Table
of Contents
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Preface |
ix |
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Study Tips |
xi |
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Acknowledgments |
xiii |
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PART I |
OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS |
1 |
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Chapter 1 |
Introduction
to Research in Physical Activity |
3 |
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The Nature of Research |
3 |
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Unscientific versus Scientific Methods of Problem Solving |
10 |
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Alternative Models of Research |
14 |
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Types of Research |
17 |
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Overview of the Research Process |
22 |
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Parts of a Thesis: A Reflection on the Steps in the Research
Process |
22 |
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Summary |
24 |
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Chapter 2 |
Developing
the Problem and Using the Literature |
25 |
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Identifying the Research Problem |
25 |
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Purpose of the Literature Review |
29 |
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Basic Literature Search Strategies |
31 |
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Steps in the Literature Search |
32 |
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Summary |
50 |
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Chapter 3 |
Presenting
the Problem |
53 |
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Choosing the Title |
53 |
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Writing the Introduction |
54 |
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Stating the Research Problem |
56 |
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Presenting the Research Hypothesis |
58 |
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Operationally Defining Your Terms |
59 |
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Basic Assumptions, Delimitations, and Limitations |
59 |
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Justifying the Significance of the Study |
62 |
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Differences Between the Thesis and the Research Article |
63 |
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Summary |
64 |
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Chapter 4 |
Formulating
the Method |
67 |
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How to Present Methodological Details |
68 |
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Why Planning the Method is Important |
68 |
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Two Principles for Planning Experiments |
69 |
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Describing Participants |
69 |
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Describing Instruments |
71 |
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Describing Procedures |
72 |
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Describing Design and Analysis |
74 |
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Establishing Cause and Effect |
76 |
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Interaction of Participants, Measurements, and Treatments |
77 |
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Summary |
78 |
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Chapter 5 |
Ethical
Issues in Research and Scholarship |
79 |
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Seven Areas of Scientific Dishonesty |
79 |
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Ethical Issues Regarding Copyright |
85 |
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Model for Considering Scientific Misconduct |
85 |
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Working With Faculty |
88 |
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Protecting Human Participants |
90 |
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Protecting Animal Subjects |
92 |
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Summary |
93 |
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PART II |
STATISTICAL AND MEASUREMENT CONCEPTS IN RESEARCH |
97 |
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Chapter 6 |
Becoming
Acquainted With Statistical Concepts |
99 |
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Why We Need Statistics |
99 |
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Use of Computers in Statistical Analysis |
101 |
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Description and Inference are Not Statistical Techniques |
101 |
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Ways to Select a Sample |
101 |
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Justifying Post Hoc Explanations |
103 |
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Difficulty of Random Sampling and Assignment: How Good Does it have to Be? |
103 |
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Unit of Analysis |
104 |
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Measures of Central Tendency and Variability |
105 |
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Basic Concepts of Statistical Techniques |
109 |
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Data for Use in the Remaining Statistical Chapters |
112 |
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Summary |
112 |
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Chapter 7 |
Statistical
Issues in Research Planning and Evaluation |
115 |
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Probability |
115 |
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Meaningfulness (Effect Size) |
117 |
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Power |
118 |
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Using Information in the Context of the Study |
121 |
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Summary |
124 |
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Chapter 8 |
Relationships
Among Variables |
125 |
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What Correlational Research
Investigates |
125 |
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Understanding the Nature of Correlation |
126 |
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What the Coefficient of Correlation Means |
132 |
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Using Correlation for Prediction |
135 |
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Partial Correlation |
138 |
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Uses of Semipartial Correlation |
138 |
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Procedures for Multiple Regression |
139 |
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Multivariate Forms of Correlation |
142 |
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Summary |
144 |
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Chapter 9 |
Differences
Among Groups |
147 |
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How Statistics Test Differences |
147 |
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Types of t Tests |
148 |
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Interpreting t |
153 |
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Relationship of t and r |
156 |
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Analysis of Variance |
158 |
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Analysis of Covariance |
171 |
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Experimentwise Error Rate |
172 |
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Understanding Multivariate Techniques |
173 |
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Summary |
177 |
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Chapter 10 |
Nonparametric
Techniques |
181 |
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Chi Square: Testing the Observed versus the Expected |
182 |
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Procedures for Rank-Order Data |
187 |
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Correlation |
188 |
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Differences Among Groups |
189 |
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Summary |
192 |
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Chapter 11 |
Measuring
Research Variables |
193 |
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Validity |
193 |
