9780071768481

Table of Contents


	Authors	ix
	Preface	xiii
SECTION I	GENERAL CONCERNS
1	Acute Abdominal Pain: Bask Principles & Current Challenges Frederick L Makrouer, MD, Norton J. Greenberger, MD	1
	Acute Abdominal Pain in the Elderly	4
	Nonsurgical Disorders Simulating the Acute Abdomen	4
	Evaluation of the Acute Abdomen	5
	Acute Appendicitis	7
	Unique Presentations of Appendicitis	10
2	Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Immunologic Considerations Richard S. Blumberg, MD and Scott Snapper, MD, PhD	12
	General Principles of the Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissues	13
	Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease	15
	Pathogenesis of Crohn Disease: Underlying	17
	Mechanisms of Immune Deregulation	17
	Pathogenesis of Ulcerative Colitis: Immunologic Factors	19
	Regulatory Pathways in the Maintenance of Intestinal Tolerance	19
	Therapeutic Implications of the Immunobiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease	21
3	Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Medical Considerations Jonathan S. Levine, MD and Robert Burakoff, MD, MPH	23
	General Considerations	23
	Clinical Findings	24
	Differential Diagnosis	27
	Complications	29
	Vaccinations	30
	Treatment	30
	Prognosis	35
4	Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Surgical Considerations Jennifer L. Irani, MD, Anthony Ramsonahie, MD and Ronald Bleday, MD	36
	Ulcerative Colitis	36
	Crohn Disease	40
5	Acute Diarrheal Disorders Jerry S. Trier, MD	47
	Acute Diarrhea	47
	Acute Diarrhea! Disease Caused by Specific Infections	52
6	Mesenteric Vascular Disease Elena M. Stoffel, MD, MPH and Norton J. Greenberger, MD	68
	Mesentcric Ischemia	68
	Acute Mesenteric Ischemia	69
	Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia	75
	Colonic Ischemia	76
7	Gastrointestinal & Biliary Complications of Pregnancy Sonia Friedman, MD and Jaya R. Agrawal, MD, MPH	79
	Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease	79
	Nausea & Vomiting	81
	Hypcremesis Gravidarum	84
	Constipation	85
	Diarrhea	86
	Hemorrhoids	87
	Irritable Bowel Syndrome	87
	Fecal Incontinence	89
	Inflammatory Bowel Disease	90
	Abdominal Pain	95
	Peptic Ulcer Disease	96
	Biliary Disease	97
	Pancreatitis	98
	Appendicitis	98
	Intestinal Obstruction, Pseudo-Obstruction, & Gastrointestinal Cancer	99
	Endoscopy in Pregnancy	100
8	Hepatic Complications of Pregnancy Chinweike Ukomadu, MD, PhD	105
	Interpretation of Liver Biochemical Tests During Pregnancy	105
	Hepatic Conditions Unique to Pregnancy	106
	Conditions not Unique to Pregnancy	108
9	State-of-the-Art Imaging of the Gastrointestinal System Koenrood J. Mortele, MD	111
	Gastrointestinal Tract Imaging	111
	Liver Imaging	125
	Biliary Imaging	130
	Pancreatic Imaging	134
	Summary of Current Recommendations	139
10	Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Immunodeficiency Zhenglun Zhu, MD, PhD	140
	General Considerations	140
	Pathogenesis	140
	Clinical Findings	142
	Treatment	143
SECTION II	ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES
11	Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease John R. Saltzman, MD	147
	General Considerations	147
	Clinical Findings	148
	Complications	151
	Treatment	152
	Course & Prognosis	155
12	Barrett Esophagus Kunal Jajoo, MD and John R. Saltzman, MD	156
	General Considerations	156
	Clinical Findings	157
	Treatment	160
	Course & Prognosis	162
13	Oropharyngeal & Esophageal Motility Disorders Arun Chaudhury, MD and Hiroshi Mashimo, MD, PhD	164
	Oropharyngeal Dysphagia	164
	Cricopharyngeal Achalasia &Cricopharyngcal Bar	168
	Zenker Diverticulum	168
	Globus Pharyngeus	169
	Esophageal Motility Disorders	169
	Esophageal Motor Dysphagia	170
	Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease	172
	Esophageal Chest Pain	172
	Disorders of Inhibitory Innervation	175
	Disorders of Excitatory Nerves and Smooth Muscles	180
14	Eosinophilic Esophagitis Norton J. Greenberger, MD	183
	General Considerations	183
	Pathogenesis	183
	Clinical Findings	183
	Differential Diagnosis	184
	Treatment	184
	Course & Prognosis	185
	Unresolved Issues	185
SECTION III	DISEASES OF THE STOMACH
