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	Contributors	vi
	Preface	xvii
	Foreword	xviii
	A Selected Glossary of Abbreviations	xxvii
PART ONE	CRITICAL CARE INTEGRATION
SECTION I	INTRODUCTION TO THE PRACTICE OF PEDIATRIC CRITICAL CARE
Chapter 1	The History of Pediatric Intensive Care Around the World Mark C. Rogers	1
Chapter 2	Pediatric Intensive Care: A Global Perspective Trevor Duke, Niranjan “Tex” Kissoon, Edwin van der Voort	18
Chapter 3	Impact of Pediatric Critical Care on the Family, Community, and Society Lewis H. Romer G. Nichols, Heather Woods Barthel, Jos M. Latour, Jessica Mesman	24
SECTION II	PROFESSIONALISM, LEADERSHIP, AND SYSTEMS-BASED PRACTICE
Chapter 4	Professionalism, Simulation Training, and Leadership in Pediatric Critical Care Alice D. Ackerman, Elizabeth Hunt, Vinay Nadkarni	36
Chapter 5	Physical Design and Personnel Organization of the PICU M. Michele Moss, Shari Simone	46
Chapter 6	Practice Management: The Business of Pediatric Critical Care Alice D. Ackerman, Marc Harrison	56
Chapter 7	Research Design and Statistical Analysis Wynne E. Morrison, Elizabeth A. Hunt, Anne-Marie Guerguerian	77
Chapter 8	Evidence-Based Medicine Barry P. Markovitz, Kathleen L. Meert	96
Chapter 9	Severity-of-Illness Scoring Systems Murray Pollack	106
Chapter 10	Quality Improvement, Patient Safety, and Medical Error Andrew C. Argent, Vicki L. Montgomery	114
Chapter 11	Information Technology in the PICU Vinay Vaidya, Steven Pon	124
SECTION III	ETHICAL AND COMPASSIONATE CARE OF THE CRITICALLY ILLCHILD
Chapter 12	Pain and Sedation Management in the Critically Ill Child Myron Yaster, R. Elaine Easley, Kenneth M. Brady	136
Chapter 13	Rehabilitation of Children with Critical Illness Melissa K. Trovato, Frank S. Pidcock, Cristina L. Sadowsky, Ewa B. Brandys, Stacy J. Suskauer, Cynthia F. Salorio, James R. Christensen	166
Chapter 14	Ethics George E. Hardart, Denis J. Devictor, Robert D. Truog	180
Chapter 15	Organ Donation Kristin L. Nelson, Ivor D. Berkowitz	195
SECTION IV	BASIC CONCEPTS OF PEDIATRIC CRITICAL CARE
Chapter 16	Genomic Medicine Mary K. Dahmer, Michael Quasney	214
Chapter 17	Innate Immunity and Inflammation James A. Thomas	224
Chapter 18	Cellular Adaptations to Stress Derek S. Wheeler, Hector R. Wong	241
Chapter 19	Shock and Reperfusion Injury Basilia Zingarelli	252
Chapter 20	Pharmacology Athena F. Zuppa, Jeffrey S. Barrett	266
Chapter 21	Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome Yong Y. Han, Thomas P. Shanley	283
PART TWO	EMERGENCY CARE-AND ACUTE MANAGE
SECTION I	INITIAL STABILIZATION
Chapter 22	Airway Management Allan de Caen, Jonathan Duff, Ashraf H. Coovadia, Robert Luten, Ann E. Thompson, Mary Fran Hazinski	303
Chapter 23	Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Robert A. Berg, Katsuyuki Miyasaka, Antonio Rodriguez-Nunez, Miiry Fran Hazinski, David Zideman, Vinay M. Nadkarni	323
Chapter 24	Transport Monica E. Kleinman, Aaron J. Donoghue, Richard A. Orr, Niranjan “Tex” Kissoon	340
Chapter 25	Invasive Procedures Stephen M. Schexnayder, Praveen Khilnani, Naoki Shimizu, Arno L. Zaritsky	355
Chapter 26	Recognition and Initial Management of Shock Simon Nadel, Niranjan “Tex” Kissoon, Suchitra Ranjit	372