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Reliability |
197 |
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Methods of Establishing Reliability |
201 |
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Intertester Reliability (Objectivity) |
203 |
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Standard Error of Measurement |
203 |
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Using Standard Scores to Compare Performance |
204 |
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Measuring Movement |
205 |
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Measuring Written Responses |
206 |
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Measuring Affective Behavior |
206 |
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Scales for Measuring Affective Behavior |
208 |
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Measuring Knowledge |
210 |
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Item Response Theory |
211 |
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Summary |
213 |
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PART III |
TYPES OF RESEARCH |
215 |
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Chapter 12 |
Historical
Research in Physical Activity |
217 |
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Research Paradigms |
217 |
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Lines of Inquiry and Topics |
219 |
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Designing the Research |
222 |
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Working With the Evidence |
222 |
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Summary |
230 |
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Chapter 13 |
Philosophic
Research in Physical Activity |
235 |
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Identifying the Purposes of Philosophic Research |
236 |
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Locating a Research Problem |
239 |
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Analyzing a Research Problem |
239 |
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Summary |
247 |
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Chapter 14 |
Research Synthesis
(Meta-Analysis) |
253 |
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Using Meta-Analysis to Synthesize Research |
254 |
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Presenting Effect Size Data |
263 |
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Summary |
263 |
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Chapter 15 |
Surveys |
273 |
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Questionnaires |
273 |
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Electronic Surveys |
284 |
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285 |
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Personal Interviews |
285 |
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Normative Survey |
288 |
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Summary |
289 |
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Chapter 16 |
Other
Descriptive Research Methods |
291 |
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Developmental Research |
291 |
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Case Studies |
295 |
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Job Analysis |
297 |
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Observational Research |
298 |
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Unobtrusive Research Techniques |
302 |
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Correlational Research |
303 |
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Summary |
304 |
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Chapter 17 |
Physical
Activity Epidemiology Research |
307 |
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Observational versus Experimental Research |
308 |
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What is Epidemiology? |
309 |
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Physical Activity Measurement Definitions |
311 |
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Assessment of Physical Activity |
312 |
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Epidemiologic Study Designs |
315 |
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324 |
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Summary |
327 |
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Chapter 18 |
Experimental
and Quasi-Experimental Research |
329 |
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Sources of Invalidity |
330 |
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Threats to Internal Validity |
331 |
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Threats to External Validity |
334 |
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Controlling Threats to Internal Validity |
336 |
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Controlling Threats to External Validity |
338 |
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Types of Designs |
338 |
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Summary |
351 |
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Chapter 19 |
Qualitative
Research |
353 |
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Procedures in Qualitative Research |
354 |
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Analysis of the Data |
359 |
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Concluding Remarks |
367 |
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Summary |
368 |
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Chapter 20 |
Mixed-Methods
Research |
371 |
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Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Methods |
372 |
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Designing Mixed-Methods Research |
373 |
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Specific Issues in Mixed-Methods Research |
373 |
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Examples of Mixed-Methods Research |
374 |
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Summary |
375 |
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PART IV |
WRITING THE RESEARCH REPORT |
377 |
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Chapter 21 |
Completing
the Research Process |
379 |
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Research Proposal |
379 |
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Developing a Good Introduction |
379 |
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Describing the Method |
381 |
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The Proposal Process |
382 |
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Preparing and Presenting Qualitative Research Proposals |
386 |
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Writing Proposals for Granting Agencies |
386 |
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Submitting Internal Proposals |
388 |
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Completing Your Thesis or Dissertation |
388 |
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Results and Discussion |
388 |
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Handling Multiple Experiments in a Single Report |
392 |
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Using Tables and Figures |
393 |
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Summary |
400 |
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Chapter 22 |
Ways of
Reporting Research |
403 |
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Basic Writing Guidelines |
403 |
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A Brief Word About Acknowledgments |
404 |
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Thesis and Dissertation Format: Traditional versus Journal |
404 |
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Helpful Hints for Successful Journal Writing |
410 |
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Revising Research Papers |
412 |
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Writing Abstracts |
415 |
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Making Oral and Poster Presentations |
416 |
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Summary |
419 |
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Appendix |
Statistical
Tables |
421 |
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References |
435 |
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Author Index |
445 |
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Subject
Index |
447 |
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About the
Authors |
457 |
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