9780763756505

Table of Contents


	Acknowledgments	xi
	Preface	xiii
	UNIT ONE	1
Chapter 1	Birth of Transcultural Nursing to Current Theories and Conceptual Models for Cultural Diversity	9
	Chapter Objectives	9
	Introduction	10
	Population Growth	12
	Bicultural/Multicultural	12
	Acculturation	13
	Other Areas of Diversity	14
	Overview of Conceptual Models for Cultural Diversity	14
	Nonnursing Models for Cultural Assessment	18
	Selected Nursing Models for Cultural Assessment	18
	Summary	32
Chapter 2	Culture	41
	Chapter Objectives	41
	Introduction	42
	The Sick Role and the Need for Cultural Sensitivity	43
	Primary and Secondary Characteristics of Culture	44
	Subcultures	45
	Impact of Culture and Ethics	46
	Culture and Mental Health	47
	Race and Ethnicity	49
	Ethnocentrism	52
	Generalizations and Stereotyping	54
	Cultural Mismatch and Cultural Pain	56
	Culture and its Impact on the Patient Role	56
	Cultural Formulation and Culture-Bound Syndromes	57
	Cultural Differences in Mortality and Morbidity	57
	Impact of Gender	58
	Impact of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender	61
	Homophobia and Incidence of Discrimination	62
	The Importance of Acceptance	63
	Summary	64
Chapter 3	Global Diversity	69
	Chapter Objectives	69
	Introduction	70
	Cultural Diversity Defined	71
	Cultural Factors Impacting the Clinical Relationship	71
	The Importance of Striving for Understanding	73
	Language Barriers	74
	Proper Use of Interpreters	75
	Cultural Humility	76
	Impact of Diversity	77
	Culturally Discordant Care	80
	Health Disparities	80
	Impact of Diversity on Diagnosis and Treatment	81
	Barriers to Health Care	82
	Ethnopharmacology	83
	Reasons for Health Disparities	83
	Global Healthcare Disparities	84
	Global Diversity–The Role of Nursing	85
	Culture of Poverty	86
	United States	87
	United Kingdom	88
	Australia	92
	Canada	93
	South Africa	94
	Recommendations	94
	Summary	95
Chapter 4	Organization of Healthcare Deliver in the 21st Century	101
	Chapter Objectives	101
	Introduction	102
	National Standards: Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services	103
	Standards of Care: Institute of Medicine	103
	Identified Barriers that Contribute to Healthcare Disparities	107
	Clinical Uncertainty	109
	Biases	110
	Role of Education	110
	Impact on Public Health	111
	Discrimination and Equitable Quality Healthcare Delivery	112
	Ethics	112
	Crossing the Quality Chasm	114
	Multidisciplinary and Interdisciplinary Teams	118
	Need to Improve Diversity of Nursing and Healthcare Workforce	119
	Impact on Provision of Primary Care by Nurse Practitioners	121
	Opportunities for Nurses to Attain Cultural Competency Certification	123
	Future Research	123
	Summary	124
	UNIT TWO	129
Chapter 5	Black Americans	133
	Chapter Objectives	133
	Introduction	134
	Historical Background	135
	Statistics	137
	Blacks and the US Healthcare System	139
	Definition of Health and Illness	140
	Traditional Healing Methods	141
	Current Health Problems	143
	Disparities	146
	Mistrust of the Healthcare System	147
	Barriers to Care	148
	Impact of Communication	150
	Impact of Time and Space	151
	Impact of Environment	152
	Impact of Biologic Variations	153
	Impact on Social Organization	158
	Impact on Faith and Spirituality	158
	Summary	159
Chapter 6	Hispanics/Latinos	167
	Chapter Objectives	167
	Introduction	168
	Terminology: Latinos or Hispanics?	168
	Background	169
	History of Hispanics in the United States	170
	Mexican Americans	170
	Puerto Ricans	188
	Cuban Americans	194
	Central Americans	195
	Dominican Americans	195
	South Americans	196
	Consequences of Immigration to the United States for Hispanics	196
	Summary	196
Chapter 7	Asians/Pacific Islanders	201
	Chapter Objectives	201
	Introduction	202
	Background	202
	Chinese Americans	204
	Korean Americans	220
	Cambodian Americans	225
	Vietnamese Americans	229
	Asian Indian Americans	232
	Japanese Americans	235
	Filipino Americans	236
	Pacific Islander Americans	239
	Summary	239
Chapter 8	Native Americans	245
	Chapter Objectives	245
	Introduction	246
	Historical Background	246
	Variables Impacting Degree of Acculturation	250
	Definition of Health and Illness	250
	Specific Nursing Considerations	251
	Traditional Health Beliefs	252
	Impact of Communication	256
	Impact of Time and Space	257
	Impact of Social Organization	258
	Biologic Variations	259
	Impact of Faith and Spirituality	260
	Navajos	262
	Alaska Natives/American Eskimos	264
	Summary	268
Chapter 9	Whites (Non-Hispanic)	273
	Chapter Objectives	273
	Introduction	274
	Historical Background	274
	Settlers of the New World	275
	Mass Migration of the 1820s to the 1880s	276
	Projections	278
	Irish Americans	282
	Italian Americans	288
	Appalachians	291
	The Amish	294
	Roma (Gypsies)	298
	Jewish Americans	300
	Russian Americans	306
	Summary	315
	Glossary of Additional Cultural Terms	321
	Appendix	329
	Background	329
	Principles of Muslim Faith	330
	Muslim Health Beliefs	330
	Important Nursing Implications	330
	Index	333