Video contents

viii

Foreword

x

Preface

xii

List of Contributors

xiv

SECTION 1

EPIDEMIOLOGY, GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

1

Epidemiology and the world-wide impact of visual impairment in children   Jugnoo S Rahi and Clare E Gilbert

1

2

Clinical embryology and development of the eye   Robyn V jamieson and John R B Grigg

9

3

Developmental biology of the eye   David R Fiupalrick

16

4

Normal and abnormal visual development   Anne B Fulton, Ronald M Hamen, Anne Moskowitz and D Luisa Mayer

23

5

Emmetropization, refraction and refractive errors: control of postnatal eye growth, current and developing treatments   Christopher I Hammond

31

6

Milestones and normative data   Hans Ulrik Mslkr

36

SECTION 2

CORE PRACTICE

7

Examination, history and special tests in pediatric ophthalmology   G Robert LaRoche

45

8

Visual electrophysiology: how it can help you and your patient   Dorothy A Thompson and Allti Liasis

55

9

Imaging the fundus   Goran D Hildebrand

63

10

Genetics and pediatric ophthalmology   Graeme C M. Black and Georgina Hall

71

SECTION 3

INFECTIONS, ALLERGIC AND EXTERNAL EYE DISORDERS

11

Ocular manifestations of intrauterine infections   Akbar Shakoor, Aileen Sy and Nisha Acharya

70

12

Neonatal conjunctivitis (ophthalmia neonatorum)   Tina Rutdr

85

13

Preseptal and orbital cellulitis   Jimmy M Uddin and Richard L Scawn

89

14

Endophthalmitis   Donal Brosnahan

100

15

External eye disease and the oculocutaneous disorders   Stephen J Tuft

105

16

Ocular manifestations of HIV/AIDS in children   Emmell T Cunningham Jr., Philippe Keslelyn and Carlos F. Pavesio

132

SECTION 4

SYSTEMATIC PEDIATRIC OPHTHALMOLOGY PART 1: DISORDERS OF THE EYE AS A WHOLE

17

Disorders of the eye as a whole   Reecha Sachdeva and Elias I Jraboulsi

139

PART 2

LIDS, BROWS AND OCULOPLASTICS

18

Developmental anomalies of the lids   Helene Dollfus and Alain Verloes

147

19

Lids: Congenital and acquired abnormalities - practical management   Robert C Kersten, Hugo W A Henderson and J Richard O Collin

165

20

Lid and orbital infantile peri-ocular hemangiomas (capillary hemangiomas) and other vascular disease   Christopher J Lyons and Doug Frederick

178

PART 3

ORBIT AND LACRLMAL

21

The lacrimal system   Caroline I MacEwen

190

22

The management of orbital disease in children   Christopher J Lyons, Wilma Y Chang and jack Rootman

199

23

Neurogenic tumors   Cameron F Parsa

206

24

Orbital rhabdomyosarcoma   Jerry A Shields and Carol L Shields

216

25

Other mesenchymal abnormalities   Christopher I Lyons and jack Rootman

222

26

Metastatic, secondary and lacrimal gland tumors   Christopher J Lyons and jack Rootman

229

27

Histiocytic, hematopoietic and lymphoproliferative disorders   Christopher J Lyons and jack Rootman

234

28

Craniofacial abnormalities   John Crotnpton and Joanna Black

243

29

Cystic lesions and ectopias   Christopher J Lyons and jack Rootman

265

30

Inflammatory disorders   Christopher J Lyons and lack Rootman

275

PART 4

EXTERNAL DISEASE AND ANTERIOR SEGMENT

31

Conjunctiva and subconjunctival tissue   Venkatesh Prajna and Muralidhar Rajamani

