Acknowledgments

xi

Preface

xiii

Chapter 1

Policy Overview

I

Policy Defined

2

Policy and Political Theory

3

Types of Policy

3

Policy Intention

7

Policymakers

8

Networks

8

Policy Decision Making: Influencing Factors

9

Agenda Setting

10

Policy Models

13

Policy Cycle‑Process

18

Policy on Policy

20

Summary Points

20

Chapter 2

Governmental Structure

25

Governmental Structure

25

United States Constitution

29

Federalism

30

Centralism

36

Branches of Government

36

Federal Budget Process

37

State Constitutions

40

City Charters

42

International Governing Bodies

42

Summary Points

44

Chapter 3

Executive Branch: Federal Governmental Agencies and Appointed Bodies

47

The Executive Branch Power Base

47

The President

48

The Vice President

49

Executive Office of the President

49

The President’s Cabinet

50

Executive Branch Independent Agencies

53

Order of Presidential Succession

56

Czar

56

Office of the First Lady of the United States

57

White House Fellows and Interns

57

Executive Offices: State and Local Governmental Level

58

Summary Points

59

Chapter 4

Legislative Branch: Role in Policy

61

Legislative Structure: Congress of the United States

61

Political Parties

62

Role of Congressional Members

68

Formation of Law

72

Types of Law (Legal Policy)

78

Summary Points

79

Chapter 5

Judicial Branch: The Court System

81

Structure of Judicial Branch

81

Litigation Process

84

Types of Policy Formulated

89

Nurses’ Role in Iudicial System

90

Summary Points

91

Chapter 6

Public Health Policy

93

Public Health Law Defined

93

Foundation and Scope of Public Health Law

94

Constitutional Law

95

Public Health Laws

95

Personal Health Law and Policy

102

Environmental Health Law

102

Occupational Health Law

103

Statutory Law

103

Administrative Law

103

Tort Law

104

Summary Points

105

Chapter 7

Policy Formulation and Implementation

109

Policy Development Context

109

Policy Formulation

111

Policymakers in the Governmental Branches

112

Nurses and Other Healthcare Professionals as Policymakers

114

Policy Models

116

Executive Orders

119

Incremental Policy Formulation

119

Policy Implementation Process

120

Policy Modification

124

Policy Modification versus Policy Change

125

Policy Development: Expanding the Scope of Nursing Practice

125

Policy Termination

126

Summary Points

127

Chapter 8

Policy Analysis

131

Policy Analysis Models

132

Policy Analysis Process

136

Problem or Issue Analysis

138

A Summative Policy Analysis Process

141

Summary Points

143

Chapter 9

Policy Research, Evaluation, and Quality Improvement

147

Policy Research

148

Policy Research Process

148

Research Utilization

150

Evidence‑Based Regulation

153

Legal Research Process

156

The Internet as a Research Tool

156

Policy Evaluation

156

Policy Evaluation Models and Process

159

Research and Evaluation Informing Policy Formulation and Modification

166

Policy Evaluation Dissemination

168

Quality Improvement

168

Summary Points

170

Chapter 10

Politics: Theory and Practice

175

Politics Defined

175

Ten Tenets of Politics

176

Political Savvy and Astuteness

176

Political Power

177

Iron Triangles

179

Nurses’ Stages of Political Engagement

180

Organizational Politics

181

Communication: The Tool of Politics

183

Political Protocol

186

Political Theory and Philosophical Perspective Overview

187

Political System

188

Political Process

189

Political Strategies

191

Politics and Economics

208

Political Analysis

211

Conflicts of Interest

212

Lobbying and Government Employees

212

Summary Points

213

Chapter 11

Policy, Law, and Politics: Ethical Perspective

217

Ethics Defined

217

Ethical Theories and Paradigms

219

Ethical Principles

219

Values Clarification

220

Ethical Decision‑Making Process

224

Codes of Ethics

225

Ethical Engagement in Political Process

225

Government Employees and Ethics

226

Conflict of Interest

230

Summary Points

231

Chapter 12

Policy Institutes

233

American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) Public Policy Institute

234

American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research

234

Aspen Institute

235

Brookings Institution

235

Cato Institute

235

Center for Responsive Politics

236

Claremont Institute for Economic Policy Studies

236

The Commonwealth Fund

236

Economic Policy Institute

236

The Educational Policy Institute

237

Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting

237

Hudson Institute

237

Institute for Higher Education Policy (IHEP)

238

Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy

238

Justice Policy Institute

238

Kaiser Family Foundation

239

Kettering Foundation

239

National Institute for Public Policy

239

Rand Corporation

240

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation

240

The Rockefeller Foundation

240

Schneider Institutes for Health Policy

241

Urban Institute

241

Summary Points

242

Appendix A

Presidential and Congressional Leadership: Political Party Leadership

243

Appendix B

List of Public Laws

251

Appendix C

Policy Resources

277

Appendix D

Policy and Politics Journals

283

Index

285