SECTION II	ENVIRONMENTAL CRISES
Chapter 27	Multiple Trauma John Scott Baird, Arthur Cooper	384
Chapter 28	Drowning and Near Drowning: Submersion Injuries Katherine Biagas	408
Chapter 29	Burns, Electrical Injuries, and Smoke Inhalation Roger W. Yurt, Joy D. Howell, Bruce M. Greenwald	414
Chapter 30	Terrorism and Mass Casualty Events Philip L. Graham, III, George L. Foltin, F. Meridith Sonnett	427
Chapter 31	Poisoning G. Patricia Cantwell, Richard S. Weisman	441
Chapter 32	Thermoregulation Pamela Feuer, Thyyar, M. Ravindranath, David G. Nichols	466
Chapter 33	Envenomation Syndromes James Tibballs, Kenneth D. Winkel	482
SECTION III	LIFE-SUPPORT TECHNOLOGIES
Chapter 34	Mechanical Ventilation Mark J. Heulitt, Gerhard K. Wolf, John H. Arnold	508
Chapter 35	Inhaled Gases Angela T. Wratney, Donna S. Hamel, Ira M. Cheifetz	532
Chapter 36	Extracorporeal Life Support Steven A. Conrad, Heidi J. Dalton	544
Chapter 37	Renal Replacement Therapies Warwick W. Butt, Peter, W. Skippen, Phillippe Jouvet	564
Chapter 38	Blood Products in the PICU Jacques Lacroix, Naomi L.C. Luban, Edward C.C. Wong	584
Chapter 39	Plasmapheresis and Transfusion Therapy Peter W. Skippen, Niranjan “Tex” Kissoon, Caron Strahlendorf, Warwick W. Butt	600
PART THREE	CRITICAL CARE ORGAN SYSTEMS
SECTION I	RESPIRATORY DISEASE
Chapter 40	The Molecular Biology of Acute Lung Injury Todd Carpenter, R. Blaine Easley, Kurt R. Stenmark	615
Chapter 41	Respiratory Physiology Frank L. Powell, Gregory P. Heldt, Gabriel G. Haddad	631
Chapter 42	Respiratory Monitoring Ira M. Cheifetz, Shekhar T. Venkataraman, Donna S. Hamel	662
Chapter 43	Status Asthmaticus Michael T. Bigham, Richard J. Brilli	686
Chapter 44	Neonatal Respiratory Failure Elisabeth L. Raab, Lisa K. Kelly, Philippe S. Friedlich, Rangasamy Ramanathan, Istvan Seri	697
Chapter 45	Bronchiolitis and Pneumonia Werther Brunow de Carvalho, Cintia Johnston, Marcelo Cunio Machado Fonseca	716
Chapter 46	Acute Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Kathleen M. Ventre, John H. Arnold	731
Chapter 47	Chronic Respiratory Failure Thomas G. Keens, Sheila S. Kun, Sally L. Davidson Ward	753
Chapter 48	Sleep and Breathing Sally L. Davidson Ward, Thomas G. Keens	767
SECTION II	NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE
Chapter 49	Acute Neuromuscular Disease Sunit Singhi, Alka Khadwal, Arun Bansal	778
Chapter 50	Chronic Neuromuscular Disease Jonathan Gillis, Monique M. Ryan	800
SECTION III	NEUROLOGIC DISEASE
Chapter 51	Developmental Neurobiology, Neurophysiology, and the PICU Larry W. Jenkins, Patrick M. Kochanek	810
Chapter 52	Molecular Biology of Brain Injury Patrick M. Kochanek, Hiilya Bayir, Larry W. Jenkins, Robert S.B. Clark	826
Chapter 53	Evaluation of the Comatose Child Nicholas S. Abend, Sudha Kilaru Kessler, Mark A. Helfaer, Daniel F. Licht	846
Chapter 54	Neurologic Monitoring Brahm Goldstein, Mateo Aboy, Alan Graham	862
Chapter 55	Neurologic Imaging David Joshua Michelson, Stephen Ashwall	872
Chapter 56	Head and Spinal Cord Trauma Robert C. Tasker	887
Chapter 57	Status Epilepticus Kimberly D. Statler, Colin B. Van Oman	912
Chapter 58	Cerebrovascular Disease and Stroke John Pappachan, Fenella Kirkham	929