15	Peptic Ulcer Disease Edward Lew, MD, MPH	187
	General Considerations	187
	Pathogenesis	188
	Clinical Findings	189
	Differential Diagnosis	191
	Complications	192
	Treatment	192
16	Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (Gastrinoma) Edward Lew, MD, MPH	198
	General Considerations	198
	Pathogenesis	198
	Clinical Findings	198
	Treatment	201
	Prognosis	202
17	Functional (Nonulcer) Dyspepsia Walter W. Chan, MD, MPH and Robert Burakoff, MD, MPH	203
	General Considerations	203
	Pathogenesis	204
	Clinical Findings	206
	Differential Diagnosis	209
	Treatment	210
	Course & Prognosis	213
18	Disorders of Gastric & Small Bowe Motility Walter W. Chan, MD, MPH and Robert Burakoff, MD, MPH	214
	Gastroparesis & Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction	215
	Dumping Syndrome & Accelerated Gastric Emptying	223
	Rapid Transit Dysmotility of the Small Bowel	223
19	Treatment of Obesity: The Impactof Bariatric Surgery Malcolm K. Robinson, MD and Norton J. Greenberger, MD	224
	Treatment of Overweight & Obese Patients	224
	Indications for Bariatric Surgery	226
	Bariatric Surgical Procedures	228
	Postoperative Care & Complications	231
	Gastroenterology Evaluation & Treatment	232
	Long-Term Outcome of Bariatric Surgery	234
	Recommendations & Caveats	236
SECTION IV	SMALL BOWEL DISEASES
20	Intestinal Malabsorption Jerry S. Trier, MD	237
	Diseases Associated with Intraluminal Maldigestion	244
	Diseases Associated with Impaired Mucosal Digestion & Absorption	245
	Diseases Caused by Impairment of both Intraluminal Digestion & Mucosal Digestion/Absorption	254
	Diseases Caused by Impaired Postmucosal Transport	256
SECTION V	COLORECTAL DISEASES
21	Diverticular Disease of the Colon Anne C. Travis, MD, MSc, FACG and Richard S. Blumberg, MD	259
	Diverticulosis	259
	Acute Diverticulitis	263
	Diverticular Hemorrhage	268
22	Colorectal Cancer Screening Sapna Syngal, MD, MPH and Fay Kostrinos, MD, MPH	273
	Risk Stratification	274
	Screening & Surveillance Recommendations	274
	Screening Modalities	280
	Novel Screening Modalities	284
	Summary of Recommendations	286
23	Hereditary Gastrointestinal Cancers Syndromes Elena M. Stoffel, MD, MPH and Sapna Syngol, MD, MPH	287
	Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Syndromes	287
	Hamartomatous Polyposis Syndromes	294
	Other Gastrointestinal Cancer Syndromes	295
24	Irritable Bowel Syndrome Sonia Friedman, MD	297
	General Considerations	297
	Pathogenesis	298
	Clinical Findings	300
	Differential Diagnosis	302
	Complications	306
	Treatment	306
SECTION VI	PANCREATIC DISEASES
25	Acute Pancreatitis Bechien U. Wu, MD, MPH, Darwin L. Con well, MD, MS S. Peter A. Banks, MD	311
	General Considerations	311
	Pathogenesis	312
	Clinical Findings	312
	Differential Diagnosis	316
	Complications	316
	Treatment	317
26	Chronic Pancreatitis Darwin L Conwell, MD, MS, Bechien Wu, MD, MPH A Peter A. Bonks, MD	319
	General Considerations	319
	Pathogenesis	319
	Clinical Findings	320
	Differential Diagnosis	325
	Complications	325
	Treatment	325
	Course & Prognosis	327
27	Autoimmune Pancreatitis Norton J. Greenberger, MD	328
	General Considerations	328
	Clinical Findings	328
	Distinct Clinical and Histologic Profile	331
	Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis	331
	Treatment	332
	Course & Prognosis	334
28	Tumors of the Pancreas Ashish Shofmo, MD	335
	Pancreatic Cancer	335
	Cystic Neoplasms of the Pancreas	341
	Pancreatic Lymphoma	344
SECTION VII	THERAPEUTIC ENDOSCOPY & DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES
29	Polypectamy Kuna Jojoo, MD	345
	Equipment	343
	Polypectomy for Sessile Polyps	346
	Polypectomy for Pedunculated Polyps	346
	Endoscopic Mucosal Resection	347
	Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection	347
30	Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding John R. Saltzman, MD	349
	Nonvariceal Bleeding	357
	Less Common Causes of Nonvarkeal Bleeding	363
	Variceat Bleeding	365
31	Acute Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding Linda S. Lee, MD & John R. Saltzmon, MD	370
	Evaluation of Lower GI Bleeding	370
	Specific Causes of Acute Lower GI Bleeding	375
