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Table of Contents


UNIT I	FOUNDATIONS OF EMERGENCY NURSING
Chapter 1	Emergency Nursing: A Historical Perspective Vicki C. Patrick	3
	Origins of Emergency Nursing	3
	Modern American Nursing	4
	A New Specialty: Emergency Care	4
	A New Nursing Specialty: Defining the Scope of Practice	4
	Emergency Nursing and EDNA/ENA	5
Chapter 2	Emergency Nursing Practice John Fazio	8
	Definition of Nursing	8
	Scope of Nursing Practice	8
	Specialization of Emergency Nursing	9
	Nursing Practice Mission and Values	9
	Defining Emergency Nursing Practice	9
	Standards of Emergency Nursing Practice	9
	Collaborative Practice	10
	Coalition Building	10
	Community Education	10
	Position Statements	11
	Core Measures	11
	Patient Safety Concepts	11
	Developing a Science in Nursing	11
	Validation of Knowledge through Certification	13
Chapter 3	Legal and Regulatory Constructs Edith Ann Brous	16
	Sources of Law and Regulation	16
	Communication	17
	Medical Records	17
	Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	19
	Consent	20
	Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act	21
	Negligence and Malpractice	25
Chapter 4	Approaching Diversity Anita Ruiz-Contreras	27
	Areas of Diversity	27
	The Diversity Practice Model	30
UNIT II	PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
Chapter 5	Evidence-Based Practice Vicki A. Keough	35
	What is Evidence-Based Practice?	35
	Finding the Evidence	37
	Evaluating the Evidence	40
	Translation	42
	Evaluation	43
	Using Evidence to Benchmark	43
Chapter 6	Research Susan Barnason	46
	Bringing Research to Clinical Practice	46
	Appraisal of Research	47
	Using Research Findings in Practice	53
UNIT III	CLINICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EMERGENCY NURSING
Chapter 7	Triage Nicki Gilboy	59
	Triage Systems	60
	Triage Acuity Rating Systems	60
	The Triage Process	61
	Special Populations	65
	Ambulance Triage	68
	Triage Documentation	68
	Infection Control	68
	The Patient Liaison	69
	Security	69
	Legal Issues	69
	Triage Reassessment	70
	Telephone Advice	70
	Triage Nurse Qualifications	70
	Performance Improvement and Triage	71
Chapter 8	Patient Assessment Rebecca A. Steinmann	73
	Initial Assessment	73
	Ongoing Assessment	79
	Special Patient Populations	79
Chapter 9	Air and Surface Patient Transport Reneé Semonin Holleran	83
	Historical Perspective	83
	Types of Transport	84
	Transport Process	85
	Stresses of Transport	91
	Transport of Selected Patient Populations	94
Chapter 10	Vascular Access and Fluid Replacement S. Kay Sedlak	99
	Anatomy and Physiology	99
	Vascular Access	100
	Fluid Replacement	105
Chapter 11	Wound Management Nancy J. Denke	111
	Anatomy and Physiology	111
	Wound Healing	112
	Wound Evaluation	113
	Specific Wounds	114
	Wound Preparation	116
	Local Anesthesia	118
	Wound Closure	119
	Wound Dressings	120
	Wound Prophylaxis	121
Chapter 12	Pain Paula Tanabe, Reneé Semonin Holleran, and Christopher J. Reddin	127
	Definitions and Classifications of Pain	127
	Pathophysiology of Pain	128
	Pain Theories	133
	Physiologic Consequences of Pain	133
	Myths and Barriers to Pain Management	133
	Adult Pain Management	135
	Pediatric Pain Management	139
Chapter 13	Family Presence during Resuscitation Jennifer Kingsnorth-Hinrichs	148
	Evidence	148
	Organizational Support	150
	Implementation	150
	Education	152
Chapter 14	Organ and Tissue Donation Nancy Bonalumi	155
	Overview and History	156
	Organ Donation Best Practices	157
	Other Strategies to Increase Organ Donation	155
	The Donation Process	159
	The Procurement Process	162
	Financial Considerations	162
Chapter 15	Palliative and End-of-Life Care in the Emergency Department Garrett K. Chan	164
	Overview of Palliative and End-of-Life Care	164
	Palliative Care Principles in the Emergency Department	165
	Communication Issues in Palliative and End-of-Life Care	168
