Table
of Contents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Preface |
xv |
|
1 |
Symbiosis and Parasitism |
1 |
|
|
Definitions |
2 |
|
|
Commensalism |
2 |
|
|
Phoresis |
2 |
|
|
Parasitism |
2 |
|
|
Mutualism |
4 |
|
|
Ecological
Aspects of Parasitism |
5 |
|
|
Medical
Implications |
7 |
|
|
Control
Impediments |
8 |
|
|
Intermediate
Hosts |
8 |
|
|
Vectors |
8 |
|
|
Resistance
and Resurgence |
9 |
|
|
Diagnosis |
9 |
|
|
Factors
influencing Prevalence |
9 |
|
|
Unsanitary
Living Conditions |
10 |
|
|
Disease
Control and Treatment |
10 |
|
|
Poor
Nutrition |
10 |
|
|
Health
Education |
10 |
|
|
Regional and
Ethnic Customs |
10 |
|
|
Climatic
Conditions |
11 |
|
|
Opportunistic
Parasitism |
11 |
|
|
Evolution of
Parasitism |
11 |
|
|
Suggested
Readings |
13 |
|
2 |
Parasite-Host Interactions |
15 |
|
|
Effects of
Parasites on Hosts |
16 |
|
|
Tissue
Damage |
16 |
|
|
Parenchymatous or Albuminous
Degeneration |
16 |
|
|
Fatty
Degeneration |
16 |
|
|
Necrosis |
16 |
|
|
Tissue
Changes |
16 |
|
|
Hyperplasia |
16 |
|
|
Hypertrophy |
17 |
|
|
Metaplasia |
17 |
|
|
Neoplasia |
17 |
|
|
Biological
Adaptations of Parasitism |
17 |
|
|
Physiology
and Biochemistry of Parasitism |
17 |
|
|
Immunology |
18 |
|
|
Toll-like
Receptors |
18 |
|
|
Class I
Endogenous Pathway |
22 |
|
|
Class II Exogenous
Pathway |
23 |
|
|
T Cell
Activity |
23 |
|
|
B Cell
Activity |
24 |
|
|
Genetics of
Immunoglobulin Variability |
27 |
|
|
Opportunistic Parasites |
28 |
|
|
Toxoplasma gondii |
30 |
|
|
Cryptosporidium parvum |
31 |
|
|
Enterocytozoon bieneusi |
31 |
|
|
Leishmania spp. |
31 |
|
|
Trypanosoma cruzi |
32 |
|
|
Plasmodium spp |
32 |
|
|
Giardia Lamblia |
32 |
|
|
Strongyloides stercoralis |
32 |
|
|
Schistosoma spp |
33 |
|
|
Resistance |
33 |
|
|
Selected
Readings |
34 |
|
I |
THE PROTOZOA |
|
|
3 |
General Characteristics of the Euprotista (Protozoa) |
37 |
|
|
Locomotor Organelles Flagella |
38 |
|
|
Cilia |
41 |
|
|
Pseudopodia |
42 |
|
|
Other
Organelles |
43 |
|
|
Nucleus |
43 |
|
|
Vesicular
Nucleus |
44 |
|
|
Compact
Nucleus |
44 |
|
|
Mitochondria |
44 |
|
|
Golgi Complex |
44 |
|
|
Lysosomes |
45 |
|
|
Cytoplasmic Food Storage |
46 |
|
|
Ribosomes |
46 |
|
|
Costa, Axostyle, and Vacuoles |
46 |
|
|
Encystation |
47 |
|
|
Reproduction |
48 |
|
|
Suggested
Readings |
49 |
|
|
Classification
of the Protozoa |
49 |
|
|
Kingdom Euprotista |
49 |
|
|
Phylum Euglenista |
49 |
|
|
Phylum Metamonada |
49 |
|
|
Phylum Parabasala |
50 |
|
|
Phylum Rhizopoda |
50 |
|
|
Phylum Percolozoa |
50 |
|
|
Phylum Apicomplexa |
51 |
|
|
Phylum Ciliophora |
51 |
|
4 |
Visceral Protozoa I: Rhizopods (Amoebae) and Ciliphorans |
53 |
|
|
Amoebae |
53 |
|
|
Entamoeba histolytica |
55 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
56 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
58 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
60 |
|
|
Chemotherapy |
61 |
|
|
Physiology |
61 |
|
|
Host Immune
Response |
61 |
|
|
Prevention |
62 |
|
|
Entamoeba dispar |
61 |
|
|
Entamoeba hartmanni |
62 |
|
|
Entamoeba coli |
62 |
|
|
Entamoeba polecki |
63 |
|
|
Entamoeba gingivalis |
63 |
|
|
Lodamoeba bütschlii |
64 |
|
|
Endolimax nana |
64 |
|
|
Pathogenic
Free-Living Amoebae |
65 |
|
|
Naegleria fowleri |
65 |
|
|
Acanthamoeba and Balamuthia |
66 |
|
|
Microsporidians |
67 |
|
|
Ciliates |
68 |
|
|
Balantidium coli |
68 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
69 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
70 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
70 |
|
|
Chemotherapy |
70 |
|
|
Selected
Readings |
70 |
|
5 |
Visceral Protozoa II: Flagellates |
73 |
|
|
Nontrichomonad Flagellates |
73 |
|
|
Giardia lamblia |
73 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
74 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
