9780123849052

Table of Contents


	Foreword	v
	Preface to First Edition	vii
	Preface to Second Edition	ix
	Contributing Authors	xi
PART I	NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGY
1	Introduction, Definition and Classification of Nutrients Ernest Kirkby
1.1	General	3
1.2	Essential Elements for Plant Growth	3
1.3	Biochemical Behaviour and Physiological Functions of Elements in Plants	4
2	Ion Uptake Mechanisms of Individual Cells and Roots: Short-distance Transport Philip White
2.1	General	7
2.2	Pathway of Solutes from the External Solution into Root Cells	8
2.3	Composition of Biological Membranes	10
2.4	Solute Transport Across Membranes	13
2.5	Factors Affecting Ion Uptake by Roots	21
2.6	Uptake of Ions and Water along the Root Axis	39
2.7	Radial Transport of Ions and Water Across the Root	41
2.8	Release of Ions into the Xylem	43
2.9	Factors Affecting Ion Release into the Xylem and Exudation Rate	44
3	Long-distance Transport in the Xylem and Phloem Philip White
3.1	General	49
3.2	Xylem Transport	50
3.3	Phloem Transport	58
3.4	Relative Importance of Phloem and Xylem for Long-distance Transport of Nutrients	62
3.5	Remobilization of Nutrients	66
4	Uptake and Release of Elements by Leaves and Other Aerial Plant Parts Thomas Eichert and Victoria Fern�ndez
4.1	General	71
4.2	Uptake and Release of Gases and Other Volatile Compounds Through Stomata	71
4.3	Uptake of Solutes	74
4.4	Foliar Application of Nutrients	78
4.5	Leaching of Elements from Leaves	82
4.6	Ecological Importance of Uptake and Leaching of Solutes from Leaves	83
5	Mineral Nutrition, Yield and Source-Sink Relationships Christof Engels, Ernest Kirkby and Philip White
5.1	General	85
5.2	Relationships between Nutrient Supply and Yield	86
5.3	Photosynthetic Activity and Related Processes	87
5.4	Photosynthetic Area	102
5.5	Respiration and Oxidative Phosphorylation	105
5.6	Phloem Transport of Assimilates and its Regulation	107
5.7	Sink Formation	113
5.8	Sink Activity	117
5.9	Role of Phytohormones in the Regulation of the Sink-Source Relationships	120
5.10	Source and Sink Limitations on Yield	131
6	Functions of Macronutrients Malcolm Hawkesford, Walter Horst, Thomas Kichey, Hans Lambers, Jan Schjoerring, Inge Skrumsager M�ller, Philip White
6.1	Nitrogen	135
6.2	Sulphur	151
6.3	Phosphorus	158
6.4	Magnesium	165
6.5	Calcium	171
6.6	Potassium	178
7	Function of Nutrients: Micronutrients Martin Broadley, Patrick Brown, Ismail Cakmak, Zed Rengel and Fangjie Zhao
7.1	Iron	191
7.2	Manganese	200
7.3	Copper	206
7.4	Zinc	212
7.5	Nickel	223
7.6	Molybdenum	226
7.7	Boron	233
7.8	Chlorine	243
8	Beneficial Elements Martin Broadley, Patrick Brown, Ismail Cakmak, Jian Feng Ma, Zed Rengel and Fangjie Zhao
8.1	Definition	249
8.2	Sodium	249
8.3	Silicon	257
8.4	Cobalt	261
8.5	Selenium	263
8.6	Aluminium	268
8.7	Other Elements	268
9	Nutrition and Quality Franz Wiesler
9.1	Introduction	271
9.2	Nutrition and Appearance	272
9.3	Nutrition and Chemical Composition	273
10	Relationship between Nutrition, Plant Diseases and Pests Don Huber, Volker R�mheld and Markus Weinmann
10.1	General	283
10.2	Relationship between Susceptibility and Nutritional Status of Plants	284
10.3	Fungal Diseases	285
10.4	Bacterial and Viral Diseases	291
10.5	Soil-borne Fungal and Bacterial Diseases	293
10.6	Pests	295
10.7	Direct and Indirect Effects of Fertilizer Application on the Performance of Plants and Their Parasites	297
11	Diagnosis of Deficiency and Toxicity of Nutrients Volker R�mheld
11.1	General	299
11.2	Nutrient Supply and Growth Response	299
11.3	Diagnosis of Nutritional Disorders by Visible Symptoms	300
11.4	Plant Analysis	301
11.5	Histochemical and Biochemical Methods	310
11.6	Plant Analysis versus Soil Analysis	311
PART II	PLANT-SOIL RELATIONSHIPS
12	Nutrient Availability in Soils Petra Marschner and Zed Rengel
12.1	General	315
12.2	Chemical Soil Analysis	315
12.3	Movement of Nutrients to the Root Surface	316
12.4	Role of Root Density	324
12.5	Nutrient Availability and Distribution of Water in Soils	325
12.6	Role of Soil Structure	326
12.7	Intensity/Quantity Ratio, Plant Factors and Consequences for Soil Testing	328
13	Effect of Internal and External Factors on Root Growth and Development Jonathan Lynch, Petra Marschner and Zed Rengel
13.1	General	331
13.2	Carbohydrate Supply	331
13.3	Root Development	332
13.4	Soil Chemical Factors	334
13.5	Soil Organisms	340
13.6	Soil Physical Factors	342
13.7	Shoot/Root Ratio	345
14	Rhizosphere Chemistry in Relation to Plant Nutrition G�nter Neumann, Volker R�mheld
14.1	General	347
14.2	Spatial Extent of the Rhizosphere	349
14.3	Inorganic Elements in the Rhizosphere	350
14.4	Rhizosphere pH	353
14.5	Redox Potential and Reducing Processes	359
14.6	Rhizodeposition and Root Exudates	360
15	Rhizosphere Biology Petra Marschner
15.1	General	369
15.2	Rhizosphere Microorganisms	369
15.3	Mycorrhiza	373
16	Nitrogen Fixation Jim Cooper and Heinrich Scherer
16.1	General	389
16.2	Biological Nitrogen-fixing Systems	389
16.3	Biochemistry of Nitrogen Fixation	390
16.4	Symbiotic Systems	392
16.5	Amounts of N Fixed by Legumes, and its Transfer to Other Plants in Mixed Stands	405
16.6	Significance of Free-living and Associative Nitrogen Fixation	407
16.7	Outlook	408
17	Adaptation of Plants to Adverse Chemical Soil Conditions Eckhard George, Walter Horst and Elke Neumann
17.1	Natural Vegetation	409
17.2	High-input versus Low-input Approach	410
17.3	Acid Mineral Soils	417
17.4	Waterlogged and Flooded Soils	430
17.5	Calcareous and Alkaline Soils	444
17.6	Saline Soils	455
18	Nutrient and Carbon Fluxes in Terrestrial Agro-Ecosystems Andreas Buerkert, Rainer Joergensen, Bernard Ludwig and Eva Schlecht
18.1	Microbiological Factors Determining Carbon and Nitrogen Emissions	473
18.2	Effects of Organic Soil Amendments on Emissions	475
18.3	Effects of pH, Soil Water Content and Temperature on Matter Turnover	475
18.4	Global Warming Effects	476
18.5	Plant-animal Interactions Affecting Nutrient Fluxes at Different Scales	476
18.6	Modelling Approaches in Matter Fluxes	482
	References	483
	Index	645