	Bioethical Considerations	169
	Care for the Caregiver	172
Chapter 16	Forensic Nursing in the Emergency Department Daniel J. Sheridan, Katherine R. Nash, and Heidi Bresee	174
	Forensic Nursing Defined	174
	History of Forensic Nursing	174
	Roles and Responsibilities of the Emergency Department Nurse with Forensic Training	175
Chapter 17	Emergency Preparedness Kathy S. Robinson	187
	Evolution of Emergency Management	188
	Domestic Preparedness Authority and Planning at the Federal Level	191
	Homeland Security Mission Areas: Prevent-Protect-Respond-Recover	192
Chapter 18	Nuclear, Biologic, and Chemical Agents of Mass Destruction Knox Andress	198
	Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Threat	198
	Nuclear-Radiologic Threats	199
	Biologic Agents	201
	Chemical Agents	205
Chapter 19	Management of the Critical Care Patient in the Emergency Department Carol Rhoades, Reneé Semonin Holleran, Lori Carpenter, and Colin Grissom	211
	Critical Care in the Emergency Department	211
	Mechanical Ventilation	211
	Invasive Monitoring	217
	Sepsis	224
UNIT IV	MAJOR TRAUMA EMERGENCIES
Chapter 20	Epidemiology and Mechanisms of Injury Cynthia Blank-Reid and Paul C. Reid, Sr.	233
	Epidemiology	233
	Mechanism of Injury	236
	Prevention	251
Chapter 21	Head Trauma Beth Broering	254
	Anatomy and Physiology	255
	Patient Assessment	257
	Patient Management	261
	Specific Injuries	265
Chapter 22	Spinal Trauma Jennifer Wilbeck	272
	Anatomy and Physiology	273
	Patient Assessment	274
	Stabilization	277
	Psychosocial Care	280
	Specific Spinal Cord Injuries	280
Chapter 23	Thoracic Trauma Nancy J. Denke	285
	Anatomy and Physiology	286
	Patient Assessment	287
	Specific Thoracic Injuries	288
Chapter 24	Abdominal and Genitourinary Trauma Vicki Bacidore	301
	Anatomy and Physiology	301
	Patient Assessment	304
	Specific Injuries	308
Chapter 25	Orthopedic and Neurovascular Trauma Mary Jo Cerepani	313
	Anatomy and Physiology	313
	Patient Assessment	314
	Soft Tissue Injuries	316
	Fractures	320
	Dislocations	330
	Reduction Issues	336
	Traction	336
	Assisted Ambulation: Crutches, Cane, and Walker	337
Chapter 26	Burns Cheryl Wraa	340
	Etiology	340
	Burn Assessment	342
	Pathophysiology	343
	Patient Management	347
Chapter 27	Maxillofacial Trauma Chris M. Gisness	355
	Anatomy and Physiology	355
	Patient Assessment	356
	Specific Maxillofacial Injuries	357
Chapter 28	Pediatric Trauma Autumne Bailey Mayfield, and Kate Copeland	364
	Epidemiology	364
	Anatomy and Physiology	366
	Patient Assessment	368
	Specific Conditions	374
Chapter 29	Obstetric Trauma Terri McGowan Repasky	382
	Anatomy and Physiology	382
	Patient Assessment	385
	Injuries	387
	Special Considerations	389
UNIT V	MEDICAL AND SURGICAL EMERGENCIES
Chapter 30	Respiratory Emergencies Paula Works and Sharon A. Graunke	395
	Anatomy and Physiology	395
	Patient Assessment	396
	Specific Pulmonary Emergencies	396
Chapter 31	Cardiovascular Emergencies Darken A. Williams	411
	Anatomy and Physiology	412
	Specific Cardiovascular Emergencies	414
Chapter 32	Shock Emergencies Reneé Semonin Holleran	445
	Pathophysiology	445
	Categories of Shock	448
	Clinical Manifestations of Shock	450
	Management of the Patient in Shock	451
	Acid-Base Balance	453
	Hemodynamic Monitoring	453
	Laboratory and Diagnostic Testing for Shock Emergencies	454
	Emergency Nursing Management of the Patient with a Shock Emergency	454
	Complications Associated with Shock	455
	Special Populations	455
Chapter 33	Neurologic Emergencies Amy Brown and Diana King	457
	Anatomy and Physiology	457
	Patient Assessment	460
	Specific Neurologic Emergencies	460
Chapter 34	Gastrointestinal Emergencies Amy Herrington	467
	Anatomy and Physiology	467
	Patient Assessment	468
	Specific Gastrointestinal Emergencies	469
Chapter 35	Renal and Genitourinary Emergencies Cynthia S. Baxter	478
