Table of Contents
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Preface |
iii |
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Acknowledgments |
iv |
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Color Atlas of Brain |
xi |
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Chapter 1 |
Introduction and Organization of
the Nervous System |
1 |
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Chapter
Objectives |
2 |
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Central and
Peripheral Nervous Systems |
2 |
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Major Divisions
of the Central Nervous System |
2 |
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Major Divisions
of the Peripheral Nervous System |
10 |
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Early
Development of the Nervous System |
14 |
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Clinical Notes |
17 |
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Clinical
Problem Solving |
28 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Clinical Problem Solving |
29 |
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Review Questions |
30 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Review Questions |
31 |
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Additional |
32 |
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Chapter 2 |
The Neurobiology of the Neuron
and the Neuroglia |
33 |
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Chapter
Objectives |
34 |
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Definition of a
Neuron |
34 |
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Varieties of
Neurons |
34 |
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Structure of
the Neuron |
34 |
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Definition of
Neuroglia |
53 |
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Astrocytes |
53 |
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Oligodendrocytes |
54 |
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Microglia |
57 |
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Ependyma |
58 |
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Extracellular
Space |
59 |
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Clinical Notes |
61 |
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Clinical
Problem Solving |
63 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Clinical Problem Solving |
64 |
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Review Questions |
65 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Review Questions |
67 |
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Additional |
69 |
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Chapter 3 |
Nerve Fibers, Peripheral Nerves,
Receptor and Effector Endings, Dermatomes, and Muscle Activity |
70 |
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Chapter
Objectives |
71 |
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Nerve Fibers |
71 |
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Peripheral
Nerves |
80 |
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Conduction in
Peripheral Nerves |
84 |
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Receptor Endings |
86 |
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Effector Endings |
95 |
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Segmental
Innervation of Skin |
100 |
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Segmental
Innervation of Muscles |
100 |
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Muscle Tone and
Muscle Action |
101 |
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Summation of
Motor Units |
103 |
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Muscle Fatigue |
104 |
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Posture |
104 |
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Clinical Notes |
107 |
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Clinical
Problem Solving |
120 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Clinical Problem Solving |
123 |
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Review Questions |
126 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Review Questions |
129 |
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Additional |
131 |
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Chapter 4 |
The Spinal Cord and the
Ascending and Descending Tracts |
132 |
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Chapter
Objectives |
133 |
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A Brief Review
of the Vertebral Column |
133 |
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Gross
Appearance of the Spinal Cord |
137 |
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Structure of
the Spinal Cord |
138 |
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The Ascending
Tracts of the Spinal Cord |
143 |
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Anatomical
Organization |
143 |
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Functions of
the Ascending Tracts |
144 |
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The Descending
Tracts of the Spinal Cord |
153 |
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Anatomical
Organization |
153 |
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Functions of
the Descending Tracts |
154 |
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Corticospinal
Tracts |
155 |
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Reticulospinal
Tracts |
157 |
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Tectospinal
Tract |
158 |
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Rubrospinal
Tract |
159 |
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Vestibulospinal
Tract |
159 |
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Olivospinal
Tract |
160 |
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Descending
Autonomic Fibers |
160 |
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Intersegmental
Tracts |
161 |
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Reflex Arc |
162 |
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Influence of
Higher Neuronal Centers on the Activities of Spinal Reflexes |
164 |
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Renshaw Cells
and Lower Motor Neuron Inhibition |
164 |
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Clinical Notes |
165 |
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Clinical
Problem Solving |
177 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Clinical Problem Solving |
178 |
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Review Questions |
181 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Review Questions |
183 |
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Additional |
185 |
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Chapter 5 |
The Brainstem |
186 |
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Chapter
Objectives |
187 |
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A Brief Review
of the Skull |
187 |
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The Cranial
Cavity |
192 |
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Introduction to
the Brainstem |
196 |
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Gross
Appearance of the Medulla Oblongata |
197 |
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Internal
Structure |
198 |
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Gross
Appearance of the Pons |
206 |
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Internal
Structure of the Pons |
208 |
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Gross
Appearance of the Midbrain |
210 |
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Internal
Structure of the Midbrain |
210 |
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Clinical Notes |
217 |
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Clinical
Problem Solving |
221 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Clinical Problem Solving |
222 |
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Review Questions |
224 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Review Questions |
227 |
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Additional |
229 |
