Preface

xi

Acknowledgments

1

PART I

INTRODUCTION

Overview

4

The Nervous System

5

Cells

5

Gray Matter/White Matter

5

Connections

7

CNS/PNS

7

Constitution of the CNS

7

Principal Divisions of the Brain

8

Cranial Nerves and Spinal Segments

8

Cerebrospinal Fluid and its Circulation

9

Cortical Areas

10

Using this Book

10

Terminology

10

Terms of Relation—The Special Case of the Human Head

12

Labels

12

Image Groups

14

Pathways

14

Navigation

14

Materials and Methods

14

Subjects

14

Brain Specimens

15

Radiological Imaging

16

References

17

PART II

THE CNS AND ITS BLOOD VESSELS

Brain

20

Cerebral Hemisphere and Brain Stem; Sulci and Gyri—Lateral Aspect

20

Cerebral Hemisphere and Brain Stem Arteries; Arteries of the Insula and Lateral Sulcus; Arterial Territories—Lateral Aspect

22

Cerebral Hemisphere and Brain Stem; Sulci and Gyri—Mesial Aspect

24

Cerebral Hemisphere and Brain Stem Arteries; Arterial Territories— Mesial Aspect

26

Cerebral Hemisphere and Brain Stem Arteries; by Conventional Angiography; by MRA—Lateral Projection

28

Dural Venous Sinuses and Folds (Diagrammatic); by Conventional Angiography; by MRV—Lateral Projection

30

Cerebral Hemispheres, Brain Stem and Arteries; by MRA—Anterior Aspect

32

Cerebral Hemisphere and Brain Stem Arteries and Veins by Conventional Angiography and Veins by MRV—Anteroposterior Projections

34

Cerebral Hemispheres and Brain Stem; Sulci and Gyn—Inferior Aspect

36

Cerebral Hemispheres and Brain Stem: Arteries and Cranial Nerves; Arterial Territories; Axial MRA—Inferior Aspect

38

Brain Stem

40

Brain Stem, Diencephalon, Basal Ganglia, and Cerebellum—Ameroiateral Aspect

40

Brain Stem, Diencepbalon, Basal Ganglia, and Cerebellum; Arteries and Cranial Nerves—Anterolateral Aspect

41

Brain Stem, Diencephalon, Basal Ganglia, and Cerebellum; Arterial Territories—Anterolateral Aspect

42

Brain Stem, Thalamus, and Striatum—Anterior Aspect

43

Brain Stem, Thalamus, and Striatum— Posterior Aspect

44

Brain Stem, Thalamus, and Striatum—Lateral Aspect

45

Cerebellum

46

Cerebellum—Superior Surface

46

Cerebellum—Inferior Surface

47

Spinal Cord

48

Arteries to Spinal Cord (Diagrammatic)

48

Segmental Arterial Supply of Spinal Cord (Diagrammatic)

49

Fiber Bundles

50

Principal Fiber Bundles in Cerebral Hemisphere and Brain Stem (Semi-Schematic)—Lateral and Mesial Aspects

50

Principal Fiber Bundles in Corona!, Axial, and Sagittal Brain Sections (Semi-Schematic)

51

PART III

BRAIN SLICES

Coronal Sections

54

Coronal Section through Rostral Wall of Lateral Ventricle with Vessel Territories

54

Coronal Section through Anterior Limit of Putamen with MRI

56

Coronal Section through Head of Caudate Nucleus and Putamen with MRI

58

Coronal Section through Anterior Limit of Amygdala with Vessel Territories

60

Coronal Section through Tuber Cinereum with MRI

62

Coronal Section through Interventricular Foramen (Foramen of Monro) with Vessel Territories

64

Coronal Section through Anterior Nucleus of Thalamus with MRI

66

Coronal Section through Mamillothalamic Tract (Fasciculus) with Vessel Territories

68

Coronal Section through Mamillary Bodies with MRI

70

Coronal Section through Subthalamic Nucleus with Vessel Territories

72

Coronal Section through Posterior Limit of Interpeduncular Fossa with MRI

74

Coronal Section through Posterior Commissure with Vessel Territories

76

Coronal Section through Commissure of Superior Colliculi with MRI

78

Coronal Section through Quadrigeminal Plate with Vessel Territories

80

Coronal Section through Fourth Ventricle (IV) with MRI

82

Coronal Section through Posterior Limit of Hippocampus with Vessel Territories

84

Coronal Section through Posterior Horns of Lateral Ventricles with MRI

86

Sagittal Sections

88

Sagittal Section through Superior, Middle, and Inferior Temporal Gyri with Vessel Territories

88

Sagittal Section through Insula with MRI

90

Sagittal Section through Claustrum and Lateral Putamen with Vessel Territories

92

Sagittal Section through Lateral Putamen with MRI

94

Sagittal Section through Termination of Optic Tract with MRI

96

Sagittal Section through Pulvinar with Vessel Territories

98

Sagittal Section through Ambient Cistern with MRI

100

Sagittal Section through Olfactory Tract with Vessel Territories

102

Sagittal Section through Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle (Restiform Body) with Vessel Territories

104

Sagittal Section through Superior Cerebellar Peduncle (Brachium Conjunctivum) with MRI

