1

General Concepts in Caring for the Critically III

Acid-Base Imbalances   Barbara McLean

1

Alterations in Consciousness   Alice Davis

24

Fluid and Electrolyte Disturbances   Potricia Weiskittel

37

Hemodynamic Monitoring   Risa Benoit

75

Mechanical Ventilation   Barbara McLean

99

Nutritional Support   Adina Chaya Hirsch

117

Pain   Laura leigh Leary

135

Prolonged Immobility   Joyce Warner

149

Sedation tnd Neurotnuscular Blockade   Poul E. Schmidt

158

Wound and Skin Care   Mary Ann Mullaney

166

2

Managing the Critical Care Environment

178

Bioterrorism   Cathie Osika Landreth

178

Emerging Infections   Connie Steed

187

Emotional and Spiritual Support of the Potient ond Significant Others   Marianne Saunorus Baird

200

Ethical Considerations in Critical Care   Jenni Jordan Abel

215

Patient Safety   Vicki Good

220

3

Trauma

235

Major Trauma   Cathie Osika Landreth

235

Abdominal Trauma   Barbara McLean

245

Acute Cardiac Tamponade   Risa Benoit

257

Acute Spinal Cord Injury   Alice Davis

264

Burns   Grethen J.Carrougher , Shari Honari, Carolyn Blayney

279

Compartment Syndrome/lschemic Myositis   Karen Zorn

301

Drowning   Cathie Osika landreth

307

Pelvic Fractures   Cathie Osika landreth

312

Renal and Lower Urinury Tract Trauma   Patricia Weiskittel

317

Thoracic Trauma   Cathie Osika landreth

325

Traumatic Brain Injury   Alice Davis

331

4

Respiratory Disorders

352

Respiratory Assessment: General   Marianne Saunorus Baird

352

Acute Asthmo Exacerbation   Marianne Saunorus Baird

354

Acute Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome   Barbara McLean

365

Acute Pneumonia   Marianne Saunorus Baird

373

Acute Respiratory Failure   Barbara McLean

383

Pneumathorax   Marianne Saunorus Baird

388

Pulmonary Embolus   Marianne Saunorus Baird

396

Pulmonary Hypertension   Lynda Liles

409

5

Cardiac and Vascular Disorders

418

Cardiovascular Assessment: General   Marianne Saunorus Baird

418

Heart Failure   Lynda Liles

421

Acute Coronary Syndromes   Lynda Liles

434

Acute infective Endocarditis   Cheryl Bittel

453

Acute Pericarditis   Cheryl Bittel

461

Aortic Aneurysm/Dissection   Joni Dirks

467

Cardiogenic Shock   Elizabeth Scruth

472

CordiomyopathY   Kathleen Halvey

482

Dysrhythmios and Conduction Disturbances   Barbara Nickles

492

Hypertensive Emergencies   A. Suzanne Cosby, Carey freeland

531

Peripheral Vascular Disease   Phyllis Gordon, Cynthia Rebik Christensen

546

Valvular Heart Disease   Marianne Sounorus Baird

566

6

Renal Failure

583

Genitourinary Assessment: General   Marianne Sounorus Baird

583

Acute Renal Failure/Acute Kidney Injury   Patricia Weiskittel

584

Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies   Patricia Weiskittel

603

7

Neurologic Disorders

619

General Neurologic Assessment   Marianne Saunorus Baird

619

Brain Death   Marianne Saunorus Baird

622

Cerebral Aneurysm and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage   Susan Bethel

629

Care of the Patient After Intracranial Surgery   Susan Bethel

638

Meningitis   Alice Davis

644

Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Disorders   Marianne Saunorus Baird

652

Status Epilepticus   Mimi Callanan

668

Stroke: Acute Ischemic and Hemorrhagic   Marianne Saunorus Baird

674

8

Endotrinologk Disorders

695

Endocrine Assessment   Marianne Saunorus Baird

695

Acute Adrenal Insufficiency (Adrenal Crisis)   Barbara McLean

696

Diabetes Insipidus   Marianne Saunorus Baird

703

Hyperglycemia   Marianne Saunorus Baird

711

Myxedema Como   Barbara McLean

725

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone   Marianne Sounorus Baird

734

Thyrotoxicosis Crisis (Thyroid Storm)   Barbara McLean

740

9

Gastrointestinal Disorders

750

Gastrointestinal Assessment General   Marianne Saunorus Baird

750

Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding   Beverly George-Gay

751

Acute Pancreatitis   Beverly George-gay

762

Enterocutaneous Fistula   Beverly George-gay

778

Hepatic Failure   Patrice C. Al-Saden

785

Peritonitis   Beverly George-Gay

805

10

Hematologic/lmmunologic Disorders

816

General Hematology Assessment   Marianne Saunorus Baird

816

Anaphylactic Shock   Marianne Saunorus Baird

817

Profound Anemia and Hemolytic Crisis   Alice Kerber

826

Bleeding and Thrombotic Disorders   Alice Kerber

837

11

Complex Special Situations

861

Abdominal Hypertension and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome   Barbara McLean

861

Drug Overdose   Paul E Schmidt

868

High-Risk Obstetrics   Lauro Barrett

882

Oncologic Emergencies   Alice Kerber

893

Organ Transplantation   Cheryl Bittel

906

Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) Sepsis, Septic Shock, and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS)    Barbara McLean

924

APPENDIXES

1

Heart and Breath Sounds

940

2

Glasgow Coma Scale

945

3

Cranial Nerves: Assessment and Dysfunctions

946

4

Major Deep Tendon (Muscle-Stretch) Reflexes

948

5

Mojor Superficial (Cutaneous) Reflexes

949

6

Inotropic and Vasoactive Medication Infusions

950

7

Sample Relaxation Technique

952

8

Abbreviations Used in This Manual

953