Chapter 59	Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy Ericka L. Fink, Mioara D. Manole, Robert S.B. Clark	954
Chapter 60	Metabolic Encephalopathies in Children Pbillippe Jouvet, Anne Lortie, Bruno Maranda, Robert C. Tasker	973
Chapter 61	Brain Death Daniel L. Levin	984
SECTION IV	CARDIAC DISEASE
Chapter 62	Cardiac Anatomy Steven M. Schwartz, Zdenek Slavik, Siew Yen Ho	997
Chapter 63	Cardiovascular Physiology Peter E. Oishi, David F. Teitel, Julien I. Hoffman, Jeffrey R. Fineman	1012
Chapter 64	Cardiorespiratory Interactions in Children with Heart Disease Lara Shekerdetnian	1028
Chapter 65	Hemodynamic Monitoring Gillian C. Halley, Shane Tibhy	1039
Chapter 66A	Heart Failure in Infants and Children: Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Diagnosis of Heart Failure Jeffrey J. Kim, Joseph W. Rossano, David P. Nelson, Jack F. Price, William J. Dreyer	1064
Chapter 66B	Heart Failure in Infants and Children: Cardiomyopathy John Lynn Jefferies, Susan W. Denfield, William J. Dreyer	1075
Chapter 66C	Heart Failure in Infants and Children: Myocarditis John Philip Breinholt III, David P. Nelson, Jeffrey A. Towbin	1082
Chapter 67A	Treatment of Heart Failure in Infants and Children: Medical Management Joseph W. Rossano, Jack F. Price, David P. Nelson	1093
Chapter 67B	Treatment of Heart Failure in Infants and Children: Mechanical Support Ana Lia Graciano, Jon N. Meliones, Keith C. Kocis	1109
Chapter 67C	Treatment of Heart Failure in Infants and Children: Cardiac Transplantation Steven A. Webber	1117
Chapter 68	Cardiac Conduction, Dysrhythmias, and Pacing Bradley S. Marino, Jonathan R. Kaltman, Ronn E. Tanel	1126
Chapter 69	Preoperative Care of the Pediatric Cardiac Surgical Patient David L. Wessel, Alain Fraisse	1149
Chapter 70A	Postoperative Care of the Pediatric Cardiac Surgical Patient: General Considerations David L. Wessel, Alain Fraisse	1159
Chapter 70B	Postoperative Care of the Pediatric Cardiac Surgical Patient: Lesion-specific Management Steven M. Schwartz, Johnny Millar	1181
Chapter 70C	Postoperative Care of the Pediatric Cardiac Surgical Patient: Effects of Cardiopulmonary Bypass S. Adil Husain, Mark S. Bleiweis	1187
SECTION V	IMMUNOLOGIC DISEASES
Chapter 71	Neurohormonal Control in the Immune System Kathryn A. Felmet	1197
Chapter 72	The Immune System Meredith L. Allen, Nigel J. Klein, Mark J. Peters	1209
Chapter 73	The Polymorphonudear Leukocyte in Critical Illness M. Michele Mariscalco	1225
Chapter 74	The Immune System and Viral Illness in the Critically Ill Lesley Doughty	1240
Chapter 75	Immune Modulation and Immunotherapy in Critical Illnesss Mark W. Halt	1252
Chapter 76	Immunology of Cancer and Primary Immune Deficiency Syndromes Brandt P. Groh, Jennifer A. McArtbur, Sachin S. Jogal, Robert P. Tamburro	1261
SECTION VI	INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Chapter 77	Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy Philip Toltzis, Jeffrey L. Blunter	1280
Chapter 78	Bacterial Sepsis and Mechanisms of Microbial Pathogenesis Neat J. Thomas, Robert E. Tamburro, Mark W. Hall, Surender Rajasekaran, John S. Venglarcik	1300
