Acknowledgements

viii

Contributors

ix

Symbols and Abbreviations

xi

References

xiii

1

Ultrasound

1

2

Transthoracic Examination

55

3

Transthoracic Anatomy and Pathology: Valves

105

4

Transthoracic Anatomy and Pathology: Chambers and Vessels

191

5

Transoesophageal Examination

343

6

Transoesophageal Anatomy and Pathology: Valves

417

7

Transoesophageal Anatomy and Pathology: Chambers and Vessels

475

8

Intracardiac Echocardiography

547

9

Contrast Echocardiography

561

10

Stress Echocardiography

587

11

Acute Echocardiography

627

12

Reporting and Normal Ranges

649

Index

679