Table of Contents
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Preface |
xiii |
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Acknowledgments |
xv |
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Contributors |
xvii |
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Chapter 1 |
Introduction
and Demographics of Aging Melissa Bernstein, PhD, RD, LD and Ann
Schmidt Luggen, PhD, GNP |
1 |
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Chapter Objectives |
1 |
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Key Terms and Concepts |
1 |
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Demographics |
5 |
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Dietary Guidance |
5 |
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Healthy People 2010 |
8 |
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Administration on Aging |
9 |
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Older Minority Groups |
9 |
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Health and Well-Being |
13 |
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The Health Care Workforce |
14 |
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Conclusion |
17 |
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Activities Related to this Chapter |
17 |
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References |
18 |
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Chapter 2 |
Physiologic
Changes with Aging Ann
Schmidt Luggen, PhD, GNP |
21 |
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Chapter Objectives |
21 |
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Key Terms and Concepts |
21 |
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General Changes with Aging |
21 |
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Sleep and Aging |
34 |
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Mental Health |
34 |
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Nutritional Aspects of Aging |
35 |
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Conclusion: Quality of Life |
38 |
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Activities and Questions Related to this Chapter |
39 |
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References |
40 |
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Chapter 3 |
Macronutrient
Requirements for Older Adults Melissa Bernstein, PhD, RD, LD |
43 |
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Chapter Objectives |
43 |
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Key Terms and Concepts |
43 |
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Nutrient Recommendations |
43 |
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Dietary Carbohydrates |
47 |
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Water Balance and Recommended Intakes |
49 |
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Fluid Output |
50 |
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Fats |
51 |
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Essential Fatty Acids |
51 |
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Heart Disease |
52 |
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Proteins |
52 |
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Conclusion |
54 |
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Activities and Questions Related to this Chapter |
54 |
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References |
55 |
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Chapter 4 |
Vitamin
Status and Requirements of the Older Adult Susan Saffel-Shrier, MS, RD, CD |
57 |
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Chapter Objectives |
57 |
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Key Terms and Concepts |
57 |
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Vitamin A |
58 |
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Vitamin D |
60 |
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Vitamin E |
61 |
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Vitamin K |
62 |
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The B-Complex Vitamins: Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, and Folate |
63 |
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Vitamin C |
66 |
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Other B Vitamins |
67 |
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Conclusion |
67 |
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Activities Related to this Chapter |
67 |
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References |
68 |
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Chapter 5 |
Mineral
Requirements of the Older Adult Karen Chapman-Novakoski,
RD, LDN, PhD |
71 |
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Chapter Objectives |
71 |
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Key Terms and Concepts |
71 |
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The Major Minerals |
72 |
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The Trace Minerals |
79 |
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Conclusion |
85 |
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Activities Related to this Chapter |
86 |
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References |
87 |
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Chapter 6 |
Smell and
Taste in Older Adults Ann
Schmidt Luggen, PhD, GNP
and Jacqueline Marcus, MS, RD, LD, FADA |
89 |
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Chapter Objectives |
89 |
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Key Terms and Concepts |
89 |
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Oral Cavity |
89 |
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Dental and Gingival Problems |
92 |
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Chemosensory Perception |
93 |
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Ingredients that Enhance Flavor and Sensory Enjoyment |
96 |
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Techniques that Enhance Flavor and Sensory Enjoyment |
97 |
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Applications of Flavor Enhancement |
97 |
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Conclusion |
98 |
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Activities Related to this Chapter |
98 |
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Case Study |
99 |
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Questions |
99 |
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References |
100 |
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Chapter 7 |
The Aging
Gastrointestinal Tract Ann
Schmidt Luggen, PhD, GNP |
101 |
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Chapter Objectives |
101 |
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Key Terms and Concepts |
101 |
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Age-Related Changes in the Gastrointestinal Tract |
102 |
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Gastrointestinal Tract Problems in the Older Adult |
102 |
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Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Problems |
107 |
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Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Problems in Older Adults |
109 |
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Gastrointestinal Tract Cancers |
116 |
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Activities Related to this Chapter |
118 |
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Case Study |
118 |
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Questions |
