Table
of Contents
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1 |
Introduction to Pathology |
1 |
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Disease |
1 |
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Inflammation |
3 |
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Edema |
4 |
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Ischemia and Infarction |
5 |
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Hemorrhage |
5 |
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Alterations of Cell Growth |
6 |
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Neoplasia |
7 |
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Hereditary Diseases |
9 |
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Disorders of Immunity |
11 |
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Infectious Disease Exposure |
11 |
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome |
12 |
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2 |
Specialized Imaging Techniques |
15 |
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Diagnostic Imaging Modalities |
15 |
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Mammography |
16 |
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Ultrasound |
16 |
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Computed Tomography |
19 |
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
23 |
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Nuclear Medicine |
27 |
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Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography |
28 |
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Positron Emission Tomography |
29 |
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Fusion Imaging |
31 |
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3 |
Respiratory System |
34 |
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Physiology of the Respiratory System |
36 |
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Internal Devices |
38 |
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Endotracheal Tube |
38 |
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Central Venous Catheters |
38 |
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Swan-Ganz Catheter |
39 |
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Transvenous Cardiac Pacemakers |
40 |
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Congenital/Hereditary Diseases |
41 |
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Cystic Fibrosis |
41 |
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Hyaline Membrane Disease |
42 |
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Inflammatory Disorders of the Upper Respiratory System |
43 |
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Croup |
43 |
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Epiglottitis |
43 |
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Inflammatory Disorders of the Lower Respiratory System |
44 |
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Pneumonia |
44 |
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Anthrax |
46 |
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Lung Abscess |
46 |
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Tuberculosis |
47 |
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Pulmonary Mycosis |
50 |
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus |
51 |
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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome |
52 |
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Diffuse Lung Disease |
53 |
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
53 |
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Sarcoidosis |
56 |
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Pneumoconiosis |
58 |
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Neoplasms |
61 |
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Solitary Pulmonary Nodule |
61 |
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Bronchial Adenoma |
62 |
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Bronchogenic Carcinoma |
62 |
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Treatment of Pulmonary Neoplastic
Diseases |
65 |
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Pulmonary Metastases |
65 |
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Vascular Diseases |
66 |
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Pulmonary Embolism |
66 |
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Septic Embolism |
71 |
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Pulmonary Arteriovenous Fistula |
71 |
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Miscellaneous Lung Disorders |
72 |
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Atelectasis |
72 |
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Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome |
73 |
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Intrabronchial Foreign Bodies |
74 |
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Mediastinal Emphysema (Pneumomediastinum) |
74 |
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Subcutaneous Emphysema |
75 |
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Treatment of Mediastinal and
Subcutaneous Emphysema |
75 |
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Disorders of the Pleura |
76 |
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Pneumothorax |
76 |
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Pleural Effusion |
77 |
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Empyema |
78 |
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Mediastinal Masses |
79 |
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Disorders of the Diaphragm |
80 |
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Diaphragmatic Paralysis |
81 |
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Eventration of the Diaphragm |
82 |
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Other Causes of Elevation of the
Diaphragm |
83 |
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4 |
Skeletal System |
85 |
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Physiology of the Skeletal System |
87 |
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Congenital/Hereditary Diseases of Bone |
88 |
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Vertebral Anomalies |
88 |
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Spina Bifida |
89 |
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Osteopetrosis |
90 |
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Osteogenesis Imperfecta |
91 |
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Achondroplasia |
91 |
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Congenital Hip Dysplasia (Dislocation) |
92 |
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Inflammatory and Infectious Disorders |
93 |
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Rheumatoid Arthritis |
93 |
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Rheumatoid Variants: Ankylosing
Spondylitis, Reiter’s Syndrome, and Psoriatic Arthritis |
94 |
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Osteoarthritis (Degenerative Joint
Disease) |
97 |
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Infectious Arthritis |
98 |
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Treatment of Arthritis |
99 |
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Bursitis |
100 |
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Rotator Cuff Tears |
102 |
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Tears of the Menisci of the Knee |
102 |
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Bacterial Osteomyelitis |
103 |
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Tuberculous Osteomyelitis |
106 |
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Metabolic Bone Disease |
108 |
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Osteoporosis |
108 |
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Osteomalacia |
109 |
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Rickets |
109 |
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Treatment for Osteomalacia and Rickets |
111 |
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Gout |
111 |
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Paget’s Disease |
113 |
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Lead Poisoning |
114 |
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Fibrous Dysplasia |
116 |
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Ischemic Necrosis of Bone |
116 |
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Benign Bone Tumors |
118 |
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Treatment of Benign Bone Tumors |
122 |
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Malignant Bone Tumors |
123 |
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Treatment of Malignant Bone Tumors |
127 |
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Bone Metastases |
127 |
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Fractures |
131 |
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Types of Fractures |
131 |
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Fracture Healing |
134 |
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Pathologic Fractures |
136 |
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Stress Fractures |
136 |
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Battered-Child Syndrome |
137 |
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Common Fractures and Dislocations |
