Table
of Contents
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About the Author |
iii |
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A Quarter Century of AIDS and Counting: A Humanitarian Crisis |
x |
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AIDS UPDATE 2011 |
xx |
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Preface |
xxii |
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Introduction: Histories of Global Pandemics, AIDS, Its Place in
History, Overview of HIV/AIDS, International AIDS Conferences and Means of
Remembering— the AIDS Quilt, Candlelight Memorial, and World AIDS Day |
1 |
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Three Words Echo around the World: AIDS Crisis Worsens! |
1 |
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History of Global Pandemics and
Epidemics |
1 |
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Fear, Ignorance, and Condemnation: Who Is to Blame? |
2 |
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Imagine a World without AIDS |
2 |
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Overview of HIV/AIDS |
4 |
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AIDS: A Unique Disease |
5 |
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AIDS: A Cause of Death |
5 |
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Another Anniversary |
6 |
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Other Anniversaries |
6 |
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International AIDS Conferences |
6 |
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Means of Remembering |
7 |
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The 27th Candlelight Memorial |
8 |
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Walking to Change the Course of the HIV/AIDS |
8 |
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Bicycle Riding to Change the Course of the HIV/AIDS |
10 |
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World AIDS Day: An International Day of Coordinated Action: A
Time to Recharge and Reconnect |
10 |
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The Future |
11 |
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National AIDS Hotlines |
12 |
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Useful Internet Addresses |
13 |
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1 |
AIDS: Defining the Disease and Finding Its Cause |
15 |
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The New Millennium |
15 |
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AIDS: A Disease or a Syndrome? |
16 |
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First Reaction to AIDS: Denial |
17 |
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What Causes AIDS? |
18 |
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The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Reports |
20 |
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Discovery of What Causes AIDS |
21 |
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Defining the Illness: AIDS and Surveillance |
22 |
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Summary |
24 |
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Review Questions |
25 |
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2 |
What Causes AIDS: Origin of the AIDS Virus |
26 |
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The Cause of AIDS:The Human ImrnunodeficiencyVirus (HIV) |
26 |
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HIV Does Not Cause AIDS: Dissidents and Their Cults: A Minority Point of View 26 News Flash
2010—Leading HIV/AIDS Dissident Cleared of
Misconduct Following Complaints Made After
he and Others Published a 2009 Paper Arguing That There is “As Yet No Proof That HIV Causes AIDS” |
32 |
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Dissidents (AIDS Doesn’t Exist or HIV Isn’t the Cause) |
32 |
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Summary of HIV/AIDS Dissidents’ Viewpoints |
33 |
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Evidence That HIV Causes AIDS |
33 |
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Origin of HIV: The AIDS Virus |
35 |
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Summary on the Origin of HIV |
42 |
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Summary |
43 |
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Review Questions |
43 |
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3 |
Biological Characteristics of HIV |
44 |
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Viruses Need a Host Cell in Order to Replicate |
44 |
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Viruses Are Parasites |
44 |
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Viruses Specific to Cell Type |
45 |
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How Do Human T4 or CD4+ Lymphocytes
Relate to HIV Infection and AIDS? |
46 |
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Description of HIV; How It Attaches to a Host Cell and Buds Out of the Cell |
47 |
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HIV Fitness |
48 |
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The HIV Life Cycle |
49 |
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Understanding How HIV Works |
49 |
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How HIV Escapes the Infected Cell |
50 |
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Distinct Genotypes (Subtypes/Clades) of HIV-1 Worldwide Based on ENV and GAG
Proteins |
58 |
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Summary |
61 |
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Review Questions |
61 |
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4 |
Anti-HIV Therapy |
62 |
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Better Drugs, Better Technologies, and Lingering Problems |
63 |
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Anti-HIV Therapy |
63 |
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The Good News about ART |
64 |
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Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Drugs with FDA Approval |
67 |
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The HIV Medicine Chest: ART Drugs Receiving FDA Approval |
67 |
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FDA-Approved Nucleoside/ Non-Nucleoside
Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, Protease Inhibitors, Integrase
Inhibitors, Entry Inhibitors, and Maturation Inhibitors 71 Use of
Non-Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase
Inhibitors |
71 |
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FDA-Approved Protease Inhibitors |
73 |
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Entry Inhibitors and Problems |
75 |
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Integrase Inhibitors |
76 |
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Development and Selection of HIV Drug- Resistant Mutants |
76 |
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Development of HIV Drug Resistance to Protease Inhibitors |
77 |
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How Combination Drug Therapy Can Reduce the Chance of HIV Drug
Resistance |
79 |
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Viral Load: Its Relationship to HIV Disease and AIDS |
86 |
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Medical Complications Associated with Anti-HIV Drug Therapies (ART) |
87 |
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Update 2010 |
94 |
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Summary |
94 |
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Disclaimer |
95 |
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Some AIDS Therapy Information Hotlines 96 Review Questions |
96 |
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5 |
The Immunology of HIV Disease/AIDS |
98 |
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The Immune System |
98 |
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Human Lymphocytes: T Cells and B Cells |
101 |
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Why CD4+ Cells Are Important in HIV Infection—What It Means |
104 |
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The CD4+ Cell Count—Why It Matters |
104 |
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Antibodies and HIV Disease |
109 |
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Cellular MicroRNAs Contribute to HIV Latency in Resting Primary
