note |
615 |
|
|
Clinical Note Diverticulosis |
616 |
|
|
Clinical Note Diarrhea and Constipation |
616 |
|
|
Clinical Note Diverticulitis |
617 |
|
|
Negation and Absorption |
617 |
|
|
The Processing and Absorption of
Nutrients |
618 |
|
|
Clinical Note Lactose Intolerance |
620 |
|
|
Liver and Electrolyte Absorption |
620 |
|
|
The Absorption of Vitamins |
620 |
|
|
Clinical Note Emergency Vitamins? |
620 |
|
|
Clinical Note Malabsorption Syndromes |
621 |
|
|
Aging and the Digestive System |
621 |
|
|
Integration with Other Systems |
621 |
|
|
Clinical Note Abdominal Pain |
623 |
|
|
Chapter Review |
623 |
|
17 |
Nutrition and Metabolism |
628 |
|
|
Cellular Metabolism |
630 |
|
|
Carbohydrate Metabolism |
631 |
|
|
Clinical Note Cellular Hypoxia |
635 |
|
|
Alternate Catabolic Pathways |
635 |
|
|
Lipid Metabolism |
636 |
|
|
Protein Metabolism |
638 |
|
|
Clinical Note Complications of Diabetes
Mellitus |
639 |
|
|
Clinical Note Dietary Fats and Cholesterol |
639 |
|
|
Nucleic Acid Metabolism |
640 |
|
|
A Summary of Cellular Metabolism |
641 |
|
|
Diet and Nutrition |
642 |
|
|
Food Groups and the Food Pyramid |
642 |
|
|
Minerals, Vitamins, and Water |
644 |
|
|
Clinical Note Vitamins |
645 |
|
|
Clinical Note Beriberi |
647 |
|
|
Diet and Disease |
648 |
|
|
Bioenergetics |
648 |
|
|
The Energy Content of Food |
648 |
|
|
Metabolic Rate |
648 |
|
|
Thermoregulation |
649 |
|
|
Clinical Note Fire-Ground Rehabilitation |
650 |
|
|
Aging and Nutritional
Requirements |
651 |
|
|
Clinical Note Nutrition and Emergency Medical
Services |
651 |
|
|
Clinical Note Nutrition |
652 |
|
|
Chapter Review |
653 |
|
18 |
The Urinary System |
658 |
|
|
The Organization of the Urinary
System |
660 |
|
|
The Kidneys |
660 |
|
|
Superficial and Sectional
Anatomy |
661 |
|
|
The Blood Supply to the Kidneys |
662 |
|
|
The Nephron |
663 |
|
|
Basic Principles of Urine
Production |
666 |
|
|
Filtration at the Glomerulus |
667 |
|
|
Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Renal
Tubule |
668 |
|
|
Clinical Note Acute Renal Failure |
672 |
|
|
The Control of Kidney Function |
672 |
|
|
Clinical Note Hemodialysis |
672 |
|
|
Clinical Note The Treatment of Kidney Failure |
673 |
|
|
Urine Transport, Storage, and
Elimination |
675 |
|
|
The Ureters and Urinary Bladder |
675 |
|
|
Clinical Note Kidney Stones |
675 |
|
|
The Urethra |
677 |
|
|
Clinical Note Urinary Tract Infections |
678 |
|
|
The Micturition Reflex and Urination |
679 |
|
|
Clinical Note Incontinence |
680 |
|
|
Fluid, Electrolyte, and
Acid-Base Balance |
680 |
|
|
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance |
681 |
|
|
Acid-Base Balance |
684 |
|
|
Clinical Note Disturbances of Acid-Base
Balance |
687 |
|
|
Aging and the Urinary System |
688 |
|
|
Clinical Note Renal Trauma |
688 |
|
|
Integration with Other Systems |
690 |
|
|
Chapter Review |
690 |
|
19 |
The Reproductive System |
696 |
|
|
The Reproductive System of the
Male |
697 |
|
|
The Testes |
698 |
|
|
Clinical Note Cryptorchidism |
698 |
|
|
Clinical Note Testicular Cancer |
700 |
|
|
Clinical Note Testicular Torsion |
700 |
|
|
The Male Reproductive Tract |
702 |
|
|
The Accessory Glands |
704 |
|
|
Clinical Note Prostatitis |