138 |
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Fractures and Dislocations of the Spine |
142 |
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Herniation of Intervertebral Disks |
146 |
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Scoliosis |
146 |
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Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis |
149 |
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5 |
Gastrointestinal System |
153 |
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Physiology of the Digestive System |
154 |
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Esophagus |
157 |
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Tracheoesophageal Fistula |
157 |
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Esophagitis |
159 |
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Ingestion of Corrosive Agents |
162 |
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Esophageal Cancer |
163 |
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Esophageal Diverticula |
164 |
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Esophageal Varices |
165 |
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Hiatal Hernia |
166 |
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Achalasia |
166 |
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Foreign Bodies |
167 |
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Perforation of the Esophagus |
168 |
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Stomach |
171 |
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Gastritis |
171 |
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Pyloric Stenosis |
171 |
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Peptic Ulcer Disease |
172 |
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Cancer of the Stomach |
175 |
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Small Bowel |
176 |
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Crohn’s Disease (Regional Enteritis) |
176 |
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Small Bowel Obstruction |
179 |
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Adynamic Ileus |
182 |
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Intussusception |
183 |
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Malabsorption Disorders |
184 |
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185 |
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Appendicitis |
185 |
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Diverticulosis |
187 |
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Diverticulitis |
187 |
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Ulcerative Colitis |
188 |
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Crohn’s Colitis |
191 |
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Ischemic Colitis |
192 |
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome |
193 |
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Cancer of the |
193 |
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Large Bowel Obstruction |
195 |
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Volvulus of the |
195 |
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Hemorrhoids |
196 |
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Gallbladder |
199 |
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Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) |
199 |
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Acute Cholecystitis |
200 |
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Emphysematous Cholecystitis |
201 |
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Treatment for Cholecystitis |
201 |
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Porcelain Gallbladder |
202 |
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Liver |
202 |
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Hepatitis |
202 |
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Cirrhosis of the Liver |
204 |
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Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
205 |
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Hepatic Metastases |
207 |
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Pancreas |
208 |
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Acute Pancreatitis |
208 |
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Chronic Pancreatitis |
209 |
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Treatment of Acute and Chronic
Pancreatitis |
210 |
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Pancreatic Pseudocyst |
210 |
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Cancer of the Pancreas |
211 |
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Pneumoperitoneum |
213 |
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Spleen |
215 |
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Enlargement |
215 |
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Rupture |
215 |
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Treatment of Splenic Disorders |
216 |
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6 |
Urinary System |
219 |
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Physiology of the Urinary System |
219 |
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Congenital/Hereditary Diseases |
222 |
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Anomalies of Number and Size |
222 |
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I Anomalies of Rotation, Position,
and Fusion |
222 |
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Anomalies of Renal Pelvis and Ureter |
224 |
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Treatment of Congenital/Hereditary Anomalies |
225 |
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Ureterocele |
225 |
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Posterior Urethral Valves |
225 |
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Inflammatory Disorders |
225 |
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Glotmerulonephritis |
225 |
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Pyelonephritis |
227 |
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Tuberculosis |
229 |
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Papillary Necrosis |
230 |
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Cystitis |
230 |
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Urinary Calculi |
232 |
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Urinary Tract Obstruction |
236 |
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Cysts and Tumors |
238 |
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Renal Cyst |
238 |
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Polycystic Kidney Disease |
239 |
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Renal Carcinoma |
241 |
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Wilms’ Tumor (Nephroblastoma) |
244 |
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Carcinoma of the Bladder |
245 |
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Renal Vein Thrombosis |
246 |
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Acute Renal Failure |
248 |
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Chronic Renal Failure |
249 |
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7 |
Cardiovascular System |
251 |
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Physiology of the Cardiovascular System |
251 |
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Congenital Heart Disease |
255 |
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Left-To-Right Shunts |
255 |
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Tetralogy of Fallot |
256 |
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Coarctation of the Aorta |
257 |
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Acquired Vascular Disease |
259 |
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Coronary Artery Disease |
259 |
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Congestive Heart Failure |
263 |
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Pulmonary Edema |
264 |
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Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure
and Pulmonary Edema |
265 |
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Hypertension |
266 |
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Hypertensive Heart Disease |
268 |
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Aneurysm |
269 |
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Traumatic Rupture of the Aorta |
270 |
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Dissection of the Aorta |
272 |
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Atherosclerosis |
273 |
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Thrombosis and Embolism |
275 |
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Valvular Disease |
278 |
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Rheumatic Heart Disease |
278 |
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Mitral Stenosis |
279 |
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Mitral Insufficiency |
280 |
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Treatment of Mitral Stenosis and
Mitral Insufficiency |
281 |
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Aortic Stenosis |
281 |
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Aortic Insufficiency |
281 |
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Treatment of Aortic Stenosis and
Aortic Insufficiency |
281 |