74 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
76 |
|
|
Chemotherapy |
77 |
|
|
Physiology |
77 |
|
|
Host Immune
Response |
77 |
|
|
Prevention |
78 |
|
|
Chilomastix mesnili |
78 |
|
|
Retortamonis inicstinalis |
78 |
|
|
Entcromonas hominis |
79 |
|
|
Dientamoeba fragilis |
19 |
|
|
The Genus Trichomonas and Related Forms |
80 |
|
|
Trichomonas tenax |
81 |
|
|
Trichomonas vaginalis |
81 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
82 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
82 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
82 |
|
|
Chemotherapy |
83 |
|
|
Physiology |
83 |
|
|
Pentatrichomonas (Trichomonas) hominis |
83 |
|
|
Selected
Readings |
84 |
|
6 |
Blood and Tissue Protozoa 1: Hemoflagellates |
85 |
|
|
Morphologic
Forms |
87 |
|
|
Amastigote |
87 |
|
|
Promastgote |
87 |
|
|
Epimastigote |
87 |
|
|
Trypomastigote |
89 |
|
|
Genus Leishmania |
90 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
90 |
|
|
Physiology |
92 |
|
|
Host Immune
Response |
94 |
|
|
Visceral
Leishmaniasis (Leishmania donovani) |
94 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
94 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
97 |
|
|
Chemotherapy |
98 |
|
|
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (Leishmania tropica and Leishmania mexicana) |
98 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
98 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
99 |
|
|
Chemotherapy |
99 |
|
|
Mucocutaneous Leishmaniass (Leiskmania braziliensis) |
100 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
100 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
100 |
|
|
Chemotherapy |
101 |
|
|
Genus Trypanusoma |
101 |
|
|
African Trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma
brucei gambiense) |
102 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
102 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
104 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
105 |
|
|
Chemotherapy |
106 |
|
|
Host Immune
Response |
106 |
|
|
Physiology |
108 |
|
|
American Trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma cruzi) |
108 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
108 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
110 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
111 |
|
|
Chemotherapy |
112 |
|
|
Physiology |
112 |
|
|
Host Immune
Response |
112 |
|
|
Selected
Readings |
112 |
|
7 |
Blood and Tissue Protozoa II: Human
Malaria |
115 |
|
|
Plasmodium and Human Malaria |
116 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
117 |
|
|
Life Cycle
Variations |
123 |
|
|
Plasmodium Vivax and P. ovale (Benign Tertian Malaria) |
123 |
|
|
Plasmodium malariae (Quartan Malaria) |
124 |
|
|
Plasmodium falciparum (Malignant Tertian Malaria) |
125 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
125 |
|
|
Relapse and Recnidescence |
129 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
130 |
|
|
Chemotherapy |
132 |
|
|
Host Immune
Response |
134 |
|
|
Physiology |
135 |
|
|
Selected
Readings |
136 |
|
8 |
Blood and Tissue Protozoa III: Other Protists |
137 |
|
|
Babesia |
137 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
138 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
138 |
|
|
Chemotherapy |
138 |
|
|
Toxoplasma gondii |
139 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
140 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
143 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
143 |
|
|
Chemotherapy |
144 |
|
|
Host Immune Response |
144 |
|
|
Cryptosporidium parvum |
145 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
145 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
145 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
148 |
|
|
Chemotherapy |
148 |
|
|
Host Immune
Response |
148 |
|
|
Cylospora cayentanensis |