281

32

Anterior segment: developmental anomalies   Ken K Nischal and jane C Sowden

290

33

Corneal abnormalities in childhood   Stephen D McLeod

310

34

Corneal dystrophies   Hans Ulrik Mailer

323

35

The lens   Jay Self and Christopher Lloyd

329

36

Childhood cataracts   Scott R Lambert

339

37

Childhood glaucoma   Maria Papadopoulos, John L Brookes and Peng T Khaw

353

PART 5

THE UVEA

38

The uveal tract   Michael O’Keefe

368

39

Uveitis   Clive Edelsten

377

40

Albinism   Isabella M Russelt-Eggitt

393

PART 6

RETINAL & VITREOUS DISORDERS

41

Vitreous   Michel Michaelides and Anthony T Moore

400

42

Retinoblastoma   Rrenda L Callie, Mandeep S Sagoo and M Ashurin Reddy

413

43

Retinopathy of prematurity   Graham E Quinn and Alislair R Fielder

432

44

Inherited retinal disorders   Michel Michaelides, Graham E Holder and Anthony T Moore

449

45

Pediatric retinal degeneration in systemic inherited diseases   Hilene Dollfus

474

46

Inherited macular dystrophies   Michel Michaelides and Anthony T Moore

488

47

Congenital and vascular retinal abnormalities   Susrnito Biswas and Graeme C M Black

502

48

Flecked retina disorders   Panagiotis Sergouniotis, Peter J Francis and Anthony T Moore

510

49

Acquired and other retinal diseases (including juvenile X-linked retinoschisis)   David A Hollander and jay M Stewart

522

50

Retinal detachment in childhood   Martin P Snead

530

PART 7

NEURAL VISUAL SYSTEMS

51

Congenital optic disk anomalies   Michael C Brodsky

543

52

Hereditary optic neuropathies   Nancy J Newman and Valerie Biousse

561

53

Other optic neuropathies in childhood   Philip G Griffiths and Patrick Yu-Wai-Man

571

54

The optic chiasm   Michael C Brodsky

579

55

Raised intracranial pressure   Nor Fadhilah Mohamad and James F Acheson

590

56

The brain and cerebral visual impairment   Creig S Hoyi

597

57

Perceptual aspects of cerebral visual impairment and their management   Gordon N Dutlon and Richard J C Bowman

606

SECTION 5

SELECTED TOPICS IN PEDIATRIC OPHTHALMOLOGY

58

Ethics, morality and consent in pediatric ophthalmology   Louise E Allen, Pinar Aydin and Susan H Day

616

59

How to help the visually disabled child and family   Creig S Hoyt and lames E Jan

619

60

Visual conversion disorder: fabricated or exaggerated symptoms in children   David Taylor

624

61

Vision, reading and dyslexia   Robert H Taylor

631

62

Neurometabolic disease and the eye   Jane. L Ashwonh, Andrew A M Morris and J Edmond Wraith

638

63

Pupil anomalies and reactions   Andrew G Lee, Megan M Geloneck and Derrick C Pau

656

64

Leukemia   Richard J C Bowman and David Webb

667

65

Phakomatoses   John R B Grigg and Robyn V Jamieson

675

66

Accidental trauma in children   William V Good

690

67

Child maltreatment, abusive head injury and the eye   Patrick Watts

700

68

Refractive surgery in children   Evelyn A Paysse

714

SECTION 6

AMBLYOPIA, STRABISMUS AND EYE MOVEMENTS

PART 1

THE FUNDAMENTALS OF STRABISMUS AND AMBLYOPIA

69

A vision of the present and future of strabismus   Carlos R Souza-Dias

721

70

Amblyopia management   Michael X Repka

726

71

The physiologic anatomy of eye muscles and the surgical anatomy of strabismus   Alejandra de Alba Campomanes

733

72

The clinical approach to strabismus   Anthony J Vivian

742

73

Why do humans develop strabismus?   Lawrence Tychsen

756

PART 2

ESOTROPIAS

74

Infantile esotropias   Glen A Gole and Jayne E Camuglia

764

75

The accommodative esotropias   David R Weakley and Erika Mota Pereira

775

76

Special esotropias (acute comitant, sensory deprivation, myopia associated and microtropia)   John J Sloper