CD4 + T Ceils |
112 |
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Immune System Dysfunction |
113 |
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Original Antigenic Sin |
113 |
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The Search for Additional Receptors (Coreceptors) to CD4: |
116 |
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CCKR.-5 (R-5) Receptor |
116 |
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Emergence of HIV Strains That Vary in Their Lethal Abilities |
117 |
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In Search of Genetic Resistance to HIV Infection |
119 |
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T4 Cell Depletion and Immune Suppression |
120 |
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Impact of T4 Cell Depletion |
121 |
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Role of Monocytes and Macrophages in HIV Infection |
122 |
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Where Do T4 or CD4+ Cells Become HIV Infected? |
123 |
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Summary |
126 |
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Review Questions |
127 |
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6 |
Opportunistic Infections and Cancers Associated with HIV Disease/AIDS |
128 |
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What Is an Opportunistic Disease? |
128 |
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The Prevalence of Opportunistic Diseases |
129 |
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Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected
People |
130 |
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TB:The Leading Cause of Death among HIV-Positive
People Worldwide |
141 |
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Cancer or Malignancy in HIV/AIDS
Patients |
141 |
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Disclaimer |
146 |
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Summary |
147 |
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Review Questions |
147 |
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7 |
A Profile of Biological Indicators for HIV Disease and Progression to AIDS |
148 |
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What Is Known and What Is Missing from Our Understanding of
HIV/AIDS |
148 |
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HIV Disease Defined |
149 |
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Stages of HIV Disease (without Drug Therapy) |
153 |
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HIV Disease without Symptoms, with Symptoms, and AIDS |
158 |
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Production of HIV-Specific Antibodies |
159 |
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Prognostic Biological Markers Related 1 to AIDS Progression |
163 |
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HIV Infection of the Central Nervous System (CNS) |
166 |
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Neuropathies (Nerve Tissue Damage) in HIV Disease/AIDS Patients |
167 |
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Pediatric Clinical Signs and Symptoms |
168 |
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Summary |
168 |
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Review Questions |
168 |
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8 |
Epidemiology and Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus |
170 |
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Epidemic/Epidemiology |
171 |
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We Must Stop HIV Transmission Now! 173 Epidemiology of HIV
Infection |
173 |
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Transmission of Two Strains of HIV (HIV-1/HIV-2) |
176 |
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Is HIV Transmitted by Insects? |
176 |
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HIV Transmission |
176 |
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HIV Transmission in Family/Household Settings |
177 |
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Noncasual Transmission |
177 |
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Gay Men Putting Themselves at High Risk for HIV Infection |
187 |
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The Biological Factor |
193 |
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Injection-Drug Users and HIV Transmission |
199 |
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199 |
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Injection-Drug Use and HIV Infections in Other Countries |
202 |
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Other Means of HIV Transmission |
206 |
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Influence of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) on HIV Transmission and Vice-Versa |
207 |
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Pediatric Transmission |
214 |
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Conclusion |
215 |
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National AIDS Resources |
216 |
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Summary |
216 |
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Challenge Your Assumptions about the HIV Infected |
216 |
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Review Questions |
217 |
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9 |
Preventing the Transmission of HIV |
219 |
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The AIDS Generation: “I Knew Everything about It, and I Still Got It!” |
220 |
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Prevention, Not Treatment, Is the Least Expensive and Most Effective Way to Reduce the Spread of HIV/AIDS |
221 |
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Global Prevention |
222 |
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Antiretroviral Drugs Have an Impact
on Prevention, but we Can’t Treat Our Way
Out of This Pandemic |
223 |
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Advancing HIV Prevention: New Strategies
for a Changing Epidemic 228 Preventing the Transmission of HIV |
229 |
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Sexual Risk Taking Depends on Sexual Activity |
232 |
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New Rules to an Old Game: Promoting Safer Sex—Nobody Has a Body to Die For! |
235 |
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The Male Condom |
238 |
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The Female Condom or Femidom (Vaginal Pouch) |
241 |
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An Alternative to Condoms: Vaginal Microbicides (MI-CRO-BA-CIDES) and Circumcision |
245 |
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Update 2010—The CAPRISA 004 Study Results |
246 |
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Circumcision and the Prevention of HTV- Transmission |
246 |
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Injection-Drug Use (IDU) and HIV Transmission: The Twin Epidemics |
247 |
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HIV Prevention for Injection-Drug Users |
248 |
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Prevention of Blood and Blood Product
HIV Transmission |
251 |
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Infection Control Procedures |
252 |
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Sexual Partner Notification: Disclosure |
253 |
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The U.S. Federal Government has now Adopted Partner Notification as its Cornerstone in Its Effort to Help Control the Spread of HIV |
254 |
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The First Human Vaccine: The Impact of Vaccines on Infectious Diseases |
258 |
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HIV Vaccine Development and Its Role in Prevention |
258 |
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How These Two Neutralizing Antibodies
Work |
260 |
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Types of Experimental HIV Vaccines |
262 |
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DNA Vaccine |
264 |
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Problems in the Search for HIV Vaccine |
264 |
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September 2009—News Broken that a Partially Effective HIV Vaccine was Found! |
265 |
