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Table of Contents


	Preface to the Fourth Edition	ix
1	Maxillofacial Complications in Systemic Conditions	1
1.1	Cardiovascular Disease	3
	Angina Pectoris	3
	Angiomas	3
	Anticoagulants	3
	Congenital Heart Disease	3
	Drugs	3
	Giant Cell Arteritis	4
	Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT)	4
	Hypertension	4
	Polyarteritis Nodosa	4
	Transplantation	5
	Wegener Granulomatosis	5
	Williams Syndrome	5
	Further Reading	6
1.2	Endocrinological and Metabolic Conditions	7
	Addison Disease	7
	Congenital Hypoparathyroidism	7
	Congenital Hypothyroidism	7
	Cushing Syndrome	7
	Diabetes Insipidus	7
	Diabetes Mellitus	7
	Gigantism/Acromegaly	8
	Hyperparathyroidism	8
	Hyperthyroidism	10
	Hypothyroidism	10
	Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (Adenoma) (Men or Mea) Syndromes	10
	Pituitary Dwarfism	11
	Precocious Puberty	11
	Pregnancy	11
	Preterm Children	12
	Metabolic Disorders	14
	Further Reading	14
1.3	Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Disorders	16
	Chronic Pancreatitis	16
	Coeliac Disease	16
	Crohn Disease	16
	Cystic Fibrosis	16
	Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)	16
	Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD)	18
	Malabsorption	18
	Neoplasms	18
	Pernicious Anaemia	19
	Peutz-Jegher Syndrome	19
	Short Bowel Syndrome	22
	Ulcerative Colitis	22
	Further Reading	23
1.4	Haematological Disease	24
	Agranulocytosis	24
	Aplastic Anaemia	24
	Bleeding Tendencies	24
	Fanconi Anaemia	24
	Haematinic Deficiency	24
	Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation	24
	Haemoglobinopathies	26
	Haemolytic Disease of Newborn	26
	Haemophilia	27
	Hypereosinophilic Syndrome (HES)	27
	Hypoplasminogenaemia	27
	Leukaemias	27
	Leukocyte Defects	29
	Lymphomas	29
	Multiple Myeloma	32
	Plasmacytosis	33
	Plummer-Vinson Syndrome	33
	Polycythaemia	35
	Thrombocytopenia	35
	Von Willebrand Disease	36
	Further Reading	36
1.5	Hepatological Disease	38
	Cirrhosis	38
	Hepatitis	39
	Jaundice	40
	Primary Biliary Cirrhosis	40
	Transplantation	40
	Further Reading	40
1.6	Iatrogenic Conditions	41
	Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation	41
	Graft-Versus-Host Disease	41
	Organ Transplantation	41
	Pharmacotherapy	46
	Chemotherapy	46
	Immunosuppressive Agents	46
	Tetracyclines	46
	Other Drugs	46
	Osteonecrosis of the Jaws (ONJ; Osteochemonecrosis)	47
	Radiotherapy	52
	Osteoradionecrosis	56
	Surgery	56
	Dry Socket (Alveolar Osteitis)	56
	Oroantral Fistula	59
	Oronasal Fistula	59
	Dental Materials	60
	Further Reading	60
1.7	Immunodeficiencies	62
	Acatalasia	62
	Ataxia Telangiectasia	62
	Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidosis	62
	Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy-Candidosis-Ectodermal Dystrophy	62
	Common Variable Immunodeficiency	62
	Di George Syndrome	62
	Hereditary Angioedema	62
	Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome	64
	Hyper-IgM Syndromes	73
	Leukocyte Defects	73
	Myeloperoxidase Deficiency	73
	Neutropenias	74
	Papillon-Lefevre Syndrome	74
	Selective IgA Deficiency	74
	Severe Combined Immunodeficiency	74
	Sex-Linked Agammaglobulinaemia	74
	T-Cell Immune Defects	74
	Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome	75
	Further Reading	75
1.8	Infections	76
	Aspergillosis	76