118 |
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References |
119 |
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Chapter 8 |
Aging and the
Cardiovascular System Ann
Schmidt Luggen, PhD, GNP |
123 |
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Chapter Objectives |
123 |
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Key Terms and Concepts |
123 |
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Nutrition Epidemiology of Heart Disease |
124 |
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Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease |
127 |
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Other Cardiovascular Diseases |
132 |
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Conclusion |
137 |
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Activities Related to this Chapter |
138 |
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Case Study |
138 |
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Questions |
138 |
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References |
139 |
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Chapter 9 |
The
Renal/Genitourinary Systems in Aging Ann Schmidt Luggen,
PhD, GNP |
141 |
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Chapter Objectives |
141 |
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Key Terms and Concepts |
141 |
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The Kidney |
141 |
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Urinary Tract Problems |
143 |
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Genitourinary (GU) Malignancies |
146 |
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Kidney Problems |
146 |
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Hypertension |
147 |
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Fluid and Electrolyte Problems |
147 |
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Renal Disease and Failure |
149 |
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End-Stage Renal Disease |
152 |
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Conclusion |
154 |
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Activities Related to this Chapter |
154 |
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Case Study |
154 |
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Questions |
154 |
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References |
155 |
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Chapter 10 |
Nutritional
Aspects of Management of Hematological Disorders in Older
Adults Kathy J. Shattler,
MS, RD and Ann Schmidt Luggen,
PhD, GNP |
157 |
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Chapter Objectives |
157 |
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Key Terms and Concepts |
157 |
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Physiology |
158 |
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The Aging Hematopoetic
System |
161 |
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Anemia in Older Persons |
161 |
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The Comprehensive Assessment |
162 |
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Iron Deficiency Anemia |
165 |
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Iron Overload |
168 |
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Anemia of Chronic Disease |
170 |
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Megaloblastic Anemias—Vitamin
B12 and Folic Acid Deficiency |
170 |
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Myelodysplastic Syndromes: Sideroblastic
and Other Anemias |
174 |
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Vitamin and Mineral Considerations in Hematologic Problems |
175 |
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Protein-Calorie Malnutrition |
177 |
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Conclusion |
178 |
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Activities Related to this Chapter |
178 |
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Case Study |
178 |
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Questions |
178 |
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References |
179 |
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Chapter 11 |
Endocrine
and Metabolic Alterations and Nutrition in the Older Adult Mary B.
Neiheisel, BSN, MSN,
EDD, CNS, APRN-FNP, FAANP, Ardith
L. Sudduth,
PhD, GNP, FNP-BC and Ann Schmidt Luggen, PhD, GNP |
181 |
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Chapter Objectives |
181 |
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Key Terms and Concepts |
181 |
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Diabetes Mellitus |
182 |
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The Endocrine System |
194 |
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Conclusion |
205 |
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Activities Related to this Chapter |
205 |
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Case Study |
205 |
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Questions |
205 |
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References |
206 |
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Chapter 12 |
Cancer and
Nutrition in Older Adults Ann Schmidt Luggen,
PhD, GNP |
209 |
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Chapter Objectives |
209 |
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Key Terms and Concepts |
209 |
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Epidemiology |
209 |
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Prevention |
209 |
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Ethnicity, Culture, and Cancers |
215 |
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Common Cancers and Dietary Recommendations |
217 |
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Cancer Treatments |
219 |
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Side Effects of Therapy: Nutrition and Symptom Management |
222 |
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Methods of Nutrient Delivery |
227 |
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Palliative Care |
227 |
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Conclusion |
228 |
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Activities Related to this Chapter |
228 |
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Case Study |
228 |
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Questions |
228 |
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References |
229 |
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Chapter 13 |
Neurological
Changes Affecting Nutrition in Older Adults Ann Schmidt Luggen, PhD, GNP |
233 |
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Chapter Objectives |
233 |
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Key Terms and Concepts |
233 |
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Appetite and Anorexia |
234 |
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Depression in Older Adults |
235 |
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Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias and Nutrition |
237 |
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Parkinson’s Disease and Dietary Problems |
240 |
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The Older Patient with Stroke |
242 |
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Vitamin B12 Deficiency Dementia |
243 |
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Postpolio Syndrome |
244 |
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Conclusion |