779

PART 3

EXOTROPIAS

77

Intermittent exotropia   Alvina Pauline D Santiago and Michael P Clarke

783

78

Special forms of comitant exotropia   Stephen P Kraft

792

PART 4

VERTICAL, “PATTERN” STRABISMUS AND ABNORMAL HEAD POSTURES

79

Vertical strabismus   Burton J Kushner

801

80

“A”, “V” and other strabismus patterns   Burton J Kushner

812

81

Abnormal head postures: causes and management   Stephen P Kraft

822

PART 5

“NEUROLOGICAL” STRABISMUS

82

Congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders   Neil R Miller and Thomas M Bosley

836

83

Cranial nerve and eye muscle palsies   John S Elston

843

PART 6

STRABISMUS TREATMENT

84

Strabismus: non-surgical treatment   Alexandra de Alba Campomanes

853

85

Strabismus surgery   Craig A McKeown, Kara Cavuoto and Robert Moms

860

86

Strabismus surgery complications and how to avoid them   John A Brndbury and Rachel F Pilling

888

87

Bupivacaine injection of eye muscles to treat strabismus   Alan B Scott, Joel M Miller and Kenneth K Danh

896

PART 7

NYSTAGMUS AND EYE MOVEMENTS

88

Latent nystagmus and dissociated vertical-horizontal deviation   Lawrence Tychsen

901

89

Nystagmus in childhood   Frank A Proudlock and Irene Goitlob

909

90

Supranuclear eye movement disorders, acquired and neurologic nystagmus   Richard W Hertle and Nancy N Hanna

924

SECTION 7

COMMON PRACTICAL PROBLEMS IN A PEDIATRIC OPHTHALMOLOGY AND STRABISMUS PRACTICE

91

I think my baby can’t see!   Ingele Casteels

944

92

My baby’s got a red eye, doctor!   James Elder

948

93

The sticky eye in infancy   David Laws

950

94

Doctor, my baby’s eye looks strange   John A Bradbury

953

95

My baby has a lump in the lid   Cerd Holmstwm

954

96

My child keeps blinking and closing his eye   John S Elslon

957

97

My baby keeps closing one eye   Manoj V Parulekar

959

98

My child’s eyes are dry and sore   Gillian G W Adams

961

99

My child seems to hate the bright light   Charlotte L Funnell

968

100

My child’s eyes keep watering!   Anthony G Quinn

971

101

Proptosis at different ages   Christopher j Lyons and jack Rootman

974

102

My child seems to have a pain in the eye   Peter Flodgkins

975

103

My child’s teacher says she can’t see properly!   Hanne Jensen

978

104

My child could see perfectly but now the vision is weak   Luis Carlos Ferreira de Sa

981

105

The deaf-blind child   David Laws

984

106

Optic airophy in infancy and childhood   Yoshiko Sugiyama and Yoshikazu Halsukawa

988

107

The swollen optic disc   David Taylor

992

108

Headache in children   Ian Simmons

1004

109

My little girl tells me she sees strange things   Goran D Hildebrand

1010

110

My little boy isn’t doing as well as he should at school   Alison Salt

1018

111

My child’s pupils look odd!   Susan M Garden

1021

112

Unequal pupils   Susan M Garden

1024

113

Wobbly eyes in infancy   J Raymond Buncic

1026

114

Practical problems: abnormal head postures   Ankoor S Shah and David C Hunter

1030

115

Vital communication issues: the parents   Louise E Allen

1033

116

Vital communication issues: the child   Louise E Allen

1036

117

My child just will not let me put the eye drops in!   Melanie Hingorani

1038

118

Hand defects and the eye   Luis Carlos Ferreira de Sa

1040

119

Contact lenses for children   Lynne Speedwell

1045

120

I just cannot keep the patch on!   Chris Timms

1051

121

Helping visually impaired children to sleep   James E Jan

1053

122

How should an ophthalmologist tell if a child’s development is normal?   Alison Salt

1055

123

What is a sensible screening program in paediatric ophthalmology?   John R Ainsworlh

1060

124

My daughter can’t be doing this to herself! Self-inflicted injuries   David Taylor

1066

Index

1068