Preface

vii

Preface to the First Edition

ix

PART 1

INVESTIGATION

1

Nature of Binocular Vision Anomalies

2

2

Detecting Binocular Vision Anomalies in Primary Eyecare Practice

12

3

Examination of Young Children

39

PART 2

HETEROPHORIA

4

Evaluation of Heterophoria

58

5

Binocular Instability

92

6

Management of Heterophoria: Basic Principles

99

7

Esophoric Conditions

109

8

Exophoric Conditions

117

9

Hyperphoria and Cyclophoria

133

10

Eye Exercises for Heterophoria

138

11

Anisometropia and Aniseikonia

163

PART 3

STRABISMUS

12

Overview of Sensory Changes in Strabismus

172

13

Amblyopia and Eccentric Fixation

181

14

Techniques in the Investigation and Management of Comitant Strabismus

219

15

Overview of the Management of Strabismus

251

16

Microtropia

263

PART 4

INCOMITANT DEVIATIONS AND NYSTAGMUS

17

Incomitant Deviations

272

18

Nystagmus

323

APPENDICES

1

Confusing Aspects of Binocular Vision Tests

340

2

Worksheet for Investigation of Infant/Toddler

342

3

Worksheet for Diagnosis of Decompensated Heterophoria

345

4

Specific Learning Difficulties (Dyslexia)

347

5

Worksheet for the Investigation of Strabismus

348

6

Worksheet for the Investigation of Amblyopia

350

7

Treatment of Amblyopia

351

8

Worksheet for the Investigation of Incomitancy

352

9

Investigation of Reduced Visual Acuity from a Suspected Visual Conversion Reaction

355

10

Norms and Formulae

356

11

Equipment Suppliers

358

12

Preparation for Professional Examinations

360

13

Guide to the CD-ROM

366

Glossary

367

References

386

Index

433

Elsevier CD-ROM Licence Agreement

449

System Requirements for the CD-ROM

454