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Summary |
266 |
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Review Questions |
268 |
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10 |
Prevalence of HIV Infections, AIDS Cases, and Deaths among Select Groups in
the |
269 |
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A Word about HIV/AIDS Data |
271 |
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Year 2011 |
273 |
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Formula for Estimating HIV Infections |
276 |
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277 |
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September 18: Annual National HIV/AIDS
Aging Awareness Day |
290 |
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Estimates of AIDS Cases and HIV
Infection |
291 |
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Newly Infected |
292 |
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Shape of the HIV Pandemic: |
293 |
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Estimates of Deaths and Years of Potential Life Lost Due to AIDS in the |
298 |
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Selected Nations/Countries Have Different Epidemics. Each Faces Its Own Reality |
298 |
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300 |
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301 |
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Global Prevalence and Impact of HIV/AIDS |
304 |
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Connected but Separate: Each Country a Different Reality, Different Countries, Similar Questions, but Different Answers, Different Epidemics |
304 |
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“Workforce— |
307 |
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Education: Teachers and Students— |
307 |
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Other HIV/AIDS Time Bombs in Asia: |
308 |
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Summary |
312 |
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Review Questions |
313 |
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11 |
Prevalence of HIV Infection and AIDS Cases among Women and Children |
314 |
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HIV/AIDS is defining the Lives of Millions of Women |
315 |
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Female Vulnerability to HIV |
316 |
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Every Day a Tragedy |
316 |
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Triple Jeopardy |
316 |
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Annual International Women’s Day— March 8 |
316 |
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Women: AIDS and HIV Infections Worldwide |
317 |
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Asia-Pacific Region, Over Five Million HIV Positive: 2010 |
318 |
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Women: HIV-Positive and AIDS Cases— |
320 |
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Childbearing Women: Worldwide |
331 |
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Internet Resources |
332 |
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Pediatric HIV-Positive and AIDS Cases— |
333 |
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Orphaned Children Due to HIV Infection
and AIDS |
334 |
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The Phenomenon of AIDS Orphans |
336 |
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Summary |
340 |
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Review Questions |
341 |
|
12 |
Prevalence of HFV Infection and AIDS among
Young Adults,
Ages 13 to 24 |
342 |
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Global HIV Infections in Young Adults |
342 |
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Addressing the AIDS Pandemic among Young Adults |
343 |
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How Large Is the Young Adult Population
in the |
345 |
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HIV/AIDS Won’t Affect Us! |
347 |
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Estimate of HIV-Infected and AIDS Cases among Young Adults in the |
347 |
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Summary |
355 |
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Internet |
355 |
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Other Useful Sources |
355 |
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Review Questions |
355 |
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13 |
Testing for Human Immunodeficiency Virus |
356 |
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Determining the Presence of Antibody Produced When HIV Is Present |
358 |
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Requests for HIV Testing |
358 |
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Reasons for HIV Testing: I Know, I Took the Test |
358 |
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Laboratory Methods for Detecting
HIV |
360 |
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361 |
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Western Blot Assay |
367 |
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New ELISA Antibody Testing and Viral Load Procedures Reveal Early Versus Late HIV Infection |
369 |
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Rapid Result HIV Testing |
372 |
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FDA Approves Home HIV Antibody
Test Kit |
375 |
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Some Screening and Confirmatory Antigen-Detection Tests for HIV |
375 |
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Deciding Who Should Get an HIV Test and When |
376 |
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Why Is HIV Test Information Necessary? |
378 |
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Immigration and Travel Ban into the |
378 |
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Testing, Privacy, Competency, and Informed Consent |
380 |
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Summary |
387 |
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Review Questions |
388 |
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14 |
AIDS and Society: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior |
389 |
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HIV/AIDS Is a Story in our Lifetime |
390 |
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The New Millennium and HIV/AIDS |
391 |
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HIV/AIDS Is an Unusual Social
Disease |
392 |
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Discrimination vs. Compassion and
Support |
392 |
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HIV/AIDS Is Here to Stay |
392 |
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AIDS Comes to the |
393 |
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Blame Someone, DejaVu |
393 |
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Fear: Panic and Hysteria over the Spread of HIV/AIDS in the |
394 |
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Whom Is the General Public to Believe? |
396 |
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AIDS Education and Behavior: Dissipating
Fear with Education |
400 |
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The Character of Society |
409 |
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Dealing with Discrimination: The
Americans with Disabilities Act |
411 |
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Federal and Private Sector Financing: Creation of an AIDS Industry |
413 |
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U.S. Government Believes HIV/AIDS is a Threat to National Security |
414 |
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Global HIV/AIDS Funding for Underdeveloped
Nations |
419 |
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Forms of |
425 |
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Summary |
431 |
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Review Questions |
432 |
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Answers to Review Questions |
434 |
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Glossary |
442 |
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References |
453 |
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Index |
480 |
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