Table of Contents
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Preface |
xiv |
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Acknowledgments |
xv |
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Chapter 1 |
History of Echocardiography Harvey Feigenbaum, MD |
1 |
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Development of Various Echocardiographic Technologies |
2 |
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Recording Echocardiograms |
5 |
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Cardiac Sonographers |
5 |
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Echocardiographic Education and Organizations |
6 |
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References |
7 |
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Chapter 2 |
Physics and Instrumentation |
9 |
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Physical Principles |
9 |
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Interaction Between Ultrasound and Tissue |
10 |
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The Transducer |
12 |
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Manipulating the Ultrasound Beam |
14 |
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Resolution |
16 |
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Creating the Image |
17 |
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Transmitting Ultrasound Energy |
19 |
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Display Options |
20 |
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Tradeoffs in Image Creation |
22 |
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Signal Processing |
22 |
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Tissue Harmonic Imaging |
23 |
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Artifacts |
25 |
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Doppler Echocardiography |
26 |
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Principles of Doppler Ultrasound |
26 |
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Doppler Formats |
29 |
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Color Flow Imaging |
32 |
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Technical Limitations of Color Doppler Imaging |
33 |
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Doppler Artifacts |
34 |
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Tissue Doppler Imaging |
35 |
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Biologic Effects of Ultrasound |
35 |
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Suggested |
37 |
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Chapter 3 |
Specialized Echocardiographic Techniques and Methods |
39 |
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Imaging Devices and Methods |
39 |
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M-Mode Echocardiography |
39 |
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Two-Dimensional Echocardiography |
40 |
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Color B-Mode Scanning |
40 |
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Doppler Interrogation |
40 |
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Color Flow Doppler Imaging |
43 |
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Color Doppler M-Mode Imaging |
43 |
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Doppler Tissue Imaging |
45 |
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Speckle Tracking |
48 |
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Tissue Characterization |
50 |
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Acquisition of Cardiac Ultrasound Information |
51 |
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Transthoracic Echocardiography |
51 |
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Hand-Carried Ultrasound |
52 |
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Dedicated Single-Line Interrogation Transducers |
52 |
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Transesophageal Echocardiography |
53 |
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Three-Dimensional Echocardiography |
55 |
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Epicardial Imaging |
61 |
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Intracardiac Echocardiography |
62 |
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Intravascular Ultrasound |
63 |
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The Digital Echo Laboratory |
63 |
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Suggested |
66 |
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Chapter 4 |
Contrast Echocardiography |
67 |
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Source of Ultrasound Contrast |
67 |
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Contrast Agents |
67 |
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Safety |
69 |
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Clinical Use |
69 |
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Ultrasound Interaction with Contrast Agents |
70 |
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Detection Methods |
71 |
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Machine Settings |
71 |
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Intermittent Imaging |
72 |
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Low Mechanical Index Imaging |
72 |
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Other Mechanical Factors Affecting Contrast Detection |
72 |
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Doppler Imaging |
73 |
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Contrast Artifacts |
73 |
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Detection and Utilization of Intracavitary Contrast |
76 |
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Intramural Cavity Flow, Trabecilation, Incomplete Filling |
77 |
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Enhancement of Doppler Signals |
78 |
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Shunt Detection |
81 |
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Detection of Miscellaneous Conditions |
84 |
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Myocardial Perfusion Contrast Echocardiography |
85 |
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Suggested |
89 |
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Chapter 5 |
The Echocarbiographic Examination |
91 |
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Selecting the Transducers |
93 |
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Patient Position |
93 |
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Placement of the Transducer |
95 |
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An Approach to the Transthoracic Examination |
96 |
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Parasternal Long-Axis Views |
96 |
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Parasternal Short-Axis Views |
97 |
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Apical Views |
102 |
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The Subcostal Examination |
106 |
