Table
of Contents
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Foreword |
vii |
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|
Contributing Authors |
ix |
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Preface |
xxiii |
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Acknowledgments |
xxv |
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Volume I |
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|
Section I |
General Considerations Section Editor: John M. Rhee |
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|
1 |
The Evolution
of Spine Surgery Since the Second Edition of the Textbook of Spinal Surgery Ronald L. Dewald |
1 |
|
2 |
Spinal Cord
and Nerve Root Monitoring Anne
M. Padberg, Barry L. Raynor, Earl D. Thuet, and Shelly
M. Bolon |
6 |
|
3 |
Bone Grafting
and Spine Fusion John
Louis-Ugbo
and Scott D. Boden |
41 |
|
4 |
Medical
Complications in the Adult Spinal Patient Alexis
B.C. Dang and Serena S. Hu |
49 |
|
5 |
|
57 |
|
SECTION II |
BIOMECHANICS Section Editor: Timothy R. Kuklo |
|
|
6 |
General
Considerations of Biomechanical Testing Anton
E. Dmitrlev |
65 |
|
7 |
Basic Pedicle
Screw and Construct Biomechanics C.H. Crawford Iii, B.A. O’shaughnessy, and T.R.
Kuklo |
74 |
|
8 |
Biomechanics
of Three-Dimensional Scoliosis Correction Andrew
G. S. King and Manish P. Lambat |
79 |
|
9 |
Treatment Considerations
and Biomechanics of the Lumbosacral
Spine Geoffrey Cronen and
Timothy R. Kuklo |
86 |
|
10 |
Normal
Spinal Anatomy: |
93 |
|
SECTION III |
ANATOMIC APPROACHES Section Editor: Ronald A. Lehman, Jr. |
|
|
11 |
“Microscopic”
Approach to the Posterior Lumbar Spine for Decompression Jason P. Young
and Paul H. Young |
101 |
|
12 |
Minimal
Access Techniques Using Tubular Retractors for Disc Herniations and Stenosis Neel
Anand and
Eli M. Baron |
110 |
|
13 |
Anterior
Cervical Approaches Ronald
A. Lehman Jr and K. Daniel K. Riew |
118 |
|
14 |
Jaw-Splitting
Approaches to the Upper Cervical Spine Daniel
M. Sciubba, Gregory S. Mcloughlin, Ziya L. Gokaslan, and
Jean-Paul Wolinsky |
127 |
|
15 |
The
Modified Anterior Approach to the Cervicothoracic Junction Kamran
Majid and
Harry N. Herkowitz |
140 |
|
16 |
Transsternal Approaches to the
Spine Daniel M. Sciubba, Clarke Nelson, Jean-Paul Wolinsky, and Ziya L. Gokaslan |
147 |
|
17 |
Anterior Exposure
of the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Down to L4 Melvtn
D. Helgeson and Ronald A. Lehman Jr |
158 |
|
18 |
Anterior
Approaches to the Distal Lumbar Spine and Sacrum John E. Tis and Ronald A. Lehman Jr |
165 |
|
19 |
Direct Lateral
Approach to the Lumbar Spine Neel Anand and Eli M. Baron |
175 |
|
SECTION IV |
THE CERVICAL DEGENERATIVE SPINE Section Editor: John M. Rhee |
|
|
20 |
Cervical
State of the Art John
M. Rhee |
183 |
|
21 |
Evaluation of Axial Neck Pain. Who is a Surgical Candidate and Who Isn’t: How to Manage the Nonoperative Treatment, How to Work Up the Pathology Keith Rinkus and John M. Rhee |
185 |
|
22 |
Cervical Radiculopathy:
Clinical Evaluation and Nonoperative
Treatment Peters. Rose, John M. Rhee, and K. Daniel Riew |
196 |
|
23 |
Cervical Spondylosis and Radiculopathy Andelle L. Teng, Corey Wallach, and
Jeffrey C. Wang |
203 |
|
24 |
Cervical Myelopathy John M. Rhee, Sushil
K. Basra, and K. Daniel Riew |
212 |
|
25 |
Occipitocervical and Atlantoaxial
Methods of Fusion: Cl-2 Fixation, Harms Screw, Magerl Screw, Wiring Raheel Ahmed, Vincent C. Traynelis, and Alexander R. Vaccaro |
225 |
|
26 |
Anterior
Decompression, Instrumentation, Fusion Techniques: Corpectomy, Strut Grafting Ahmad Nassr, |
236 |
|
27 |
Anterior
Decompression, Instrumentation, Fusion Techniques: Discectomy, Foraminotomy, Disc Space Carpentry |
253 |
|
28 |
Anterior
Cervical Plating Andrew
W. Mack, Ronald A. Lehman Iii, and Timothy R. Kuklo |
268 |
|
29 |
Indications
and Techniques for Transoral
and Foramen Magnum Decompression |
276 |
|
30 |
Sub Axial
Posterior Decompression and Fusion Techniques Douglas D. Nowak,
Kornelis A. Poelstra, and Steven C.
