Table
of Contents
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About the Author |
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A Quarter Century of
AIDS and Counting: A Humanitarian Crisis |
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AIDS UPDATE 2010 |
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Preface |
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Introduction |
Histories of Global
Pandemics, AIDS, Its Place in History, Overview of HIV/AIDS, International
AIDS Conferences and Means of Remembering—the AIDS Quilt, Candlelight
Memorial, and World AIDS Day |
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Three
Words Echo around the World: AIDS Crisis Worsens! |
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History
of Global Pandemics and Epidemics |
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Fear,
Ignorance, and Condemnation: Who Is to Blame? |
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Imagine
a World without AIDS |
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Overview
of HIV/AIDS |
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AIDS:
A Unique Disease |
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AIDS:
A Cause of Death |
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Another
Anniversary |
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Other
Anniversaries |
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International
AIDS Conferences |
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Means
of Remembering |
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The
27th Candlelight Memorial |
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Walking
to Change the Course of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic—United States |
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Bicycle
Riding to Change the Course of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic—United States |
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World
AIDS Day: An International Day of Coordinated Action: A Time to Recharge and
Reconnect |
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The
Future |
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National
AIDS Hotlines |
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Useful
Internet Addresses |
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1 |
AIDS: Defining the
Disease and Finding its Cause |
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The
New Millennium |
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AIDS:
A Disease or a Syndrome? |
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First
Reaction to AIDS: Denial |
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What
Causes AIDS? |
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The
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Reports |
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Discovery
of What Causes AIDS |
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Defining
the Illness: AIDS and Surveillance |
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Summary |
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Review
Questions |
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2 |
What Causes AIDS:
Origin of the AIDS Virus |
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The
Cause of AIDS: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) |
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HIV
Does Not Cause AIDS: Dissidents and Their Cults: A Minority Point of View |
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News
Flash 2010—Leading HIV/AIDS Dissident Cleared of Misconduct Following
Complaints Made After He and Others |
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Published
a 2009 Paper Arguing That There Is “As Yet No Proof That HIV Causes AIDS” |
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Dissidents
(AIDS Doesn’t Exist or HIV Isn’t the Cause) |
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Summary
of HIV/AIDS Dissidents’ Viewpoints |
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Evidence
that HIV Causes AIDS |
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Origin
of HIV: The AIDS Virus |
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Summary
on the Origin of HIV |
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Summary |
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Review
Questions |
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3 |
Biological Characteristics
of HIV |
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Viruses
Need a Host Cell in Order to Replicate |
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Viruses
Are Parasites |
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Viruses
Specific to Cell Type |
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How Do
Human T4 or CD4+ Lymphocytes Relate to HIV Infection and AIDS? |
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Description
of HIV; How It Attaches to a Host Cell and Buds Out of the Cell |
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HIV
Fitness |
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The
HIV Life Cycle |
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Understanding
How HIV Works |
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How
HIV Escapes the Infected Cell |
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Distinct
Genotypes (Subtypes/Clades) of HIV-1 Worldwide
Based on ENV and GAG Proteins |
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Summary |
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Review
Questions |
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4 |
Anti-HIV Therapy |
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Better
Drugs, Better Technologies, and Lingering Problems |
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Anti-HIV
Therapy |
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The
Good News About ART |
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Antiretroviral
Therapy (ART) Drugs with FDA Approval |
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The
HIV Medicine Chest: ART Drugs Receiving FDA Approval |
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FDA-Approved
Nucleoside/Non-Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, Protease
Inhibitors, Integrase Inhibitors, |
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Entry
Inhibitors, and Maturation Inhibitors |
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Use of
Non-Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors |
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FDA-Approved
Protease Inhibitors |
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Entry Inhibitors
and Problems |
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Integrase
Inhibitors |
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Development
and Selection of HIV Drug-Resistant Mutants |
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Development
of HIV Drug Resistance to Protease Inhibitors |
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How
Combination Drug Therapy Can Reduce the Chance of HIV Drug Resistance |
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Viral
Load: Its Relationship to HIV Disease and AIDS |
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Medical
Complications Associated with Anti-HIV Drug Therapies (ART) |
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Update
2010 |
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Summary |
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Disclaimer |
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Some
AIDS Therapy Information Hotlines |
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Review
Questions |
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5 |
The Immunology of HIV
Disease/AIDS |
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The
Immune System |
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Human
Lymphocytes: T Cells and B Cells |
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Why
CD4+ Cells Are Important in HIV Infection—What It Means |
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The
CD4+ Cell Count—Why It Matters |
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Antibodies
and HIV Disease |
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Cellular