Chapter 79	Critical Viral Infections Rakesh Lodha, Sunit C. Singbi, James D. Campbell	1328
Chapter 80	Central Nervous System Infections Pratibha D. Singbi, Sunit C. Singbi, Charles RJC Newton, Jakub Simon	1353
Chapter 81	Nosocomial Infections in the PICU John P. Straumanis	1400
Chapter 82	International and Emerging Infections Troy E. Dominguez, Chitra Ravishankar, Miriam K. Laufer	1419
Chapter 83	Toxin-Related Diseases Sunit C. Singbi, M. Jayashree, John P. Straumanis, Karen L. Kotloff	1442
Chapter 84	Opportunistic Infections Sushil K. Kabra, Matthew B. Laurens	1467
SECTION VII	NUTRITIONAL AND GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS
Chapter 85	Principles of Nutrition and Metabolism Muraya Gatbinji, Z. Leah Harris	1488
Chapter 86	Nutritional Support in the Critically Ill Child Werther Brunow de Carvalho, Heitor Pans Leite	1500
Chapter 87	The Acute Abdomen Eduardo Schnitzler, Tomas Idlster, Ricardo D. Russo	1516
Chapter 88	Fulminant Hepatic Failure and Transplantation Pierre Tissieres, Denis J. Devictor	1535
Chapter 89	Intestinal and Multivisceral Transplantation Geoffrey J. Bond, Kathryn A. Pelmet, Ronald Jaffe, Kyle A. Soltys, Robert H. Squires, Jr., Dolly Martin, Rakesh Sindbi, Kareetn Abu-Elmagd, George V. Mazariegos	1550
Chapter 90	Critical Aspects of Intestinal Disorders Aristides Baltodano, Mehrengise K. Cooper	1562
SECTION VIII	RENAL, ENDOCRINE, AND METABOLIC DISORDERS
Chapter 91	Adrenal Dysfunction Sbaron E. Oberfield, Abeer Hassoun	1584
Chapter 92	Disorders of Glucose Homeostasis Stuart A. Weinzitner, Michael F. Ganarie, Edward Vincent S. Faustino, William V. Tamborlane, Clifford W. Bogue	1599
Chapter 93	Disorders of Water, Sodium, and Potassium Homeostasis Andrea Kelly, Thomas Moshang, Jr.	1615
Chapter 94	Disorders of Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphate Kenneth J. Banasiak, Thomas O. Carpenter	1635
Chapter 95	Thyroid Disease Ori Eyal, Susan R. Rose	1649
Chapter 96	Acute Renal Failure and End-stage Renal Disease Richard M. Hackbarth, Norma J. Maxvold, Timothy E. Buncbman	1661
Chapter 97	Hypertensive Crises George Ofori-Amanfo, Arthur Smerling	1677
Chapter 98	Inborn Errors of Metabolism Michael Wilhelm, Wendy Chung	1685
SECTION IX	ONCOLOGIC AND HEMATOLOGIC DISORDERS
Chapter 99	Cancer Therapy: Mechanisms, Toxicity, and Ethics in the PICU David M. Loeb, David G. Nichols	1698
Chapter 100	Oncologic Emergencies and Complications Rodrigo Mejia, Carroll J. King, Jose A. Cortes, Deborah L. Brown, Gerardo Quezada, Michael E. Rytting, Alan I. Fields	1710
Chapter 101	Hematologic Emergencies R. Blaine Easley, Kenneth M. Brady, Joseph D. Tobias	1725
Chapter 102	Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplantation Katherine Biagas, M. Brigid Bradley, Mitchell S. Cairo	1759
Chapter 103	Coagulation Issues in the PICU Robert I. Parker, Jan A. Hazelzet	1779
Chapter 104	Sickle Cell Disease Kevin J. Sullivan, Ntranjan “Tex” Kissoon, Salvatore R. Goodwin	1799
	Index	1813

Table of Contents

PART TWO

EMERGENCY CARE-AND ACUTE MANAGE

PART THREE

CRITICAL CARE ORGAN SYSTEMS

Chapter 97

Hypertensive Crises George Ofori-Amanfo, Arthur Smerling

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