148 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
149 |
|
|
Chemotherapy |
149 |
|
|
Isospora belli |
149 |
|
|
Blastocystis hominis |
149 |
|
|
Selected
Readings |
150 |
|
II |
THE TREMATODA |
|
|
9 |
General Characteristics of the Trematoda |
153 |
|
|
Structure of
Adult |
155 |
|
|
Tegument |
155 |
|
|
Digestive
Tract |
156 |
|
|
Muscular and
Nervous Systems |
159 |
|
|
Osmoregulatory System |
160 |
|
|
Reproductive
Systems |
161 |
|
|
Male System |
162 |
|
|
Sperm |
163 |
|
|
Female
System |
164 |
|
|
The Egg |
166 |
|
|
Generalized
Life Cycle Patterns |
167 |
|
|
The Miracidium |
168 |
|
|
The Sporocyst |
171 |
|
|
The Redia |
173 |
|
|
The Cercaria |
173 |
|
|
The Metacercaria |
175 |
|
|
Germ Celt
Cycle |
175 |
|
|
Physiology |
176 |
|
|
Chemotherapy |
176 |
|
|
Selected
Readings |
177 |
|
|
Classification
of the Trematoda |
177 |
|
|
Phylum Platyhelminthes |
177 |
|
|
Class Trematoda |
177 |
|
|
Order Strigeata |
177 |
|
|
Order Echinoformata |
178 |
|
|
Order Opisthorchiate |
178 |
|
|
Order Plagiorchiata |
178 |
|
10 |
Visceral Flukes |
179 |
|
|
Liver Flukes |
180 |
|
|
Fasciola hepatica |
180 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
181 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
182 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
182 |
|
|
Chemotherapy |
182 |
|
|
Host Immune
Responses |
182 |
|
|
Clonorchis Sinensis |
183 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
183 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
184 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
185 |
|
|
Chemotherapy |
186 |
|
|
Opisthorchis felineus and O. viverrini |
186 |
|
|
Intestinal
Flukes |
187 |
|
|
Fasciolopsis buski |
187 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
187 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
187 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
187 |
|
|
Echinostoma trivolvis |
188 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
189 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
190 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
190 |
|
|
Heterophyes heterophyes and Metagonimus yokagawai |
190 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
190 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
191 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
192 |
|
|
Lung Flukes |
192 |
|
|
Paragonimus westermani |
192 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
193 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
194 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
195 |
|
|
Human Immune
Response |
195 |
|
|
Selected
Readings |
195 |
|
11 |
Blood Flukes |
197 |
|
|
Morphology |
199 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
199 |
|
|
Variations |
205 |
|
|
Schistosoma haematobium |
205 |
|
|
Schistosoma mansoni |
205 |
|
|
Schistosoma japonicum |
207 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
208 |
|
|
Chemotherapy |
209 |
|
|
Host Immune
Response |
209 |
|
|
Other Schistosomes |
211 |
|
|
Swimmer’s
Itch |
211 |
|
|
Selected
Readings |
212 |
|
III |
THE CESTODA |
|
|
12 |
General Characteristics of the Cestoda |
217 |
|
|
Morphology |
218 |
|
|
Tegument |
218 |
|
|
Parenchyma |
220 |
|
|
Parenchymal Muscles |
221 |
|
|
Scolex |
222 |
|
|
Calcareous
Corpuscles |
223 |
|
|
Osmoregulatory System |
224 |
|
|
Nervous
System |
226 |
|
|
Reproductive
Systems |
226 |
|
|
Male System |
227 |
|
|
Female
System |
227 |
|
|
The Egg |
229 |
|
|
Life Cycle
Patterns |
231 |
|
|
Pseudophyllidean Pattern |
231 |
|
|
Cyclophyllidean Pattern |
232 |
|
|
Physiology |
232 |
|
|
Chemotherapy |
233 |
|
|
Host Immune
Response |
233 |
|
|
Selected
Readings |
234 |
|
|
Classification
of the Cestoda |
235 |
|
|
Class Cercomeiomorphae |
235 |
|
|
Subclass Cestoda |
235 |
|
|
Order Cyclophyllidea |
235 |
|
|
Order Pseudophyllidea |