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Chapter 6 |
The Cerebellum and Its
Connections |
230 |
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Chapter
Objective |
231 |
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Gross
Appearance of the Cerebellum |
231 |
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Structure of
the Cerebellum |
231 |
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Cerebellar
Cortical Mechanisms |
236 |
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Cerebellar
Afferent Fibers |
237 |
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Cerebellar
Efferent Fibers |
240 |
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Functions of
the Cerebellum |
242 |
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Clinical Notes |
243 |
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Clinical
Problem Solving |
245 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Clinical Problem Solving |
246 |
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Review Questions |
247 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Review Questions |
249 |
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Additional |
250 |
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Chapter 7 |
The Cerebrum |
251 |
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Chapter
Objectives |
252 |
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Subdivisions of
the Cerebrum |
252 |
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Diencephalon |
252 |
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General
Appearance of the Cerebral Hemispheres |
257 |
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Main Sulci |
258 |
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Lobes of the
Cerebral Hemisphere |
260 |
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Internal
Structure of the Cerebral Hemispheres |
262 |
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Clinical Notes |
271 |
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Clinical
Problem Solving |
277 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Clinical Problem Solving |
278 |
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Review Questions |
279 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Review Questions |
281 |
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Additional |
283 |
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Chapter 8 |
The Structure and Functional
Localization of the Cerebral Cortex |
284 |
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Chapter
Objective |
285 |
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Structure of
the Cerebral Cortex |
285 |
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Mechanisms of
the Cerebral Cortex |
287 |
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Cortical Areas |
288 |
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Cerebral
Dominance |
295 |
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Clinical Notes |
296 |
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Clinical
Problem Solving |
298 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Clinical Problem Solving |
299 |
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Review Questions |
300 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Review Questions |
302 |
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Additional |
303 |
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Chapter 9 |
The Reticular Formation and the
Limbic System |
304 |
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Chapter
Objective |
305 |
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Reticular
Formation |
305 |
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Limbic System |
307 |
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Clinical Notes |
312 |
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Clinical
Problem Solving |
312 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Clinical Problem Solving |
313 |
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Review Questions |
313 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Review Questions |
314 |
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Additional |
315 |
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Chapter 10 |
The Basal Nuclei (Basal Ganglia)
and their Connections |
316 |
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Chapter
Objective |
317 |
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Terminology |
317 |
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Corpus Striatum |
317 |
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Amygdaloid
Nucleus |
319 |
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Substantia
Nigra and Subthalamic Nuclei |
319 |
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Claustrum |
319 |
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Connections of
the Corpus Striatum and Globus Pallidus |
319 |
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Connections of
the Corpus Striatum |
319 |
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Connections of
the Globus Pallidus |
319 |
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Functions of
the Basal Nuclei |
320 |
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Clinical Notes |
322 |
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Clinical
Problem Solving |
327 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Clinical Problem Solving |
327 |
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Review Questions |
327 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Review Questions |
329 |
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Additional |
329 |
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Chapter 11 |
The Cranial Nerve Nuclei and their
Central Connections and Distribution |
331 |
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Chapter
Objective |
332 |
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The 12 Cranial
Nerves |
332 |
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Organization of
the Cranial Nerves |
332 |
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Olfactory
Nerves (Cranial Nerve I) |
335 |
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Optic Nerve
(Cranial Nerve II) |
336 |
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Oculomotor
Nerve (Cranial Nerve III) |
340 |
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Trochlear Nerve
(Cranial Nerve IV) |
340 |
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Trigeminal
Nerve (Cranial Nerve V) |
341 |
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Abducent Nerve
(Cranial Nerve VI) |
344 |
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Facial Nerve
(Cranial Nerve VII) |
346 |
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Vestibulocochlear
Nerve (Cranial Nerve VIII) |
348 |
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Glossopharyngeal
Nerve (Cranial Nerve IX) |
350 |
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Vagus Nerve
(Cranial Nerve X) |
352 |
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Accessory Nerve
(Cranial Nerve XI) |
354 |
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Hypoglossal
Nerve (Cranial Nerve XII) |
356 |
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Clinical Notes |
358 |
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Clinical
Problem Solving |
363 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Clinical Problem Solving |
364 |
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Review Questions |
365 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Review Questions |
368 |
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Additional |
369 |
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Chapter 12 |
The Thalamus and Its Connections |
371 |
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Chapter
Objective |
372 |
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General
Appearances of the Thalamus |
372 |
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Subdivisions of
the Thalamus |
372 |
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Connections of
the Thalamus |
375 |
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Function of the