MicroRNAs Contribute to HIV Latency in Resting Primary
CD4+ T Cells |
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Immune
System Dysfunction |
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Original
Antigenic Sin |
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The
Search for Additional Receptors (Coreceptors) to
CD4: Fusin or CXCKR-4 (R-4) |
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CCKR-5
(R-5) Receptor |
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Emergence
of HIV Strains That Vary in Their Lethal Abilities |
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In Search
of Genetic Resistance to HIV Infection |
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T4
Cell Depletion and Immune Suppression |
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Impact
of T4 Cell Depletion |
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Role
of Monocytes and Macrophages in HIV Infection |
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Where
DO T4 or CD4+ Cells Become HIV Infected? |
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Summary |
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Review
Questions |
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6 |
Opportunistic
Infections and Cancers Associated with HIV Disease/AIDS |
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What
is an Opportunistic Disease? |
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The
Prevalence of Opportunistic Diseases |
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Opportunistic
Infections in HIV-Infected People |
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TB:
The Leading Cause of Death among HIV-Positive People Worldwide |
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Cancer
or Malignancy in HIV/AIDS Patients |
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Disclaimer |
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Summary
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Review
Questions |
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7 |
A Profile of Biological
Indicators for HIV Disease and Progression to AIDS |
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What
Is Known and What Is Missing from Our Understanding of HIV/AIDS |
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HIV
Disease Defined |
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Stages
of HIV Disease (without Drug Therapy) |
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HIV
Disease without Symptoms, with Symptoms, and AIDS |
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Production
of HIV-Specific Antibodies |
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Prognostic
Biological Markers Related to AIDS Progression |
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HIV
Infection of the Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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Neuropathies
(Nerve Tissue Damage) in HIV Disease/AIDS Patients |
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Pediatric
Clinical Signs and Symptoms |
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Summary |
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Review
Questions |
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8 |
Epidemiology and
Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus |
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Epidemic/Epidemiology |
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We
Must Stop HIV Transmission Now! |
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Epidemiology
of HIV Infection |
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Transmission
of Two Strains of HIV (HIV-1/HIV-2) |
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IS HIV
Transmitted by Insects? |
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HIV
Transmission |
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HIV
Transmission in Family/Household Settings |
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Noncasual Transmission |
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Gay
Men Putting Themselves at High Risk for HIV Infection |
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The
Biological Factor |
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Injection-Drug
Users and HIV Transmission |
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United
States: Heterosexual Injection-Drug Use (IDU) |
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Injection-Drug
Use and HIV Infections in Other Countries |
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Other
Means of HIV Transmission |
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Influence
of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) on HIV Transmission and Vice-Versa |
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Pediatric
Transmission |
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Conclusion |
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National
AIDS Resources |
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Summary |
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Challenge
Your Assumptions about the HIV Infected |
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Review
Questions |
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9 |
Preventing the
Transmission of HIV |
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The
AIDS Generation: “I Knew Everything about It, and I Still Got It!” |
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Prevention,
Not Treatment, Is the Least Expensive and Most Effective Way to Reduce the
Spread of HIV/AIDS |
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Global
Prevention |
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Antiretroviral
Drugs Have and Impact on Prevention, But We Can’t Treat Our Way Out of This
Pandemic |
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Advancing
HIV Prevention: New Strategies for a Changing Epidemic |
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Preventing
the Transmission of HIV |
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Sexual
Risk Taking Depends on Sexual Activity |
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New
Rules to an Old Game: Promoting Safer Sex—Nobody Has a Body to Die For! |
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The
Male Condom |
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The
Female Condom or Femidom (Vaginal Pouch) |
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An
Alternative to Condoms: Vaginal Microbicides
(MI-CRO-BA-CIDES) and Circumcision |
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Update
2010—The CAPRISA 004 Study Results |
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Circumcision
and the Prevention of HIV Transmission |
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Injection-Drug
Use (IDU) and HIV Transmission: The Twin Epidemics |
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HIV
Prevention for Injection-Drug Users |
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Prevention
of Blood and Blood Product HIV Transmission |
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Infection
Control Procedures |
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Sexual
Partner Notification: Disclosure |
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The
U.S. Federal Government Has Now Adopted Partner Notification as Its
Cornerstone in Its Effort to Help Control the Spread of HIV |
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The
First Human Vaccine: The Impact of Vaccines on Infectious Diseases |
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HIV
Vaccine Development and Its Role in Prevention |
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How
These Two Neutralizing Antibodies Work |
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Types
of Experimental HIV Vaccines |
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DNA
Vaccine |
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Problems
in the Search for HIV Vaccine |
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September
2009—News Broken that a Partially Effective HIV Vaccine Was Found! |
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Summary |
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Review
Questions |
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10 |
Prevalence of HIV