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Infective Endocarditis |
282 |
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Pericardial Effusion |
283 |
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Venous Disease |
285 |
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Deep Venous Thrombosis |
285 |
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Varicose Veins |
285 |
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8 |
Nervous System |
290 |
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Physiology of the Nervous System |
291 |
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Infections of the Central Nervous System |
294 |
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Meningitis |
294 |
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Encephalitis |
295 |
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Brain Abscess |
296 |
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Subdural Empyema |
297 |
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Epidural Empyema |
297 |
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Treatment of Subdural and Epidural
Empyemas |
298 |
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Osteomyelitis of the Skull |
298 |
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Tumors of the Central Nervous System |
299 |
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Glioma |
300 |
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Meningioma |
303 |
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Acoustic Neuroma |
303 |
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Pituitary Adenoma |
304 |
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Craniopharyngioma |
308 |
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Pineal Tumors |
309 |
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Chordoma |
310 |
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Metastatic Carcinoma |
311 |
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Traumatic Processes of the Brain and Skull |
313 |
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Skull Fracture |
313 |
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Epidural Hematoma |
315 |
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Subdural Hematoma |
315 |
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Cerebral Contusion |
316 |
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Intracerebral Hematoma |
317 |
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Subarachnoid Hemorrhage |
317 |
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Carotid Artery Injury |
317 |
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Facial Fractures |
318 |
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Vascular Disease of the Central Nervous System |
321 |
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Stroke Syndrome |
322 |
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Transient Ischemic Attacks |
323 |
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Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage |
324 |
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Subarachnoid Hemorrhage |
327 |
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Multiple Sclerosis |
329 |
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Epilepsy and Convulsive Disorders |
331 |
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Degenerative Diseases |
332 |
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Normal Aging |
332 |
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Alzheimer’s Disease |
332 |
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Huntington’s Disease |
332 |
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Parkinson’s Disease |
334 |
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Cerebellar Atrophy |
334 |
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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s Disease) |
335 |
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Hydrocephalus |
335 |
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Sinusitis |
337 |
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9 |
Hematopoietic System |
341 |
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Physiology of the Blood |
341 |
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Diseases of Red Blood Cells |
342 |
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Anemia |
342 |
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Polycythemia |
347 |
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Treatment of Polycythemias |
347 |
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Diseases of White Blood Cells |
348 |
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Leukemia |
348 |
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Lymphoma |
349 |
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Infectious Mononucleosis |
354 |
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Diseases of Platelets (Bleeding Disorders) |
354 |
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Hemophilia |
355 |
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Purpura (Thrombocytopenia) |
356 |
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10 |
Endocrine System |
359 |
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Physiology of the Endocrine System |
359 |
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Adrenal Glands |
360 |
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Physiology of the Adrenal Glands |
360 |
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Diseases of the Adrenal Cortex |
360 |
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Diseases of the Adrenal Medulla |
364 |
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Pituitary Gland |
369 |
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Physiology of the Pituitary Gland |
369 |
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Diseases of the Pituitary Gland |
370 |
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Thyroid Gland |
373 |
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Physiology of the Thyroid Gland |
373 |
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Diseases of the Thyroid Gland |
373 |
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Parathyroid Glands |
379 |
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Physiology of the Parathyroid Glands |
379 |
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Diseases of the Parathyroid Glands |
379 |
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Diabetes Mellitus |
384 |
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11 |
Reproductive System |
389 |
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Infectious Diseases of Both Genders |
389 |
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Syphilis |
389 |
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Gonorrhea |
391 |
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Male Reproductive System |
392 |
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Physiology of the Male Reproductive System |
392 |
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Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia |
393 |
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Carcinoma of the Prostate Gland |
394 |
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Staging |
395 |
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Undescended Testis (Cryptorchidism) |
396 |
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Testicular Torsion and Epididymitis |
398 |
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Testicular Tumors |
399 |
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Female Reproductive System |
401 |
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Physiology of the Female Reproductive System |
401 |
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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease |
402 |
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Cysts and Tumors |
404 |
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Ovarian Cysts and Tumors |
404 |
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Dermoid Cyst (Teratoma) |
406 |
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Uterine Fibroids |
407 |
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Endometrial Carcinoma |
409 |
|
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Endometriosis |
410 |
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Carcinoma of the Cervix |
411 |
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Breast Lesions |
413 |
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Breast Cancer |
413 |
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Benign Breast Disease |
417 |
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Imaging in Pregnancy |
419 |
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Ectopic Pregnancy |
423 |
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Trophoblastic Disease |
423 |
|
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Female Infertility |
424 |
|
12 |
Miscellaneous Diseases |
426 |
|
|
Nutritional Diseases |
426 |
|
|
Vitamin Deficiencies |
426 |
|
|
Hypervitaminosis |
428 |
|
|
Protein-Calorie Malnutrition (Kwashiorkor) |
429 |
|
|
Obesity |
429 |
|
|
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus |
430 |
|
|
Melanoma |
431 |
|
|
Muscular Dystrophy |
433 |
|
|
Hereditary Diseases |
433 |
|
|
Chromosomal Aberrations |
433 |
|
|
Genetic Amino Acid Disorders |
435 |
|
|
|
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