Ludwig |
293 |
|
31 |
Subaxial Posterior Foraminotomy Douglas D. Nowak,
Ra’kerry K. Rahman, Kornelis A. Poelstra, and
Steven C. Ludwig |
301 |
|
32 |
Subaxial Posterior Laminoplasty and Laminectomy Douglas D. Nowak, Kc^Rnelis A. Poelstra, and
Steven C. Ludwig |
307 |
|
33 |
Subaxial Posterior Lateral Mass Fixation Melvin D. Helgeson and Ronald A.
Lehman Jr. |
313 |
|
34 |
Subaxial Cervical Pedicle Screw Fixation Kuniyoshi Abumi, Manabu Ito, and Hideki Sudo |
321 |
|
35 |
Revision
Cervical Spine Surgery Brian
A. O’shaughnessy, Charles H. Crawford Iii, Ronald L. Lehman, and Timothy R. Kuklo |
335 |
|
36 |
Cervical
Disc Arthroplasty Wellington K. Hsu and Paul A. Anderson |
344 |
|
SECTION V |
THE THORACIC AND LUMBAR DEGENERATIVE
SPINE Section Editor: Timothy R.
Kuklow |
|
|
37 |
Thoracic
and Lumbar Degenerative Disorders: State of the Art Jacob M. Buchowski |
353 |
|
38 |
Evaluation
of Thoracic and Lumbar Axial Back Pain Kathryn
Keelerand
Jacob M. Buchowski |
355 |
|
39 |
Evaluation
of Thoracic and Lumbar Radicular
Pathology. Who is a Surgical
Candidate and Who Isn’t Kathryn
A. Keeler and Jacob M. Buchowski |
367 |
|
40 |
Use of Discography
to Evaluate Lumbar Back Pain with An Eye Toward Surgical Treatment Eugene J. Carragee and Angus S.
Don |
376 |
|
41 |
Surgical
Treatment of Lumbar Disc Herniation David Lee Spencer |
387 |
|
42 |
Surgical
Treatment of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Gbolahan O. Okubadejo and
Jacob M. Buchowski |
394 |
|
43 |
Revision Laminectomy:
Indications and Techniques Peter
D. Angevtne |
402 |
|
44 |
Strategies
and Techniques for Dural
Repair Chris J. Neal, Tyler Koski, and Stephen L. Ondra |
411 |
|
45 |
When to
Consider Alif,
Tlif, Plif, Psf, Or
Motion-Preserving Techniques David
W. Polly and Edward Rainier G. Santos |
418 |
|
46 |
Motion-Preservation
Techniques (Other Than Disc Arthroplasty) John G. Devine |
428 |
|
47 |
Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody
Fusion/Posterior Lumbar Interbody
Fusion Christopher R. Good and Timothy R. Kuklo |
436 |
|
48 |
Anterior
Lumbar Interbody
Fusion Techniques Michael
K. Rosner and Victoria A. Campbell |
445 |
|
49 |
Minimally Invasive
Posterior Surgery for the Lumbar Spine James
D. Schwenderand Brian C. Hsu |
452 |
|
50.1 |
Total Disc
Replacement: Concepts/Design Strategy/Indications/
Contraindications/Complications James
J. Yue, Brandon Lawrence, and Fred Mo |
463 |
|
50.2 |
Total Disc
Replacement—Maverick Matthew
E. Gornet |
471 |
|
50.3 |
Lumbar
Total Disc Replacement: Charite
Artificial Disc Oren N. Gottfried and Darrel S. Brodke |
483 |
|
50.4 |
Total Disc
Replacement: Prodisc Ufuktalu, Rudolf Bertagnoli,
Hartmann Habbicht,
Ganesh Swamy, and
Serena S. Hu |
493 |
|
51 |
Revision
Lumbar Spine Surgery Joshua
D. Auerbach and Timothy R. Kuklo |
503 |
|
52 |
Complications
of Lumbosacral
Spine Surgery Johnr. Dimarii |
513 |
|
53 |
The Future:
Disc Regeneration and Other Technologies Daniel
K. Park, Michael B. Ellman, Kern Singh, and Howard S. An |
525 |
|
54 |
Posterior
Dynamic Stabilization Zachary
A. Smith and Lawrence T.Khoo |
534 |
|
55 |
Thoracic Discectomy David J. Mollerand John C.