	Blastomycosis	76
	Candidosis	76
	Cat Scratch Disease	76
	Coxsackie and Echo	76
	Cytomegalovirus (CMV)	76
	Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)	76
	Gonorrhoea	78
	Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)	78
	Herpes Varicella Zoster	83
	Histoplasmosis	86
	HIV	86
	Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6)	87
	Human Papillomavirus (HPV)	87
	Impetigo	87
	Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus (KSHV)	87
	Kawasaki Disease	88
	Leishmaniasis	88
	Leprosy	88
	Lyme Disease	89
	Measles	89
	Mucormycosis	90
	Mumps	90
	Paracoccidioidomycosis	90
	Rubella	91
	Syphilis	91
	Toxoplasmosis	91
	Tuberculosis	91
	Further Reading	93
1.9	Mental Disease	94
	Anorexia Nervosa	94
	Anxiety States	94
	Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders	94
	Autism	96
	Bulimia	96
	Depression	96
	Down Syndrome	97
	Learning Impairment	97
	Munchausen Syndrome	97
	Obsessive Compulsive Disorder	98
	Schizophrenia	98
	Substance Abuse	98
	Further Reading	99
1.10	Mucosal, Cutaneous and Mucocutaneous Disease	100
	Acanthosis Nigricans	100
	Allergies	100
	Behçet Syndrome (BS)	100
	Darier Disease	101
	Dermatitis Herpetiformis	102
	Dermatomyositis	102
	Dyskeratosis Congenita	102
	Ectodermal Dysplasia	103
	Eosinophilic Ulcer (EU)	103
	Epidermolysis Bullosa	103
	Erythema Multiforme	104
	Gorlin Syndrome	109
	Lichen Sclerosis	111
	Lichen Planus (LP)	111
	Linear IgA Disease (LAD)	121
	Pachyonychia Congenita	121
	Pemphigoid	121
	Pemphigus	124
	Psoriasis	129
	White Sponge Naevus	129
	Further Reading	131
1.11	Neoplastic Disease	133
	Bone Neoplasms	133
	Langerhans Histiocytosis	133
	Leukaemia	133
	Lipoma	133
	Lymphoma	133
	Melanoma	133
	Metastases	133
	Myxoma	133
	Neuroblastoma	133
	Neurofibroma	133
	Neuroma	133
	Odontogenic Neoplasms	135
	Oral Carcinoma	135
	Osteoma	135
	Paraneoplastic Syndromes	136
	Salivary Neoplasms	136
	Sarcomas	139
	Further Reading	140
1.12	Nephrological Disease	142
	Chronic Renal Failure	142
	Nephrotic Syndrome	142
	Oculocerebrorenal Syndrome	142
	Renal Rickets	142
	Renal Transplantation	142
	Further Reading	143
1.13	Neurological Disease	145
	Abducens (Sixth Cranial) Nerve Palsy	145
	Alzheimer Disease	145
	Bulbar Palsy	145
	Cerebral Palsy (CP)	145
	Cerebrovascular Accident	145
	Choreoathetosis	147
	Cranial Neuropathies	147
	Down Syndrome	147
	Encephalopathies	147
	Epilepsy	148
	Facial Palsy	149
	Horner Syndrome	149
	Hypoglossal Nerve Palsy	149
	Multiple Sclerosis	149
	Neck-Tongue Syndrome	149
	Neurofibromatosis (NF)	150
	Neurosyphilis	150
	Oculomotor Nerve Palsy	151
	Parkinson Disease	151
	Sturge-Weber Syndrome	151
	Trigeminal Neuralgia	151
	Trigeminal Sensory Loss	151
	Trochlear Nerve Palsy	152
	Tuberous Sclerosis	152
	Further Reading	153
1.14	Respiratory Disease	155
	Antral Carcinoma	155
	Asthma	155
	Cystic Fibrosis (CF)	155
	Lung Cancer	155
	Sarcoidosis	155
	Sinusitis	155
	Tonsillitis	157
	Transplantation	158
	Tuberculosis	158
	Wegener Granulomatosis	159
	Further Reading	159
1.15	Rheumatological and Musculoskeletal Disease	160
	Cherubism	160
	Cleidocranial Dysostosis	160
	Craniofacial Dysostosis	160
	Connective Tissue Diseases	160
	Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome	160
	Ellis-van Creveld Syndrome	160
	Fibrous Dysplasia	160
	Lupus Erythematosus	160
	Mandibulofacial Dysostosis	160