244 |
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Activities Related to this Chapter |
244 |
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Case Study |
244 |
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Questions |
244 |
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References |
245 |
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Chapter 14 |
Weight Loss
and Obesity in Older Adults Bonnie L. Callen,
RN, PhD, CPHCNS-BC and Ann Schmidt Luggen,
PhD, GNP |
247 |
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Chapter Objectives |
247 |
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Key Terms and Concepts |
247 |
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Importance of Undernutrition
and Weight Loss |
248 |
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Factors Contributing to Poor Nutrition |
249 |
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Social Factors Associated with Undernutrition |
252 |
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Consequences of Weight Loss in the Older Adult |
252 |
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Obesity |
254 |
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Conclusion |
257 |
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Activities Related to this Chapter |
257 |
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Case Study |
257 |
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Questions |
257 |
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References |
258 |
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Chapter 15 |
Alcohol Use
in Older Adults Ann
Schmidt Luggen, PhD, GNP
and Mary B. Neiheisel,
BSN, MSN, EDD, CNS, APRN-FNP, FAANP |
263 |
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Chapter Objectives |
263 |
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Key Terms and Concepts |
263 |
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Alcohol and Alcohol Use Defined |
264 |
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Epidemiology |
264 |
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Age-Related Changes Affecting Alcohol Intake |
266 |
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Nutritional Intake |
266 |
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Risk Factors |
266 |
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Alcohol, Physiology, and Pathophysiology |
266 |
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Drug and Alcohol Interactions |
270 |
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Screening for Alcohol Dependence |
271 |
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Positive Effects of Alcohol in Older Adults |
271 |
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Management of Alcohol Dependence |
273 |
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Conclusion |
273 |
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Activities Related to this Chapter |
274 |
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Case Study |
274 |
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Questions |
274 |
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References |
275 |
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Appendix 15-1: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) |
278 |
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Chapter 16 |
Nutritional
Assessment for the Older Adult Melissa Bernstein, PhD, RD, LD |
279 |
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Chapter Objectives |
279 |
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Key Terms and Concepts |
279 |
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Nutritional Status |
279 |
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Nutrition Screening |
280 |
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Nutrition Assessment |
285 |
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Clinical Assessment |
295 |
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Physical Disabilities and Functional Status |
298 |
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Cognitive and Psychological Function (Mental Status) |
298 |
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Social, Psychological, and Economic Factors |
299 |
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Dietary Assessment |
300 |
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Conclusion |
301 |
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Activities Related to this Chapter |
301 |
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References |
302 |
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Chapter 17 |
Pharmacology,
Nutrition, and the Older Adult: Interactions and
Implications Jill
Arnold, PharmD, Julie L. Baron, PharmD, and William Schwab, MB, PhD, AGSF |
307 |
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Chapter Objectives |
307 |
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Key Terms and Concepts |
307 |
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Common Classes of Medications in the Older Adult |
308 |
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Medicare Part D |
309 |
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Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicines |
309 |
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Food and Medication Interactions |
310 |
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Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic
Changes in Aging |
310 |
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Normal Physiology of Nutrition |
313 |
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Consciousness |
313 |
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Appetite |
314 |
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Physical Manipulation |
315 |
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Medications that have Gastrointestinal Effects |
315 |
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Medications that Cause Gastrointestinal Injury |
316 |
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Medications that Affect Gastrointestinal Motility |
316 |
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Absorption and Utilization of Nutrients |
318 |
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Conclusion |
318 |
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Activities Related to this Chapter |
318 |
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References |
319 |
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Chapter 18 |
Nutritional
Support for the Older Adult Colleen Tsarnas,
MS, RD, CNSD, LDN |
321 |
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Chapter Objectives |
321 |
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Key Terms and Concepts |
321 |
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Indications for Nutrition Support |
321 |
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Enteral Nutrition Support |
324 |
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Parenteral Nutrition |
330 |
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Home Nutrition Support |
331 |
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Ethics and Nutrition Support |
332 |
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Conclusion |
333 |
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Activities Related to this Chapter |
334 |
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References |
335 |
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Chapter 19 |
Exercise
for the Older Adult: Nutritional Implications Maria A.