704 |
|
|
Semen |
704 |
|
|
The Penis |
704 |
|
|
Clinical Note Priapism |
706 |
|
|
Hormones and Male Reproductive
Function |
706 |
|
|
Clinical Note Male Genital Trauma |
707 |
|
|
The Reproductive System of the
Female |
707 |
|
|
The Ovaries |
709 |
|
|
Clinical Note Mittelschmerz |
711 |
|
|
Clinical Note Ruptured Ovarian Cysts |
711 |
|
|
The Uterine Tubes |
712 |
|
|
The Uterus |
712 |
|
|
Clinical Note Endometritis |
713 |
|
|
Clinical Note Endometriosis |
713 |
|
|
Clinical Note Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
(PID) |
714 |
|
|
The Vagina |
714 |
|
|
Clinical Note Menstrual Irregularities |
715 |
|
|
Clinical Note Amenorrhea |
715 |
|
|
The External Genitalia |
715 |
|
|
The Mammary Glands |
716 |
|
|
Clinical Note Endocrine Effects on the Breast |
716 |
|
|
Clinical Note Breast Cancer |
717 |
|
|
Hormones and the Female
Reproductive Cycle |
717 |
|
|
Clinical Note Dermoid Cysts |
717 |
|
|
Clinical Note Infertility |
720 |
|
|
The Physiology of Sexual
Intercourse |
720 |
|
|
Male Sexual Function |
720 |
|
|
Clinical Note Date Rape |
721 |
|
|
Female Sexual Function |
721 |
|
|
Clinical Note Sexually Transmitted Diseases |
721 |
|
|
Aging and the Reproductive
System |
721 |
|
|
Menopause |
722 |
|
|
The Male Climacteric |
722 |
|
|
Integration with Other Systems |
722 |
|
|
Clinical Note Birth Control Strategies |
724 |
|
|
Chapter Review |
726 |
|
20 |
Development and Inheritance |
732 |
|
|
An Overview of Topics in
Development |
733 |
|
|
Fertilization |
734 |
|
|
Activation of the Oocyte |
734 |
|
|
An Overview of Prenatal
Development |
735 |
|
|
The First Trimester |
736 |
|
|
Cleavage and Blastocyst Formation |
736 |
|
|
Clinical Note Ectopic Pregnancy |
737 |
|
|
Implantation |
737 |
|
|
Placentation |
741 |
|
|
Embryogenesis |
742 |
|
|
Clinical Note Teratogenicity |
743 |
|
|
The Second and Third Trimesters |
746 |
|
|
The Effects of Pregnancy on
Maternal Systems |
746 |
|
|
Clinical Note Physiologic Changes of
Pregnancy |
744 |
|
|
Structural and Functional
Changes in the Uterus |
751 |
|
|
Clinical Note Fetal Development |
750 |
|
|
Labor and Delivery |
751 |
|
|
The Stages of Labor |
751 |
|
|
Premature Labor |
752 |
|
|
Multiple Births |
752 |
|
|
Clinical Note Obstetrical Terminology |
753 |
|
|
Postnatal Development |
753 |
|
|
The Neonatal Period, Infancy,
and Childhood |
754 |
|
|
Clinical Note Postnatal Development |
754 |
|
|
Adolescence and Maturity |
756 |
|
|
Clinical Note Abortion |
756 |
|
|
Genetics, Development, and
Inheritance |
757 |
|
|
Genes and Chromosomes |
757 |
|
|
Clinical Note Inherited Disorders: Emergency
Implications |
760 |
|
|
The Human Genome Project |
761 |
|
|
Clinical Note Chromosomal Abnormalities and
Genetic Analysis |
763 |
|
|
Clinical Note Trauma During Pregnancy |
764 |
|
|
Chapter Review |
765 |
|
Appendix I |
Roles and Responsibilities of Emergency Medical
Personnel |
771 |
|
Appendix II |
A Periodic Chart of the Elements |
780 |
|
Appendix III |
Weights and Measures |
781 |
|
Appendix IV |
Normal Physiological Values |
784 |
|
Appendix V |
Key Notes |
786 |
|
Appendix VI |
Answers to Concept Check and Chapter Review
Questions |
792 |
|
|
Glossary/Index |
827 |
|
|
|
|