Liu |
539 |
|
56 |
Thoracic Stenosis Tyler Koski and Fadi Nasr |
546 |
|
SECTION VI |
SPONDYLOLISTHESIS Section Editor: Charles C. Edwards II |
|
|
57 |
Spondylolisthesis:
Introduction Charles Edwards Ii and Mark Weidenbaum |
553 |
|
58 |
Wiltse and Marchetti/Bartolozzi
Classifications Of Spondylolisthesis—Guidelines
for Treatment Ra’kerry K.
Rahman, Joseph Perra, and Mark Weidenbaum |
556 |
|
59 |
Sacro-Pelvic Morphology, Spino-Pelvic
Alignment, and the Spinal Deformity Study Group
Classification Hubert
Labelle and Jean-Marc Mac-Thiong |
563 |
|
60 |
The Natural
History of Spondylolisthesis Kim
Hammerberg
and Mustafa Khan |
576 |
|
61 |
Pars
Repair Purnendu Gupta and Munish C. Gupta |
581 |
|
62.1 |
Low-Grade Spondylolisthesis
in Children and Adolescents M. Timothy Hresko |
590 |
|
62.2 |
Low-Grade Spondylolisthesis
in Adults: Surgical Management Steven
Mardjetko |
596 |
|
63 |
Adult
Degenerative Spondylolisthesis
without Lysis Steven S. Agabegi, David M.
Montgomery, and Harry N. Herkowitz |
617 |
|
64 |
High-Grade Spondyiolisthesis:
Fusion in Situ Mauricio
A. Campos Daziano and Stuart Weinstein |
633 |
|
65 |
High-Grade Spondylolisthesis:
Partial Reduction Pierre
Roussouly
and Richard B.Meyrat |
638 |
|
66 |
High-Grade Spondylolisthesis:
Posterior Decompression and Spanning/Dowel Fibula Rick C. Sasso and James E. Lashley |
646 |
|
67 |
High Dysplastic Spondylolisthesis:
Anatomic Reduction. The Harms/Shufflebarger Technique Harry L. Shufflebarger |
660 |
|
68 |
Reduction
of High-Grade Spondylolisthesis:
the Edwards Technique Charles
C. Edwards and Charles C. Edwards Ii |
668 |
|
69 |
The L5 Vertebrectomy
Approach for the Treatment of Spondyloptosis with Reduction of L4 Onto Si Julian A. Romagnoli, Jwalant S. Mehta,
and Robert W. Gaines |
686 |
|
70 |
Complications
of Spondylolysis/Spondylolisthesis
Surgery John P. Lubicky and Amer Zeni |
701 |
|
|
Volume II |
|
|
SECTION VII |
IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS Section Editor: Charles C. Edwards II |
|
|
71 |
Introduction
to Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Charles
C. Edwards Ii and Keith H. Bridwell |
709 |
|
72 |
Natural
History Including Measures of Maturity James
O. Sanders |
711 |
|
73 |
Clinical
Assessment and Parent-Patient Expectations Anthony
Rinella |
721 |
|
74 |
Spinal
Deformity Outcomes Measurement Rudolph
Christopher Glattes,
Douglas C. Burton, and Sue Min
Lai |
728 |
|
75 |
Radiographic
Classification Scheme: Lenke
Classification Lawrence
G. Lenke |
738 |
|
76 |
Fusionless Surgery and Growing
Rod Techniques for Infantile and Juvenile Idiopathic Scoliosis Behrooz A. Akbarnia, George
H. Thompson, and Gregory M. Mundis Jr |
754 |
|
77 |
Stapling
Techniques Timothy S. Oswald, Patrick J. Cah1ll, Amer F. Samdani, and
Randal R. Betz |
766 |
|
78 |
Open and Thoracoscopic
Anterior Thoracic Surgery Peter
O. Newton and Vidyadhar V. Upasani |
778 |
|
79 |
Thoracoplasty David H.