235 |
|
13 |
Intestinal Tapeworms |
237 |
|
|
Diphyllobothrium latum |
237 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
238 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
240 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
240 |
|
|
Taenia solium |
241 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
242 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
242 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
243 |
|
|
Taenia saginata |
244 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
244 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
244 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
244 |
|
|
Hymenolepis nana |
245 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
245 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
247 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
247 |
|
|
Hymenolepis diminuta |
247 |
|
|
Dipylidium caninum |
248 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
249 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
249 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
249 |
|
|
Selected
Readings |
249 |
|
14 |
Extraintestinal Tapeworms |
251 |
|
|
Human Sparganosis |
252 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
252 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
252 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
253 |
|
|
Chemotherapy
and Treatment |
253 |
|
|
Prevention |
253 |
|
|
Host Immune
Response |
254 |
|
|
Human Cysticercosis |
254 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
254 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
254 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
255 |
|
|
Chemotherapy
and Treatment |
256 |
|
|
Host Immune
Response |
256 |
|
|
Prevention |
257 |
|
|
Human Hydatidosis |
257 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
257 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
261 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
262 |
|
|
Chemotherapy
and Treatment |
264 |
|
|
Host Immune
Response |
264 |
|
|
Prevention |
264 |
|
|
Selected
Readings |
264 |
|
IV |
THE NEMATODA |
|
|
15 |
General Characteristics of the Nematoda |
269 |
|
|
Structure of
the Adult |
270 |
|
|
Cuticle |
270 |
|
|
Hypodermis |
272 |
|
|
Musculature |
273 |
|
|
Digestive
Tract |
275 |
|
|
Foregut |
275 |
|
|
Midgut |
276 |
|
|
Hindgut |
276 |
|
|
Nervous
System |
277 |
|
|
Excretory
System |
278 |
|
|
Reproductive
Systems |
279 |
|
|
Male System |
279 |
|
|
Female
System |
280 |
|
|
Molting |
281 |
|
|
Larval Forms |
283 |
|
|
Rhabditiform Larva |
283 |
|
|
Filariform Larva |
283 |
|
|
Microfilaria |
283 |
|
|
Physiology |
285 |
|
|
Selected
Readings |
285 |
|
|
Classification
of the Nematoda |
285 |
|
|
Phylum Nematoda |
285 |
|
|
Class Adenophorea |
286 |
|
|
Class Secernentea |
286 |
|
16 |
Intestinal Nematodes |
291 |
|
|
The Adenophorea |
292 |
|
|
Trickuris trichiura |
292 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
292 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
295 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
295 |
|
|
Chemotherapy |
295 |
|
|
Host Immune Response |
295 |
|
|
Trichinella spiralis |
296 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
297 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
299 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
300 |
|
|
Chemotherapy |
300 |
|
|
Host Immune
Response |
301 |
|
|
Prevention |
301 |
|
|
The Secernentea |
301 |
|
|
Strongyloides scercoralis |
301 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
302 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
304 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
304 |
|
|
Chemotherapy |
306 |
|
|
Host Immune
Response |
306 |
|
|
Prevention |
306 |
|
|
Human
Hookworm Disease |
306 |
|
|
Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale |
