Symbols and Abbreviations

xi

Contributors

xix

1

Intensive and Acute Cardiac Care: an Introduction   Nicolas Danchin, Gerasimos Filippatos, and Marco Tubaro

1

SECTION I

PREHOSPITAL PHASE

2

Sudden Cardiac Death: Epidemiology and Prevention   Hans-Richard Arntz

7

3

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and the Post-Cardiac Arrest Syndrome   Andreas Schneider, Peter Teschendorf; and Bernd W. Bottiger

14

4

Comparison of Prehospital Emergency Care Systems in Europe and the United States   Frédéric Adnec,Tomislav Petrovic, and Frédéric Lapostolle

22

5

Telemedicine   Peter Clemmensen and Maria Sejerscen Ripa

30

SECTION II

EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT

6

Chest Pain and Chest Pain Units   Eric Durand, Aures Chaib, and Nicolas Danchin

39

7

Acute Dyspnoea   Nisha Arenja, Thenral Socrates, and Christian Mueller

50

8

Arrhythmias in the Emergency Department   G. Cayla, R G. Claret, And J. E. De La Coussaye

58

SECTION III

THE INTENSIVE CARDIAC CARE UNIT

9

Recommendations for the Structure, Organization, and Operation of Intensive Cardiac Care Units   Menachem Nahirandyonathan Hasin

71

10

The Intensive Cardiac Care Unit Team   Tom Quinn and Eva Swahn

80

11

Clinical Competence and Accreditation in Intensive and Acute Cardiac Care   Alessandro Sionis, Pablo Loma-Osorio, and Magda Heras

85

12

Databases, Registries, and Quality of Care   Eric Boersma, Anselm K. Gitt, and Bertil Lindahl

94

13

Ethical Issues in Cardiac Arrest and Acute Cardiac Care: A European Perspective   Leo Bossaert and Jan Bahr

103

SECTION IV

MONITORING AND INVESTIGATIONS IN THE INTENSIVE CARDIAC CARE UNIT

14

Pathophysiology and Clinical Assessment of the Cardiovascular System (Including Pulmonary Artery Catheter)   Etienne Gayat and Alexandre Mebazaa

113

5S

The Respiratory System   Antoine Vieillard-Baron

124

16

Monitoring of the Neurological Condition of the Acute Cardiac Care Patient   Cathy S. De Deyne

129

17

Monitoring of Kidney, Liver, and Other Vital Organs   K. Werdan, M. Girndt, and H. Ebelt

136

18

Blood Gas Analysis: Acid-Base and Fluid-Electrolyte Disorders   Pavlos M. Myriaruhefs and George J. Baltopoulos

148

18a

Blood Gas Analysis and Acid-Base Disorders

149

18b

Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders

157

19

Clinical Assessment and Monitoring with Chest Radiographs   Alexander Parkhomenko and Olga Gurjeva

163

20

Echocardiography in Cardiac Intensive Care   Ruxandra Beyer and Frank A. Flachskampf

172

21

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging   J. Schwitter and J. Bremerich

191

22

CT Angiography and Other Applications of CT   Joëlla E. van Velzen, Joanne D. Schuijf, Lucia J. Kroft, and Jeroen J. Bax

200

SECTION V

PROCEDURES IN THE INTENSIVE CARDIAC CARE UNIT

23

Noninvasive Ventilation   Josep Masip and Kenneth Planas

215

24

Mechanical Ventilation   Gihan Abuella and Andrew Rhodes

227

25

Temporary Pacing   Bulent Gorenek

238

26

Pericardiocentesis   Bernhard Maisch, Arsen Riscic, and Konstaninos Karatolios

246

27

Chest Tubes   Karimtazarourte, Christian Laplace, and Arthur Archabahian

257

28

Renal Support Therapy   Piotr Rozentryt, Pawet Siwotowski, Marian Zembala, and Piotr Ponikowski

266

29

The Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump   K. Werdan, M. RuB, and M. Buerke

277

30

Left Ventricular Assist Devices in Acute Heart Failure   Susanna Price, Martin Strueber, and Pascal Vranckx

289

31

Nutrition Support in Acute Cardiac Care   Pierre Singer and Ilya Kagan

295

32

Physiotherapy in Critically Ill Patients   R. Gosselink and J. Roeseler

302

SECTION VI

THE LABORATORY IN INTENSIVE AND ACUTE CARDIAC CARE

33

The Use of Biomarkers for Acute Cardiovascular Disease   Allan S. Jaffe

315

34

Biomarkers in Acute Coronary Syndromes   Evangelos Giannicsis and Hugo A. Katus

327

35

Biomarkers in Acute Heart Failure   Kevin Shah, Pam R. Taub, and Alan Maisel

335

36

Coagulation and Thrombosis   Anne-Mette Hvas, Erik Lerkevang Grove, and Steen Dalby Kristensen

346

37

Biomarkers for Renal and Hepatic Failure   Martina Zaninotto, Monica Maria Mion, and Mario Plebani

354

SECTION VII

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME

38

Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis   Lina Badimon, Gemma Vilahur, and Teresa Padro