Clements, Amer
F. Samdani, and Randal R. Betz |
792 |
|
80 |
Evolution of
Instrumentation for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Gbolahan
O. Okubadejo and Keith H. Bridwell |
800 |
|
81 |
Short Segment “Bone-On-Bone” Fusion for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Julian A. Romagnoli and Robert W. Gaines |
808 |
|
82 |
Posterior
Spinal Deformity Correction Techniques Brian
A. O’shaughnessy and Lawrence G. Lenke |
823 |
|
83 |
Anterior
Lumbar and Thoracolumbar
Correction and Fusion for Ais Daniel J. Sucato, Hong Zhang, and Charles E. Johnston |
848 |
|
|
Treatment
of Thoracic Scoliosis Keith
H. Bbidwell |
866 |
|
85 |
Selective
Thoracic Fusion Brett
Freedman, Charles Edwards Ii, and Keith H.
Brtdwell |
889 |
|
86 |
Complications
Associated with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Surgery Mark C. Lee,
B. Stephens Richards, and
Charles E. Johnston |
905 |
|
SECTION VIII |
ADULT SPINAL DEFORMITY Section Editor: Christopher L. Hamill |
|
|
87 |
Adult
Spinal Deformity— Introduction/State of the Art Christopher L. Hamill |
919 |
|
88 |
Adult
Spinal Deformity Classification Frank
Schwab, Sigurd
Berven,
and Keith H. Bridwell |
921 |
|
89 |
De Novo
Scoliosis Ashish Patel,
Frank Schwab, and Jean-Pierre Farcy |
929 |
|
90 |
Sagittal Imbalance Christopher L.
Hamill, Peter D. Angevine, and Keith H.
Bridwell |
938 |
|
91 |
Fbced Coronal Imbalance of the Spine:
Clinical Significance and Operative Management Brian Hsu and Sigurd Berven |
948 |
|
92 |
Spinal
Deformity in the Older Patient with Kyphosis Frank L. Acosta
Jr, Tyler Koski, and
Stephen L. Ondra |
962 |
|
93 |
Revision
Surgeries for Adult Spinal Deformity Matthew
E. Cunningham and Oheneba Boachie-Adjei |
970 |
|
94 |
Smith-Petersen
Osteotomy
of the Spine Douglas C. Burton |
982 |
|
95 |
Pedicle
Subtraction Procedures for Complex Spinal Deformity Brian A. O’shaughnessy,
Jacob M. Buchowski, and Keith H. Bridwell |
987 |
|
96 |
Vertebral
Column Resection for Complex Spinal Deformity: Posterior
Approach Se-Ilsuk |
999 |
|
97 |
Vertebral
Column Resection for Complex Spinal Deformity: Anterior and Posterior
Approach Sigurd Berven and David
S. Bradford |
1015 |
|
98 |
Minimally
Invasive Deformity Surgery: Future Directions Fadi
Nasr,
Tyler Koski,
John Liu, Stephen Ondra,
and Richard Fessler |
1021 |
|
99 |
Fusion to
the Sacrum and Fixation Techniques of the Sacropelvic Junction...1031 Angel E. Macagno and Michael F.
O’brien |
|
|
100 |
Structural Grafting for Adult Spinal
Deformity Peter D. Angevine and Keith H.