Infections, AIDS Cases, and Deaths among Select Groups in the United States
and in Other Countries |
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A Word
about HIV/AIDS Data |
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Year
2011 |
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Formula
for Estimating HIV Infections |
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Behavioral
Risk Groups and Statistical Evaluation |
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September
18: Annual National HIV/AIDS Aging Awareness Day |
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Estimates
of AIDS Cases and HIV Infection |
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Newly
Infected |
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Shape
of the HIV Pandemic: United States |
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Estimates
of Deaths and Years of Potential Life Lost Due to AIDS in the United States |
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Selected
Nations/Countries Have Different Epidemics. Each Faces Its Own Reality |
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Canada’s
Estimated HIV/AIDS Cases through 2009: Population 110 Million |
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United
Kingdom’s (UK) Estimated HIV/AIDS Cases through 2009: Population 61 Million |
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Global
Prevalence and Impact of HIV/AIDS |
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Connected
but Separate: Each Country a Different Reality, Different Countries, Similar
Questions, but Different Answers, |
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Different
Epidemics |
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Workforce—South
Africa: Some Examples |
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Education:
Teachers and Students—South Africa and Some Countries in Southern Africa |
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Other
HIV/AIDS Time Bombs in Asia: India, China, and Russia |
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Summary |
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Review
Questions |
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11 |
Prevalence of HIV Infection
and AIDS Cases among Women and Children |
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HIV/AIDS
Is Defining the Lives of Millions of Women |
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Female
Vulnerability to HIV |
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Every
Day a Tragedy |
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Triple
Jeopardy |
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Annual
International Women’s Day—March 8 |
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Women:
AIDS and HIV Infections Worldwide |
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Asia-Pacific
Region, Over Five Million HIV Positive: 2010 |
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Women:
HIV-Positive and AIDS Cases—United States |
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Childbearing
Women: Worldwide |
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Internet
Resources |
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Pediatric
HIV-Positive and AIDS Cases—United States: A Fight We Can Win! |
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Orphaned
Children Due to HIV Infection and AIDS |
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The
Phenomenon of AIDS Orphans |
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Summary |
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Review
Questions |
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12 |
Prevalence of HIV
Infection and AIDS among Young Adults, Ages 13 to 24 |
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Global
HIV Infections in Young Adults |
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Addressing
the AIDS Pandemic among Young Adults |
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How
Large Is the Young Adult Population in the United States? |
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HIV/AIDS
Won’t Affect Us! |
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Estimate
of HIV-Infected and AIDS Cases among Young Adults in the United States,
Globally |
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Summary |
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Internet |
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Other
Useful Sources |
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Review
Questions |
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13 |
Testing for Human
Immunodeficiency Virus |
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Determining
the Presence of Antibody Produced When HIV Is Present |
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Requests
for HIV Testing |
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Reasons
for HIV Testing: I Know, I Took the Test |
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Laboratory
Methods for Detecting HIV |
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ELISA
HIV Antibody Test |
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Western
Blot Assay |
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New
ELISA Antibody Testing and Viral Load Procedures Reveal Early Versus Late HIV
Infection |
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Rapid
Result HIV Testing |
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FDA
Approves Home HIV Antibody Test Kit |
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Some
Screening and Confirmatory Antigen-Detection Tests for HIV |
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Deciding
Who Should Get an HIV Test and When |
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Why Is
HIV Test Information Necessary? |
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Immigration
and Travel Ban into the United States Is Lifted |
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Testing,
Privacy, Competency, and Informed Consent |
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Summary |
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Review
Questions |
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14 |
AIDS and Society:
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior |
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HIV/AIDS
Is a Story in Our Lifetime |
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The
New Millennium and HIV/AIDS |
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HIV/AIDS
Is an Unusual Social Disease |
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Discrimination
vs. Compassion and Support |
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HIV/AIDS
Is Here to Stay |
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AIDS
Comes to the United States |
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Blame
Someone, Déjà Vu |
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Fear:
Panic and Hysteria over the Spread of HIV/AIDS in the United States |
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Whom Is
the General Public to Believe? |
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AIDS
Education and Behavior: Dissipating Fear with Education |
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The Character
of Society |
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Dealing
with Discrimination: The Americans with Disabilities Act |
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Federal
and Private Sector Financing: Creation of an AIDS Industry |
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U.S.
Government Believes HIV/AIDS Is a Threat to National Security |
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Global
HIV/AIDS Funding for Underdeveloped Nations |
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Forms
of U.S. Monetary Assistance for HIV/AIDS |
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Summary |
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Review
Questions |
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Answers to Review
Questions |
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Glossary |
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References |
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Index |
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