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Suprasternal Views |
107 |
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Orientation of Two-Dimensional Images |
108 |
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Echocardiographic Measurements |
111 |
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Left Ventricular Wall Segments |
112 |
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M-Mode Examination |
113 |
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Transesophageal Echocardiography |
114 |
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Transesophageal Echocardiographic Views |
115 |
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Echocardiography as a Screening Test |
120 |
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Training in Echocardiography |
120 |
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Suggested |
120 |
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Chapter 6 |
Evaluation of Systolic Function of the Left Ventricle |
123 |
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General Principles |
123 |
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Linear Measurements |
123 |
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Indirect M-Mode Markers of Left Ventricular Function |
125 |
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Two-Dimensional Measurements |
126 |
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Assessment of Left Ventricular Function with Three-Dimensional Echocardiography |
128 |
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Determination of Left Ventricular Mass |
131 |
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Physiologic versus Pathologic Hypertrophy |
132 |
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Regional Left Ventricular Function |
133 |
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Quantitative Techniques |
133 |
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Nonischemic Wall Motion Abnormalities |
135 |
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Premature Ventricular Contractions |
139 |
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Paced Rhythms |
139 |
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Ventricular Preexcitation |
139 |
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Postoperative Cardiac Motion |
140 |
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Posterior Compression |
141 |
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Pericardial Constriction |
142 |
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Doppler Evaluation of Global Left Ventricular Function |
142 |
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Myocardial Performance Index |
143 |
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Other Techniques for Determination of Left Ventricular Systolic Function |
144 |
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Determination of Left Ventricular Dp/Dt |
145 |
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Newer and Advanced Methods for Evaluating Left Ventricular Function |
146 |
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Strain and Strain Rate Imaging |
148 |
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Ventricular Torsion |
155 |
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Conclusion |
155 |
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Suggested Readings |
156 |
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Chapter 7 |
Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function |
159 |
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Normal Diastolic Function |
159 |
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Stages of Diastolic Dysfunction |
160 |
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Normal Diastolic Function |
160 |
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Impaired Relaxation, Grade I |
161 |
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Pseudonormalization, Grade II |
162 |
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Restrictive Filling (Reversible), Grade III |
162 |
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Restrictive Filling (Irreversible), Grade IV |
163 |
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Echo-Doppler Parameters of Diastolic Function |
163 |
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Isovolumic Relaxation Time |
163 |
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Mitral Inflow |
164 |
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Color M-Mode Flow Propagation Velocity (Vp) |
165 |
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Tissue Doppler Mitral Annular Velocity |
166 |
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Pulmonary Venous Flow Patterns |
167 |
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Left Atrial Volume |
169 |
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The Valsalva Maneuver |
171 |
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Other Markers of Diastolic Dysfunction |
171 |
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A Comprehensive Approach to Diastolic Dysfunction |
172 |
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Estimating Left Ventricular Filling Pressures |
175 |
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Stress Testing to Assess Diastolic Function |
175 |
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The Differential Diagnosis of Heart Failure with |
180 |
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Evaluation of Diastolic Dysfunction in Specific Patient Groups |
180 |
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Sinus Tachycardia |
180 |
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Atrial Fibrillation |
181 |
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Mitral Valve Disease |
181 |
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Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy |
181 |
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Prognosis in Patients with Diastolic Dysfunction |
181 |
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Suggested |
182 |
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Chapter 8 |
Left and Right Atrium, and Right Ventricle |
185 |
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Left Atrium |
185 |
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Left Atrial Dimensions and Volume |
185 |
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Left Atrial Function |
188 |
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Atrial Septum |
190 |
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Pulmonary Veins |
193 |
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Right Atrium |
196 |
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Right Atrial Thrombi |
199 |
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Right Atrial Blood Flow |
200 |
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Right Ventricle |
203 |
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Right Ventricular Dimensions and Volumes |
204 |
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Right Ventricular Overload |
209 |
