Table
of Contents
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Acknowledgements |
xi |
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Introduction |
1 |
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PART A |
HUMAN REMAINS: DECAY, DNA, TISSUES AND FLUIDS |
9 |
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Chapter One |
The Decay,
Discovery and Recovery of Human Bodies |
11 |
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The Dead Body |
11 |
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The Stages of Decomposition |
12 |
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Factors Affecting the Speed of Decay |
28 |
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Discovery and Recovery of Human Remains |
35 |
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Determining the Age and Provenance of Skeletonized
Remains |
39 |
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Future Developments |
41 |
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Chapter Two |
Body Fluids
and Waste Products |
45 |
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Blood Cells and Blood Typing |
45 |
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Methods for Detecting Blood |
48 |
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Confirming the Presence of Blood |
51 |
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Bloodstain Pattern Analysis |
51 |
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Artificial Blood |
70 |
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Post Mortem Toxicological Analysis of Blood |
71 |
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Saliva and Semen |
72 |
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Vitreous Humor |
75 |
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Faeces and Urine as Forensic Indicators |
77 |
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Future Directions |
82 |
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Chapter
Three |
Molecular
Biology |
85 |
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The Structure of DNA |
86 |
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DNA Sampling |
87 |
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DNA Profiling |
88 |
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Polymerase Chain Reaction |
92 |
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Short Tandem Repeat Markers |
97 |
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Markers |
107 |
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Determination of Ethnicity |
108 |
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Determination of Physical Appearance |
109 |
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Determination of Personality Traits |
110 |
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Mobile Element Insertion Polymorphisms |
110 |
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Mitochondrial DNA |
112 |
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RNA |
115 |
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DNA Databases |
116 |
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Future Developments |
120 |
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Chapter Four |
Human
Tissues |
123 |
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The Outer Body Surface |
123 |
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Hair |
138 |
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Bones |
142 |
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Teeth |
151 |
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Future Developments |
159 |
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Chapter Five |
Wounds |
163 |
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Definitions |
163 |
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Blunt Force Injuries |
165 |
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Sharp Force Traumas |
172 |
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Bone Damage |
180 |
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Additional Aspects of Wound Interpretation |
183 |
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Asphyxia |
184 |
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Pathology Associated with Drug Use |
190 |
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Gunshot Wounds |
192 |
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Bite Marks |
200 |
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Burns and Scalds |
203 |
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Ageing of Wounds |
205 |
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Post Mortem Injuries |
207 |
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Future Developments |
209 |
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PART B |
INVERTEBRATES AND
VERTEBRATES |
211 |
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Chapter Six |
Invertebrates
1: Biological Aspects |
213 |
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An Introduction to Invertebrate Biology |
213 |
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Invertebrates as Forensic Indicators in Cases of Murder or
Suspicious Death |
214 |
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Invertebrates as a Cause of Death |
238 |
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Invertebrates as Forensic Indicators in Cases of Neglect and
Animal Welfare |
241 |
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The Role of Invertebrates in Food Spoilage and Hygiene Litigation |
243 |
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The Illegal Trade in Invertebrates |
246 |
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Invertebrate Identification Techniques |
247 |
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Future Directions |
250 |
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Chapter
Seven |
Invertebrates
2: Practical Aspects |
253 |
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Calculating the PMI/Time Since Infestation from Invertebrate
Development Rates |
254 |
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Complicating Factors Affecting Earliest Oviposition
Date Calculations |
260 |
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Determination of the PMI Using Invertebrate Species Composition |
266 |
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Determination of the PMI Using Ectoparasites |
267 |
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Determination of Movement from Invertebrate Evidence |
267 |
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Invertebrate Evidence in Cases of Wound Myiasis
and Neglect |
269 |
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Detection of Drugs, Toxins and Other Chemicals in Invertebrates |
271 |
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Obtaining Human/Vertebrate DNA Evidence from Invertebrates |
271 |
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Determining the Source and Duration of Invertebrate Infestations
of Food Products |
272 |
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Collecting Invertebrates for Forensic Analysis |
273 |
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Killing and Preserving Techniques for Invertebrates |
276 |
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Future Directions |
279 |
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Chapter
Eight |
Vertebrates |
283 |
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Introduction |
284 |
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Vertebrate Scavenging of Human Corpses |
284 |
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Vertebrates Causing Death and Injury |
291 |
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Neglect and Abuse of Vertebrates |
292 |
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Vertebrates and Drugs |
293 |
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Vertebrates and Food Hygiene |
295 |
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Illegal Trade and Killing of Protected Species of Vertebrates |
295 |
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Identification of Vertebrates |
298 |
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Future Directions |
309 |
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PART C |
PROTISTS, FUNGI, PLANTS AND MICROBES |
313 |
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Chapter Nine |
Protists, Fungi and Plants |
315 |
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Introduction |
316 |
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Protists |
316 |
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Fungi |
321 |
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Plants |
324 |
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Plant Secondary Metabolites as Sources of Drugs and Poisons |
347 |
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Illegal Trade in Protected Plant Species |
351 |
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Future Directions |
353 |
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Chapter Ten |
Bacteria
and Viruses |
355 |
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Introduction |
355 |
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The Role of Microorganisms in the Decomposition Process |
356 |
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Microbial Profiles as Identification Tools |
357 |
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Microbial Infections and Human Behaviour |
370 |
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Microbial Infections that can be Mistaken for Signs of Criminal
Activity |
372 |
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The Use of Microorganisms in Bioterrorism |
373 |
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Future Directions |
390 |
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References |
393 |
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Index |
417 |
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