Bridwell |
1052 |
|
SECTION IX |
DYSPLASTIC AND CONGENITAL DEFORMITIES Section Editor: Scott J. Luhmann |
|
|
101 |
Introduction/State
of the Art in the Care of Dysplastic
and Congenital Spine Deformities Scott
J. Luhmann |
1059 |
|
102 |
Dysplastic Scoliosis:
Neurofibromatosis Spinal Pathology Alvin
H. Crawford, and Keith R. Gabriel |
1062 |
|
103 |
Spinal
Deformities in Marfan
Syndrome Paul D. Sponseller |
1078 |
|
104 |
Spinal
Deformity in Skeletal Dysplasia
Conditions Eric D. Shirley and Michael C. Ain |
1084 |
|
105 |
The Spine
in Osteogenesis
Imperfecta Paul D. Sponseller and Sergio A. Glait |
1099 |
|
106 |
Spinal
Deformity in Familial Dysautonomia David S. Feldman, Fulya Ustunkan, and Debra A. Sala |
1107 |
|
107 |
Congenital
Scoliosis Mtchael J. Mcmaster |
1118 |
|
108 |
Hemivertebra Resection Michael Ruf and Jurgen Harms |
1139 |
|
109 |
Congenital Intraspinal
Anomalies: Spinal Dysraphism—Embryology,
Pathology, and Treatment Jeffrey
Leonard, M. Mohsin Shah, and Bruce Kaufman |
1149 |
|
110 |
Thoracic Insufficiency
Syndrome Robert M. Campbell Jr. |
1179 |
|
111 |
Congenital
Anomalies of the Cervical Spine in Children: Management of Segmental
Instability and Spinal Canal Encroachment Harish S. Hosalkar, Dantelle B. Cameron,
and Dents S. Drummond |
1194 |
|
SECTION X |
PARALYTIC DEFORMITY Section Editor: Scott J. Luhmann |
|
|
112 |
Introduction/State
of the Art in the Care of the Paralytic and Neuromuscular Scoliosis Scott J. Luhmann |
1209 |
|
113 |
Paralytic
Scoliosis and the Spastic Patient Thomas
G. Mcpartland and John B. Emans |
1214 |
|
114 |
Surgical
Treatment of Flaccid Neuromuscular Scoliosis Gilbert Chan, Davtd A. Spiegel, and Denis S.
Drummond |
1229 |
|
115 |
Surgical
Treatment of Myelomeningocele
Deformities Richard E. Mccarthy |
1244 |
|
|
Management
of Paralytic Neuromuscular Disorders with An Emphasis on Pelvic Obliquity Dantel J. Hedequ1st |
1252 |
|
117 |
Role of
Halo Traction and Halo-Femoral Traction in Paralytic/Neuromuscular Scoliosis Scott J. Luhmann and David L.
Skaggs |
1265 |
|
SECTION XI |
KYPHOSIS AND POSTLAMINECTOMY
DEFORMITIES Sectton Editor: Peter D. Angevine |
|
|
118 |
Introduction
and Current State of the Art Peter
Angevine |
1279 |
|
119 |
Cervical
Instability and Kyphosis
(Rheumatoid, Dwarfism, Degenerative, Others) Eric Harris, James Lawrence, Jeffrey Rihn, Joseph Gondusky, and
Alan Hilibrand |
1281 |
|
120 |
Surgical
Treatment of Scheuermann’s
Kyphosis Angel E. Macagno, Michael F.
O’brien, and
Harry L. Shufflebarger |
1295 |
|
121 |
Short-Segment
Anterior Fusion of Symptomatic Scheuermann’s Disease Jwalant
S. Mehta and Robert W. Gaines |
1312 |
|
122 |
Postlaminectomy Deformities in
the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Brandon
G. Rocque, Sharad Ra)Pal, and Daniel K. Resnick |
1326 |
|
123 |
Posttraumatic
Deformity Jacob M. Buchowski |
1332 |
|
124 |
Ankylosing Spondylitis/Thoracolumbar
Deformities Christopher
L. Hamill |
1340 |
|
125 |
Cervicothoracic Extension Osteotomy for
Chin-On-Chest Deformity Christopher
G. Furey |
1345 |
|
126 |
The Role of
Osteotomies
in the Cervical Spine K. Daniel Riew and Adam L. Wollowick |
1355 |
|
SECTION XII |
TRAUMA Section Editor: Ronald A. Lehman, Jr. |
|
|
127 |
Trauma
State of the Art Ronald
A. Lehman, Jr. and Tobin Eckel |
1377 |
|
128 |
Classification
of Cervical Spine Injury Alpesh A. Patel, Alexander R. Vaccaro, and Paul A.
