In sequence of eye examination

Preface

viii

Introduction

ix

1

Medical history

1

Medical illnesses

3

Medications

4

Family history of eye disease

6

2

Measurement of vision and refraction

7

Visual acuity

7

Optics

8

Refraction

10

Contact lenses

13

Types of contact lenses

15

Common problems

17

Refractive surgery

17

3

Neuro-ophthalmology

21

Eye movements

21

Strabismus

24

Cranial nerves II—VIII

32

Nystagmus

33

The pupil

37

Visual field testing

41

Circulatory disturbances affecting vision

44

4

External structures

48

Lymph nodes

48

Lacrimal system

48

Lids

54

Blepharoptosis (also called ptosis)

55

Lashes

57

Phakomatoses

59

Anterior and posterior blepharitis

61

5

The orbit

64

Sinusitis

65

Exophthalmos

67

Enophthalmos

68

6

Slit lamp examination and glaucoma

69

Cornea

69

Corneal epithelial disease

70

Corneal endothelial disease

74

Corneal transplantation (keratoplasty)

75

Conjunctiva

80

Sclera

85

Glaucoma

87

Uvea

99

Anti-inflammatories

107

Sarcoidosis

107

Nematodes

110

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 111 Cataracts

116

7

The retina and vitreous

123

Retinal anatomy

123

Fundus examination

125

Fluorescein angiography

126

Papilledema (choked disk)

127

Hypertensive retinopathy

131

Diabetic retinopathy (front cover)

134

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

137

Vitreous

145

Retinal holes and detachments (RD)

148

Index

151

Appendix 1

Hyperlipidemia

155

Appendix 2

Amsler grid

157