365

39

The Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction   Kristian Thygesen, Joseph S. Alperc, Allan S. Jaffe, and Harvey D. White

376

40

Systems of Care for Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome   Kurt Huber, Keith A. A. Fox, Patrick Goldstein, and Nicolas Danchin

383

41

ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction   Nicolas Danchin, Nadia Aissaoui, and Eric Durand

390

42

Fibrinolytic, Antithromootic, and Antiplatelet Drugs in Acute Coronary Syndrome   Peter R. Sinnaeve and Frans J. Van De Werf

404

43

Mechanical Complications of Myocardial Infarction   Alexander V. Shpektor and Elena Y. Vasilieva

415

44

Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes   Diego Ardissino, Daniela Lina, and Francesca Notarangelo

425

45

Percutaneous Coronary Interventions in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes   Viktor Kocka, Petr Toušek, and Petr Widimský

438

46

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery   Ardawan J. Rastan, Ömür Akhavuz, and Friedrich W. Mohr

449

47

Cardiogenic Shock in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes   Zaza Lakobishvilli and David Hasdai

460

48

Gender Considerations in Acute Coronary Syndromes   Eva Swahn, Joakim Alfredsson, and Sofia Sederholm-Lawesson

469

SECTION VIII

ACUTE HEART FAILURE

49

Acute Heart Failure: Epidemiology, Classification, and Pathophysiology   Marco Metra, Dirk Brutsaert, Livio Dei Cas, and Mihai Gheorghiade

479

50

Acute Heart Failure: Early Pharmacological Treatment   John T. Parissis and Dionysia Birmpa

491

51

Non-Pharmacologic Therapy of Acute Heart Failure: When Drugs Alone are Not Enough   Pascal Vranckx, Wilfried Mullens, and Johan Vijgen

502

52

Cardiac Surgery and Transplantation in Acute Heart Failure   Antonis A. Pitsis and Aikaterini N. Visouli

511

SECTION IX

ARRHYTHMIAS

53

Conduction Disturbances and Pacemaker   C. Lavalle, R. R Ricci, and M. Santini

527

54

Atrial Fibrillation and Supraventricular Arrhythmias   Panos E. Vardas, Emmanuel R Koucalas, and Emmanuel N. Simanttrakis

537

55

Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias and Implantable Cardioverter/Defibriltator   Joachim R. Ehrlich and Stefan H. Hohnloser

546

SECTION X

OTHER ACUTE CARDIOVASCULAR CONDITIONS

56

Myocarditis, Cardiac Tamponade, and Pericarditis   Michel Noutsias, Sabine Pankuweit, and Bernhard Maisch

565

57

Acute Valve Disease and Endocarditis   Gregory Ducrocq, Franck Thuny, Bernard Lung, and Alec Vahanian

578

58

Congenital Heart Disease in Adults   Susanna Price, Brian Keogh, and Lorna Swan

590

59

Aortic Emergencies   Laurent De Kerchove, Manuel Pirotte, and Gébrine el Khoury

600

60

Cardiac Complications in Trauma   Demetrios Demetriades and Leslie Kobayashi

616

61

Cardiac Emergencies in Pregnancy   Patrizia Presbitero, Dennis Zavalloni, and Benedetta Agnoli

625

SECTION XI

CONCOMITANT ACUTE CONDITIONS

62

Acute Respiratory Failure and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome   Luciano Gactinoni and Eleonora Carlesso

639

63

Pulmonary Hypertension   Nazzareno Galié, Alessandra Manes, Massimiliano Palazzini, and Enri Leci

650

64

Pulmonary Embolism   Stavros Konstantinides and Adam Torbicki

659

65

Stroke   Didier Leys, Charlotte Cordonnier, and Valeria Caso

669

66

Acute Kidney Injury   Sean M. Bagshawjohn Prowle, and Rinaldo Bellomo

683

67

Hyperglycaemia and Diabetes   Marijke Gielen, Yoo-Mee Vanwijngaerden, Dieter Mesocten, Greet Van Den Berghe

698

68

Endocrine Emergencies   Yves Debaveyejeroen Vandenbrande, and Greet Van Den Berghe

709

69

Bleeding and Haemostasis Disorders   Pier Mannuccio Mannucci

718

70

Anaemia and Transfusion   Jean-Pierre Bassand, Francois Schiele, and Nicolas Meneveau

727

71

Infection, Sepsis, and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome   Julian Arias Ortiz, Raphaël Favory, and Jean-Louis Vincent

735

72

Acute Pain in the Intensive Cardiac Care Unit   S. Curac, A. Ricard-Hibon, and V. Belpomme

747

73

Acute Cognitive Disorders: Recognition and Management of Delirium in the Intensive Cardiac Care Unit   John A. McPherson, Chad E. Wagner, and E. Wesley Ely

756

74

Special Considerations in Immunosuppressed Patients   Alain Durocher and Raphael Favory

764

75

Perioperative Management of the High-Risk Noncardiac Surgical Patient   Don Poldermans and Sanne Hoeks

775

76

Perioperative Management of the High-Risk Cardiac Surgery Patient   Marco Ranucci, Serenella Cascelvecchio, and Andrea Ballotta

783

Index

795