	Myasthenia Gravis	160
	Mixed Connective Tissue Disease	160
	Osteogenesis Imperfecta	160
	Osteopetrosis	160
	Paget Disease of Bone	161
	Reactive Arthritis	163
	Rheumatoid Arthritis	163
	Scleroderma	164
	Sj�gren Syndrome	165
	Further Reading	175
2	Common and important Disorders Affecting Maxillofacial Region: Differential Diagnosis by Site	177
	Diagnosis	177
	Investigations	177
2.1	Lips	179
	Aesthetic Conditions	179
	Blisters	186
	Pigmented, Red, Purple or Blue Lesions	189
	Soreness, Ulceration and Pain	193
	Swellings and Lumps	202
	White Lesions	204
	Further Reading	208
2.2	Oral Mucosa	210
	Aesthetic Conditions	210
	Blisters	210
	Pigmented, Red, Purple or Blue Lesions	210
	Soreness, Ulceration and Pain	215
	Swellings and Lumps	222
	White Lesions	226
	Further Reading	236
2.3	Tongue	239
	Aesthetic Conditions	239
	Congenital Conditions	239
	Pigmented, Red, Purple or Blue Lesions	243
	Soreness, Ulceration and Pain	247
	Swellings and Lumps	250
	White Lesions	256
	Further Reading	260
2.4	Palate and Fauces	262
	Aesthetics	262
	Blisters	262
	Red, Purple or Blue Lesions	262
	Soreness, Ulceration and Pain	268
	Swellings and Lumps	271
	White Lesions	272
	Further Reading	278
2.5	Gingivae and Periodontal Tissues	279
	Aesthetic Conditions	279
	Bleeding	279
	Blisters	281
	Gingival Attachment Loss	281
	Pigmented, Red, Purple or Blue Lesions	283
	Soreness, Ulceration and Pain	287
	Swellings and Lumps	289
	White Lesions	293
	Further Reading	297
2.6	Neck	300
	Skin and Fascia	300
	Lymph Nodes	300
	Lymph Node Swelling	302
	Other Lesions in the Neck	306
	Further Reading	307
2.7	Salivary Glands	308
	History Related to Salivary Problems	308
	Diagnosis	308
	Investigations	308
	Drooling	309
	Dry Mouth	309
	Sj�gren Syndrome	311
	Swellings and Lumps	311
	Sarcoidosis	315
	Sialosis (Sialadenosis)	322
	Sj�gren Syndrome	323
	Further Reading	323
2.8	Jaws	324
	History Related to Jaw Problems	324
	Diagnosis	324
	Jaw Anatomical and Morphological Defects and Non-Odontogenic Cystic Lesions	325
	Jaw Pain	326
	Jaw Swellings	329
	Further Reading	342
2.9	Temporomandibular Joint Disorders	344
	Mandibular Pain-Dysfunction Syndrome [Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Dysfunction Syndrome]	344
	Temporomandibular Ankylosis	345
	Temporomandibular Joint Subluxation	345
	Further Reading	346
2.10	Teeth	347
	History Related to Dental Problems	347
	Dental Examination	347
	Diagnosis	348
	Aesthetics	348
	Early Tooth Loss	356
	Eruption Disorders	356
	Tooth Number Variations	359
	Tooth Size, Shape and Structural Anomalies	361
	Tooth Surface Loss	367
	Further Reading	372
2.11	Maxillofacial Neurological Disorders and Pain	374
	History Related to Pain and Neurological Problems	374
	General Features	374
	Sensory System	374
	Motor System	374
	Cranial Nerve Examination	375
	Diagnosis	376
	Investigations	376
	Involuntary Movements	377
	Pain	379
	Paralysis in the Maxillofacial Region	382
	Sensory Loss in the Maxillofacial Region	385
	Further Reading	389
3	Differential Diagnoses and Management	391
3.1	Differential Diagnoses by Symptoms or Signs	393
3.2	Differential Diagnoses by Site	405
3.3	Guide to the Diagnosis and Management of Orofacial Diseases	412
3.4	Guide to Drugs Used in the Management of Orofacial Diseases	428
3.5	Guide to the Orofacial Adverse Effects of Drug Treatment	443
	Index	451