Thalamus |
375 |
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Clinical Notes |
378 |
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Clinical
Problem Solving |
378 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Clinical Problem Solving |
378 |
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Review Questions |
379 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Review Questions |
380 |
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Additional |
381 |
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Chapter 13 |
The Hypothalamus and Its
Connections |
382 |
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Chapter
Objectives |
383 |
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The Hypothalamus |
383 |
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Hypothalamic
Nuclei |
383 |
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Afferent
Nervous Connections of the Hypothalamus |
385 |
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Efferent
Nervous Connections of the Hypothalamus |
387 |
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Connections of
the Hypothalamus with the Hypophysis Cerebri |
388 |
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Functions of
the Hypothalamus |
389 |
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Clinical Notes |
392 |
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Clinical
Problem Solving |
392 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Clinical Problem Solving |
393 |
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Review Questions |
393 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Review Questions |
394 |
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Additional |
395 |
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Chapter 14 |
The Autonomic Nervous System |
396 |
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Chapter
Objective |
397 |
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Organization of
the Autonomic Nervous System |
397 |
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The Large
Autonomic Plexuses |
400 |
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Autonomic
Ganglia |
400 |
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Preganglionic
Transmitters |
400 |
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Fast, Slow, and
Inhibitory Synaptic Potentials |
401 |
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Ganglion-Stimulating
Agents |
402 |
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Ganglion-Blocking
Agents |
402 |
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Postganglionic
Nerve Endings |
402 |
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Postganglionic
Transmitters |
402 |
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Other
Postganglionic Transmitters |
403 |
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Blocking of
Cholinergic Receptors |
403 |
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Blocking of
Adrenergic Receptors |
403 |
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Higher Control
of the Autonomic Nervous System |
404 |
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The “Enteric
Nervous System” |
404 |
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Functions of
the Autonomic Nervous System |
404 |
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Important
Anatomical, Physiologic, and Pharmacologic Differences Between the
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Parts of the Autonomic Nervous System |
405 |
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Some Important
Autonomic Innervations |
407 |
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Some Important
Physiological Reflexes Involving the Autonomic Nervous System |
415 |
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Clinical Notes |
417 |
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Clinical
Problem Solving |
420 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Clinical Problem Solving |
421 |
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Review Questions |
422 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Review Questions |
425 |
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Additional |
426 |
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Chapter 15 |
The Meninges of the Brain and
Spinal Cord |
427 |
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Chapter
Objectives |
428 |
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Meninges of the
Brain |
428 |
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Meninges of the
Spinal Cord |
436 |
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Clinical Notes |
438 |
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Clinical
Problem Solving |
441 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Clinical Problem Solving |
442 |
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Review Questions |
443 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Review Questions |
444 |
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Additional |
444 |
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Chapter 16 |
The Ventricular System, the
Cerebrospinal Fluid, and the Blood-Brain and Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid
Barriers |
445 |
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Chapter
Objectives |
446 |
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Ventricular
System |
446 |
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Subarachnoid
Space |
457 |
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Cerebrospinal
Fluid |
458 |
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Blood-Brain and
Blood–Cerebrospinal Fluid Barriers |
462 |
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Clinical Notes |
466 |
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Clinical
Problem Solving |
467 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Clinical Problem Solving |
468 |
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Review Questions |
469 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Review Questions |
472 |
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Additional |
473 |
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Chapter 17 |
The Blood Supply of the Brain
and Spinal Cord |
474 |
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Chapter
Objectives |
475 |
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Blood Supply of
the Brain |
475 |
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Brain
Capillaries |
481 |
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Cerebral
Circulation |
481 |
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Blood Supply of
the Spinal Cord |
481 |
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Clinical Notes |
483 |
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Clinical
Problem Solving |
493 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Clinical Problem Solving |
495 |
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|
Review Questions |
497 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Review Questions |
499 |
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Additional |
500 |
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Chapter 18 |
The Development of the Nervous
System |
501 |
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Chapter
Objectives |
502 |
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Spinal Cord |
502 |
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|
Brain |
504 |
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Clinical Notes |
512 |
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Clinical
Problem Solving |
516 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Clinical Problem Solving |
516 |
|
|
Review Questions |
516 |
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Answers and
Explanations to Review Questions |
518 |
|
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Additional |
519 |
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Appendix |
Important Neuroanatomical Data
of Clinical Significance |
521 |
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Index |
529 |
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