Anderson |
1381 |
|
129 |
Classification
of Thoracic and Lumbar Fractures Ronald
A. Lehman, Jr., Jason T. Bessey, and Alexander R. Vaccaro |
1390 |
|
130 |
Surgical
Management of Cervical Spine Fractures Keixey Banagan and
Daniel Gelb |
1399 |
|
131 |
Anterior and Posterior Instrumentation Techniques Used in the Thoracic Spine for Treatment of Fractures David H. Kim, Jeffrey A. Rihn, and Todd J. Albert |
1411 |
|
132 |
Surgical
Treatment of Thoracolumbar
and Lumbar Fractures Michael
D. Daubs and Robert Shay Bess |
1424 |
|
133 |
Anterior
Decompression Techniques for Thoracic and Lumbar Fractures |
1439 |
|
134 |
Minimal
Access Techniques for Spine Trauma Joseph
Riina,
David G. Schwartz, Jason E. Smith, and Kathy J. Flint |
1449 |
|
135 |
Management
and Surgical Treatment of Fractures of the Lumbosacral Region and the Sacrum Carlo Bellabarba,
Thomas A. Schildhauer, M.L. Chip Routt, and Jens R. Chapman |
1460 |
|
136 |
Novel
Approaches to Neural Repair and Regeneration after Spinal Cord Injury Elena Okon, Jessica Hillyer, and
Brian K. Kwon |
1474 |
|
SECTION XIII |
TUMOR AND OSTEOMYELITIS Section Editor: Peter D. Angevtne |
|
|
137 |
Introduction
and State of the Art Peter
D. Angevtne |
1485 |
|
138 |
Benign
Tumors of the Spine Sumeet Garg and John P. Dormans |
1487 |
|
139 |
Primary Malignant
Tumors of the Spine Gregory
S. Mcloughlin, Daniel M. Sciubba, and Jean-Paul Wolinsky |
1499 |
|
140 |
The
Surgical Treatment of Metastatic
Spine Disease Ilya Laufer, Peter S. Rose, and Mark H. Bilsky |
1511 |
|
141 |
Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors Kazutoshi Hida |
1520 |
|
142 |
Intradural, Extramedullary
Spinal Tumors Alfred T. Ogden and Paul C. Mccormick |
1535 |
|
143 |
Spinal
Vascular Malformations Michelle
J. Clarke, William E. Krauss, and Mark A. Pichelmann |
1544 |
|
144 |
Spinal Infection/Osteomyelitis |
1553 |
|
145 |
Tumors of
the Sacrum Alexandre Rasouli, H. Thomas Temple, and Frank J. Eismont |
1560 |
|
146 |
Adjuvant
Therapy of Spinal Tumors Ilya Laufer, Yoshiya Yamada,
and Mark H. Bilsky |
1575 |
|
SECTION XIV |
COMPLICATIONS Section Editor: Jacob M. Buchowski |
|
|
147 |
Introduction/State-
Of- The- Art Jacob M. Buchowski |
1581 |
|
148 |
Neurological
Complications Lukas P. Zebala and Jacob M.
Buchowskt |
1584 |
|
149 |
Reconstruction
of Complex Spinal Wounds Brendan
Collins and Richard J. Redett |
1591 |
|
150 |
Vascular
Complications Gregory Gebauer and A. Jay Khanna |
1598 |
|
151 |
Postoperative
Early and Late Wound/Implant Infections Sumeet Garg and Jacob M. Buchowski |
1608 |
|
152 |
Cerebrospinal
Fluid Fistula and Pseudomeningocele Kene Ugokwe and Edward C. Benzel |
1617 |
|
153 |
Pseudarthrosis in Spinal
Deformity Surgery Yongjung J. Kim and Peter D. Angevine |
1622 |
|
154 |
Legal Implications
and Strategies Janice
F. Mulligan, Heather Hansen,
Jessica Uitto,
Paul Craig, and Steven R. Garfin |
1633 |
|
155 |
Unresolved
Postoperative Spine Pain William
C. Lauerman and Steven C. Scherping |
1649 |
|
156 |
Medical Complications
Associated with Spinal Surgery Eli
M. Baron and Todd J. Albert |
1665 |
|
|
Index |
1-1 |
|
|
|
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