32	Endoscopic Management of Acute Biliary & Pancreatic Conditions Christopher C. Thompson, MD, MSc, FACG, FASGE	379
	Acute Cholangitis	379
	Gallstone Pancreatitis	381
	Bile Duct Injuries	382
	Pancreatic Duct Injuries	383
	Hemorrhagic Biliary & Pancreatic Conditions	385
33	Wireless Capsule Endoscopy & Deep Small Bowel Enteroscopy Anne C. Travis, MD, MSc, FACG and John R. Saltzman, MD	388
	Capsule Endoscopy	388
	Deep Small Bowel Enteroscopy	395
34	Gastrointestinal Foreign Bodies Christopher C. Thompson, MD, MSc, FACG, FASGE	398
	General Considerations	398
	Clinical Findings	398
	Treatment	399
35	Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) Linda S. Lee, MD and. David L. Corr-Locke, MA, MD, DRCOG, FRCP, FASGE	404
	Disorders of the Major Duodenal Papilla	404
	Biliary System	406
	Pancreas	411
36	Endoscopic Ultrasound Linda S. Lee, MD	416
	Cancer Staging	418
	Nonmalignant Lesions	422
	Therapeutic Endoscopic Ultrasound	426
	Future Directions	428
SECTION VIII	LIVER DISEASES
37	Approach to the Patient with Jaundice & Abnormal Liver Tests Norton J. Greenberger, MD	431
	General Considerations	431
	Pathogenesis	431
	Clinical Findings	431
	Differential Diagnosis	434
	Diagnostic Considerations in Patients with Elevated Serum Aminotransferases	436
38	Acute Liver Failure Sonal Kumor, MD and Amir A. Qomor, MD	438
	Specific Causes of Acute Liver Failure	444
39	Viral Hepatitis Anna Rutherford, MD, MPH and Jules L, Dienstag, MD	449
	Hepatitis A	452
	Hepatitis B	454
	Hepatitis C	463
	Hepatitis D	471
	Hepatitis E	473
40	Chronic t4onviral Hepatitis Chinweike Ukomadu, MD, PhD	476
	Autoimmune Hepatitis	476
	Wilson Disease	481
	α₁-Antitrypsin Deficiency	483
41	Hereditary Hemochromatosis Benjamin Smith, MO and Norman D. Grace, MD	485
	General Considerations	485
	Pathogenesis	486
	Clinical Findings	490
	Treatment	492
	Prognosis	493
42	Alcoholic Liver Disease Timothy T. Kuo, MD and Norman 0. Grace, MD	494
	General Considerations	494
	Pathogenesis	495
	Clinical Findings	497
	Differential Diagnosis	498
	Complications	498
	Treatment	499
	Prognosis	501
43	Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease David E. Cohen, MD, PhD and Frank A. Anania, MD	502
	General Considerations	502
	Pathogenesis	503
	Clinical Findings	504
	Treatment	505
	Course & Prognosis	507
44	Portal Systemic Encephalopathy & Hepatic Encephalopathy Norton J. Greenberger, MD	509
	General Considerations	509
	Pathogenesis	509
	Clinical Findings	510
	Treatment	512
45	Ascites & Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis Norton J. Greenberger, MD	514
	Ascites	514
	Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis	519
46	Hepatorenal Syndrome Norton J. Greenberger, MD	522
	General Considerations	522
	Pathogenesis	522
	Clinical Findings	523
	Differential Diagnosis	523
	Treatment	524
47	Portal Hypertension & Esophageal Variceal Hemorrhage Norman D. Grace MD and Melissa A. Minor, MO, MPH	526
	Gastric Varices	535
	Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy	536
	Future Treatment Trends	537
48	Drug-Induced Liver Disease Willis C Moddrey, MD, MACP, FRCP	538
	Drugs of Special Interest	541
49	Liver Neoplasms Amir A. Qamar, MD and Chinweike Ukomadu, MD, PhD	544
	Benign Liver Tumors	544
	Hepatocellular Carcinoma	549
	Cholangiocarcinoma	553
50	Liver Transplantation Amir A. Qamar, MD	555
	Indications for Transplantation	555
	Pretransplant Evaluation	558
	Contraindications	559
	Transplantation Procedures	559
	Complications	560
	Infection & Liver Transplantation	562
	Long-Term Medical Care after Liver Transplantation	564
	Prognosis	566
51	Primary Biliary Cirrhosis Daniel S. Pratt, MD	567
	General Considerations	567
	Pathogenesis	567
	Clinical Findings	568
	Treatment	569
SECTION IX	BILIARY TRACT DISEASES
52	Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Norton J. Greenberger, MD and John R. Saltzman, MD	573
	General Considerations	573
	Clinical Findings	573
	Differential Diagnosis	575
	Treatment	575
	Course & Prognosis	576
53	Gallstone Disease Gustov Paumgoftner, MD and Norton J. Greenberger, MD	578
	General Considerations	578
	Pathogenesis	579
	Clinical Findings	582
	Differential Diagnosis	583
	Complications	583
	Treatment	585
	Index	589