Preface and Acknowledgments

vii

Contributors

ix

1

Introduction   Kenneth J. Rothman, Sander Greenland and Timothy L. Lash

1

SECTION I

BASIC CONCEPTS

2

Causation and Causal Inference   Kenneth J. Rothman, Sander Greenland, Charles Poole and Timothy L. Lash

5

3

Measures of Occurrence   Sander Greenland and Kenneth J. Rothman

32

4

Measures of Effect and Measures of Association   Sander Greenland, Kenneth J. Rothman and Timothy L. Lash

51

5

Concepts of Interaction   Sander Greenland, Timothy L. Lash and Kenneth J. Rothman

71

SECTION II

STUDY DESIGN AND CONDUCT

6

Types of Epidemiologic Studies   Kenneth J. Rothman, Sander Greenland, and Timothy L. Lash

87

7

Cohort Studies   Kenneth J. Rothman and Sander Greenland

100

8

Case-Control Studies   Kenneth J. Rothman, Sander Greenland, and Timothy L. Lash

111

9

Validity in Epidemiologic Studies   Kenneth J. Rothman, Sander Greenland, and Timothy L. Lash

128

10

Precision and Statistics in Epidemiologic Studies   Kenneth J. Rothman, Sander Greenland, and Timothy L. Lash

148

11

Design Strategies to Improve Study Accuracy   Kenneth J. Rothman, Sander Greenland, and Timothy L. Lash

168

12

Causal Diagrams   M. Maria Glymour and Sander Greenland

183

SECTION III

DATA ANALYSIS

13

Fundamentals of Epidemiologic Data Analysis   Sander Greenland and Kenneth J. Rothman

213

14

Introduction to Categorical Statistics   Sander Greenland and Kenneth J. Rothman

238

15

Introduction to Stratified Analysis   Sander Greenland and Kenneth J. Rothman

258

16

Applications of Stratified Analysis Methods   Sander Greenland

283

17

Analysis of Polytomous Exposures and Outcomes   Sander Greenland

303

18

Introduction to Bayesian Statistics   Sander Greenland

328

19

Bias Analysis   Sander Greenland and Timothy L. Lash

345

20

Introduction to Regression Models   Sander Greenland

381

21

Introduction to Regression Modeling   Sander Greenland

418

SECTION IV

SPECIAL TOPICS

22

Surveillance   James W. Buehler

459

23

Using Secondary Data   Jørn Olsen

481

24

Field Methods in Epidemiology   Patricia Hartge and Jack Cahill

492

25

Ecologic Studies   Hal Morgenstem

511

26

Social Epidemiology   Jay S. Kaufman

532

27

Infectious Disease Epidemiology   C. Robert Horsburgh, Jr. and Barbara E. Mahon

549

28

Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology   Muin J. Khoury, Robert Millikan, and Marts Gwinn

564

29

Nutritional Epidemiology   Walter C. Willett

580

30

Environmental Epidemiology   Irva Hertz-Picciotto

598

31

Methodologic Issues in Reproductive Epidemiology   Clarice R. Weinberg and Allen J. Wilcox

620

32

Clinical Epidemiology   Noel S. Weiss

641

33

Meta-Analysis   Sander Greenland and Keith O’Rourke

652

References

683

Index

733