	Anatomy and Physiology	478
	Patient Assessment	479
	Specific Conditions	480
	Prevention	486
Chapter 36	Fluids and Electrolytes Betty Kuiper	490
	Pathophysiology	490
	Fluid and Electrolyte Abnormalities	494
Chapter 37	Endocrine Emergencies Colette M. Morey	499
	Endocrine System Physiology	499
	Patient Assessment	500
	Selected Endocrine Emergencies	501
Chapter 38	Communicable Diseases Sherri-Lynne Almeida	513
	Infection Prevention in the Acute Care Setting	514
	Diseases of Concern	514
Chapter 39	Influenza: Seasonal, Avian, and Pandemic Sherri-Lynn Almeida	525
	Pandemics of the Twentieth Century	525
	Recent Pandemic Flu Scares	526
	Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Outbreaks	527
	United States and Global Preparedness Planning	528
	Impact of a Pandemic	532
Chapter 40	Environmental Emergencies Kathleen Flarity	535
	Heat-Related Emergencies	535
	Cold-Related Emergencies	537
	Submersion Incidents	541
	Diving Emergencies	542
	Carbon Monoxide Poisoning	544
	Bites and Stings	545
Chapter 41	Hematologic and Oncologic Emergencies Daun A. Smith	554
	Anatomy and Physiology	554
	Patient Assessment	557
	Specific Hematologic Emergencies	558
	Thrombocytopenia	559
	Specific Oncologic Emergencies	561
Chapter 42	Toxicologic Emergencies Patty Sturt	564
	Patient Management	564
	Specific Toxicologic Emergencies	567
Chapter 43	Gynecologic Emergencies Kathleen Sanders Jordan	578
	Anatomy and Physiology	578
	Assessment	579
	Specific Gynecologic Emergencies	579
Chapter 44	Dental, Ear, Nose, Throat, and Facial Emergencies Elizabeth Gaudet Nolan	590
	Anatomy	590
	Dental Emergencies	592
	Ear Emergencies	595
	Nasal Emergencies	597
	Throat Emergencies	598
	Facial Emergencies	599
Chapter 45	Ocular Emergencies Darcy Egging	602
	Anatomy and Physiology	602
	Patient Assessment	602
	Patient Management	605
	Specific Ocular Emergencies	606
UNIT VI	SPECIAL PATIENT POPULATIONS
Chapter 46	Obstetric Emergencies Donna L. Mason	619
	Anatomy and Physiology	619
	Patient Assessment	619
	First-Trimester Emergencies	620
	Antepartum Emergencies	621
	Third-Trimester Emergencies	623
	Delivery	624
	Postpartum Emergencies	627
	Other Emergencies	628
Chapter 47	Pediatric Emergencies Nancy L. Mecham	630
	Triage	630
	Respiratory Emergencies	635
	Cardiovascular Emergencies	639
	Neurologic Emergencies	644
	Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Emergencies	645
	Endocrine Emergencies	646
	Infectious Disease Emergencies	647
	Other Conditions	649
	Family Presence	650
Chapter 48	Child Abuse and Neglect Angela Black	652
	Neglect	653
	Physical Abuse	654
	Sexual Abuse	658
	Emotional Abuse	663
	Other Issues Related to Child Abuse and Neglect	663
Chapter 49	Intimate Partner Violence Mary Jagim	666
	Incidence	666
	Risk Factors	667
	Cycle of Violence	667
	Role of the Emergency Nurse	668
Chapter 50	Elder Abuse and Neglect Nancy Stephens Donatelli	672
	Defining Elder Abuse and Neglect	672
	Scope of the Problem	672
	Origin of the Problem	673
	Primary Categories of Maltreatment and Associated Clinical Findings	673
	Risk Factors for Maltreatment	674
	Recognizing Clues of Maltreatment	674
	Asking the Right Questions	674
	Interventions in Abuse and Neglect	675
Chapter 51	Behavioral Health Emergencies Lynne Gagnon	677
	Agitation	677
	Anorexia Nervosa	678
	Anxiety	679
	Bulimia	680
	Depression	682
	Panic Disorders	683
	Schizophrenia	684
	Substance Abuse	686
	Suicide Assessment	686
Chapter 52	Substance Abuse Donna L. Mason	689
	Addiction	689
	Specific Substances	690
	Alcoholism	693
	Tobacco	695
	Nursing Considerations	695
Chapter 53	Sexual Assault Anita Ruiz-Contreras	698
	Sexual Assault Patients are Survivors	698
	Myths and Misconceptions	699
	Rape-Trauma Syndrome	699
	The Sexual Assault Survivor in the Emergency Department	699
	Legal Aspects	702
Appendix	Nursing Diagnoses for Selected Emergency Conditions	704