Fiatarone Singh, MD,
FRACP and Melissa Bernstein, PhD, RD, LD |
337 |
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Chapter Objectives |
337 |
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Key Terms and Concepts |
337 |
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Importance of Exercise for Older Adults |
338 |
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Physiologic Changes of Aging that Affect Exercise Capacity |
340 |
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Nutritional Disorders in the Older Adult and their Impact on Exercise |
340 |
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Optimizing Body Composition with Exercise in Older Adults |
343 |
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Assessing the Exercise Capacity and Needs of the Older Patient |
344 |
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Guidelines to Physical Activity and Exercise |
346 |
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Medical Screening for the Exercise Prescription |
349 |
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The Use of Exercise in the Prevention and Treatment of Common Geriatric
Symptoms |
350 |
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Nutritional Considerations |
350 |
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Practical Implementation of Exercise Programs |
351 |
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Conclusion |
353 |
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Activities Related to this Chapter |
353 |
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References |
354 |
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Chapter 20 |
Diet and
Cultural Diversity in Older Adults |
357 |
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Chapter Objectives |
357 |
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Key Terms and Concepts |
357 |
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Food Choices and Older Adults |
358 |
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Dietary Patterns: Implications for Nutrition Education and Intervention |
359 |
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Culturally Appropriate Programs for the Older Adult |
362 |
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Conclusion |
365 |
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Activities Related to this Chapter |
365 |
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References |
367 |
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Chapter 21 |
Nutrition
Services for Older Americans Joseph R. Sharkey, PhD,
MPH, RD, and Barbara Kamp,
MS, RD |
369 |
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Chapter Objectives |
369 |
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Key Terms and Concepts |
369 |
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The Role of Nutrition in Healthy Aging |
369 |
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Nutrition Services for Older Persons |
379 |
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Conclusion |
377 |
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Activities Related to this Chapter |
378 |
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References |
380 |
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Chapter 22 |
Health
Promotion and Disease Prevention in the Older Adult Timothy J.
Legg, PhD, GNP-BC, CHES and Melissa Bernstein, PhD, RD, LD |
383 |
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Chapter Objectives |
383 |
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Key Terms and Concepts |
383 |
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Healthy Aging |
383 |
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Pathological Aging |
384 |
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Health Promotion versus Disease Prevention |
384 |
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Frailty and Disability in Pathological Aging |
385 |
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Quality of Life |
386 |
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Successful Aging as the Product of Health Promotion and Disease
Prevention |
386 |
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The Role of Nutrition in Geriatric Health Promotion and Disease
Prevention |
386 |
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Heart Disease |
388 |
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Diabetes |
389 |
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Pulmonary Disease |
390 |
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Osteoporosis |
391 |
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Drugs that may Worsen Osteoporosis |
391 |
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Obesity |
391 |
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Nutritional Products and Dietary Supplements |
392 |
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Food Safety |
393 |
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Specific Strategies for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion |
396 |
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Conclusion |
398 |
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Activities Related to this Chapter |
398 |
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References |
399 |
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Glossary |
401 |
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Index |
409 |
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Photo
Credits |
421 |
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