106

Sagittal Section through Red Nucleus with Vessel Territories

108

Sagittal Section through Cerebral Aqueduct (Aqueduct of Sylvius) with MRI

110

Axial Sections

112

Axial Section through Superior Caudate Nucleus with MRI

112

Axial Section through Inferior Corpus Callosum with Vessel Territories

114

Axial Section through Superior Putamen with MRI

116

Axial Section through Putamen with Vessel Territories

118

Axial Section through Frontoparietal Opercula with MRI

120

Axial Section through Midlevel Diencephalon with Vessel Territories

122

Axial Section through Anterior Commissure with MRI

124

Axial Section through Habenular Commissure with Vessel Territories

126

Axial Section through Superior Colliculi with MRI

128

Axial Section through Anterior Perforated Substance with Vessel Territories

130

Axial Section through Inferior Colliculi with MRI

132

PART IV

HISTOLOGICAL SECTIONS

Cerebellum

136

Horizontal Section through Fasrigial Nucleus

136

Horizontal Section through Dentate Nucleus

137

Brain Stem

138

Transverse Section through Superior Colliculus with Vessel Territories

138

Transverse Section through Oculomotor Nucleus

139

Transverse Section through Inferior Colliculus with Vessel Territories

140

Transverse Section through Superior Pons and Isthmus

141

Transverse Section through Middle Pons with Vessel Territories

142

Transverse Section through Facial Germ with MRI

143

Transverse Section through Vestibulocochlear Nerve Root with Vessel Territories

144

Transverse Section through Glossopharyngeal Nerve Root with Vessel Territories

145

Transverse Section through Fourth Ventricle with Vessel Territories

146

Transverse Section through Hypoglossal Nucleus with MRI

147

Transverse Section through Inferior Olive with Vessel Territories

148

Transverse Section through Decussation of Pyramids

149

Spinal Cord

150

Transverse Section through Upper Cervical Level with Vessel Territories

150

Transverse Section through Cervical Enlargement with MRI

151

Transverse Section through Thoracic Level with Vessel Territories

152

Transverse Section through Lumbar Enlargement with Vessel Territories

153

Transverse Section through Sacral Level

154

Basal Ganglia and Thalamus

155

Coronal Section through Nucleus Accumbens

155

Coronal Section through Optic Chiasm

156

Coronal Section through Anterior Commisure

157

Coronal Section through Anterior Thalamic Tubercle

158

Coronal Section through Mamillothalamic Tract

159

Coronal Section through H Fields of Forel

160

Coronal sSection through Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

161

Coronal Section through Pulvinar

162

Hypothalamus

163

Coronal Section through Optic Chiasm; Coronal Section through Pituitary Stalk

163

Coronal Section through Interthalamic Adhesion; Coronal Section through Mamillary Bodies

164

Basal Forebrain

165

Coronal Section through Olfactory Trigone and Nucleus Basalis

165

Hippocampus

166

Coronal Section through Body of Hippocampus

166

PART V

PATHWAYS

Brain Stem

170

General Organization of Spinal Cord Gray Matter

170

General Organization of Cranial Nerve Gray Matter

172

Sensory Cranial Nerves and Nuclei

174

Motor Cranial Nerves and Nuclei

175

Organization of Cranial Nerve Nuclei into Columns—Posterior Aspect

176

Organization of Cranial Nerve Nuclei into Columns—Anterior Aspect

177

Thalamus

178

Hypothalamus

180

Sensory Systems

182

Touch and Position Sense Pathways: Posterior, (Dorsal) Column/Medial Lemniscus and Trigeminal Main Sensory Nucleus

182

Touch Pathways: Anterior and Lateral Spinothalamic Tracts and Trigeminal Spinal Nucleus

184

Pain Pathways

186

Touch Pathways: Head and Face

188

Taste Pathways

190

Visual Pathways

192

Olfactory Pathways

194

Auditory Pathways

196

Sensory/Motor Systems

198

Vestibular Pathways

198

Motor Systems

200

Corticospinal (Pyramidal) and Corticobulbar Pathways

200

Rubrospinal and Tectospinal Pathways

202

Reticulospinal Pathways

204

Cerebellum

206

Cerebellar Pathways: Somatic Afferents

206

Cerebellar Pathways: Afferents (Non-Somatic)

208

Cerebellar Pathways: Efferents

210

Basal Ganglia

212

Basal Ganglia Pathways

212

Arousal and Sleep

214

Arousal and Sleep Pathways

214

Hippocampus

216

Hippocampal Pathways: Afferents

216

Hippocampal Pathways: Efferents

218

Amygdala

220

Amygdalar Pathways: Afferents

220

Amygdalar Pathways: Efferents

222

Hypothalamus

224

Hypothalamic Pathways: Afferents

224

Hypothalamic Pathways: Efferents

226

Autonomic Systems

228

Autonomic Pathways: Afferents

228

Autonomic Pathways: Sympathetic Efferents

230

Autonomic Pathways: Parasympathetic Efferents

232

Modulatory Systems

234

Cholinergic and Dopaminergic Pathways

234

Noradrenergic and Serotoninergic Pathways

236

Index

239