307 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
307 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
310 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
311 |
|
|
Chemotherapy |
312 |
|
|
Host Immune
Response |
312 |
|
|
Prevention |
313 |
|
|
Cutaneous Larval Migrans |
313 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
313 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
313 |
|
|
Chemotherapy |
313 |
|
|
Prevention |
314 |
|
|
Ascaris lumbricoides |
314 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
316 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
316 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
318 |
|
|
Chemotherapy |
318 |
|
|
Host Immune
Response |
318 |
|
|
Prevention |
318 |
|
|
Visceral
Larval Migrans |
319 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
319 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
320 |
|
|
Chemotherapy |
320 |
|
|
Prevention |
320 |
|
|
Anasakis spp. |
320 |
|
|
Enterobius vermiadaris |
321 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
321 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
323 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
325 |
|
|
Chemotherapy |
326 |
|
|
Prevention |
326 |
|
|
Selected
Readings |
326 |
|
17 |
Blood and Tissue Nematodes |
329 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
330 |
|
|
Periodicity |
331 |
|
|
Filarial
Worms |
331 |
|
|
Wuckereria bancrofti |
331 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
333 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
333 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
334 |
|
|
Chemotherapy |
334 |
|
|
Host Immune
Response |
335 |
|
|
Prevention |
335 |
|
|
Brugla malayi |
335 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
335 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
336 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
336 |
|
|
Chemotherapy
and Prevention |
336 |
|
|
Human Immune
Response |
336 |
|
|
Onchocerca volvulus |
336 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
336 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
337 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
337 |
|
|
Chemotherapy |
338 |
|
|
Host Immune
Response |
338 |
|
|
Prevention |
338 |
|
|
Loa loa |
339 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
339 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
339 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
339 |
|
|
Chemotherapy |
340 |
|
|
Prevention |
340 |
|
|
Mansonella ozzardi, Mansonella
perstans, and Mansonella streptocerca |
340 |
|
|
The Guinea
Worm |
341 |
|
|
Draunculus medinensis |
341 |
|
|
Life Cycle |
341 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
342 |
|
|
Symptomatology
and Diagnosis |
343 |
|
|
Chemotherapy |
343 |
|
|
Prevention |
344 |
|
|
Selected
Readings |
344 |
|
V |
ARTHROPODA |
|
|
18 |
Arthropods as Vectors |
349 |
|
|
Significance
of Arthropods as Vectors |
350 |
|
|
General
Structural Features |
352 |
|
|
The
Dipterans |
356 |
|
|
Biting
Dipterans |
357 |
|
|
Mosquitoes |
357 |
|
|
Blackflies |
360 |
|
|
Sandflies |
360 |
|
|
Tsetse Flies |
361 |
|
|
Tabanid Flies |
362 |
|
|
Nonbiting Dipterans |
363 |
|
|
Other
Insects |
365 |
|
|
Reduviid Bugs |
365 |
|
|
Fleas |
366 |
|
|
Lice |
370 |
|
|
The Acarines |
372 |
|
|
Ticks |
372 |
|
|
Mites |
375 |
|
|
Selected
Readings |
376 |
|
|
Classification
of the Arthropoda |
376 |
|
|
Phylum Arthropoda |
376 |
|
|
Subphylum Uniramia |
376 |
|
|
Class Insecta |
376 |
|
|
Subphylum Chelicerata |
378 |
|
|
Glossary |
381 |
|
Appendix A |
Drugs for Parasitic Infections:
Partial List of Generic and Brand Names |
397 |
|
Appendix B |
Current Chemotherapeutic Regimens |
399 |
|
Appendix C |
Adverse Effects of Antiparasitic Drugs |
409 |
|
|
Index |
413 |
|
|
|
|