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Right Ventricular Dysplasia |
213 |
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Suggested Readings |
214 |
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Chapter 9 |
Hemodynamics |
217 |
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Use of M-Mode and Two-Dimensional Echocardiography |
217 |
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Quantifying Blood Flow |
218 |
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Clinical Application of Blood Flow Measurement |
221 |
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Measuring Pressure Gradients |
223 |
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Applications of the Bernoulli Equation |
228 |
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Determining Pressure Half-Time |
233 |
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The Continuity Equation |
236 |
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Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area |
237 |
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Myocardial Performance Index |
239 |
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Suggested Readings |
240 |
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Chapter 10 |
Pericardial Diseases |
241 |
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Clinical Overview |
241 |
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Echocardiographic Evaluation of the Pericardium |
241 |
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Detection and Quantitation of Pericardial Fluid |
242 |
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Direct Visualization of the Pericardium |
246 |
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Differentiation of Pericardial from Pleural Effusion |
248 |
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Cardiac Tamponade |
248 |
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Echocardiographic Findings in Cardiac Tamponade |
249 |
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Doppler Findings in Tamponade |
251 |
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Pericardial Constriction |
254 |
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Echocardiographic Diagnosis |
254 |
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Doppler Echocardiographic Findings in Constriction |
256 |
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Effusive Constrictive Pericarditis |
257 |
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Constrictive Pericarditis versus Restrictive Cardiomyapathy |
258 |
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Miscellaneous Pericardial Disorders and Observations |
259 |
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Postoperative Effusions |
259 |
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Echocardiography-Guided Pericardiocentesis |
260 |
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Congenital Absence of the Pericardium |
261 |
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Pericardial Cysts |
261 |
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Suggested Readings |
262 |
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Chapter 11 |
Aortic Valve Disease |
263 |
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Aortic Stenosis |
263 |
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Doppler Assessment of Aortic Stenosis |
266 |
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Other Approaches to Quantifying Stenosis |
275 |
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Defining the Severity of Aortic Stenosis |
275 |
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Dobutamine Echocardiography in the Evaluation of Aortic Stenosis |
276 |
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Natural History of Aortic Stenosis |
276 |
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Clinical Decision Making |
278 |
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Aortic Regurgitation |
280 |
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Appropriateness Criteria |
280 |
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M-Mode and Two-Dimensional Imaging |
280 |
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Establishing a Diagnosis of Aortic Regurgitation |
283 |
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Evaluating the Severity of Aortic Regurgitation |
286 |
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Acute versus Chronic Aortic Regurgitation |
291 |
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Assessing the Left Ventricle |
291 |
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Miscellaneous Abnormalities of the Aortic Valve |
293 |
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Suggested Readings |
293 |
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Chapter 12 |
Mitral Valve Disease |
295 |
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Anatomy of the Mitral Valve |
295 |
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Physiology of Mitral Valve Disease |
297 |
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Mitral Stenosis |
297 |
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Two-Dimensional Echocardiography in Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis |
298 |
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|
Congenital Mitral Stenosis |
301 |
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|
M-Mode Echocardiography |
301 |
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|
Transesophageal Echocardiography |
302 |
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|
Role of Three-Dimensional Echocardiography |
303 |
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|
Anatomic Determination of Severity |
303 |
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|
Doppler Echocardiographic Determination of Severity |
304 |
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|
Exercise Gradients |
307 |
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|
Secondary Features of Mitral Stenosis |
307 |
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|
Atrial Fibrillation |
309 |
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Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension |
310 |
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|
Decision Making Regarding Intervention |
310 |
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Mitral Regurgitation |
310 |
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|
Doppler Evaluation Ot Mitral Regurgitation |
311 |
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|
Flail Leaflets |
313 |
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|
Functional Mitral Regurgitation |
318 |
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|
Determination of Mitral Regurgitation Severity |
320 |
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|
Other Considerations in Assessing Mitral Regurgitation |
324 |
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|
Mitral Valve Prolapse |
326 |
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|
Miscellaneous Mitral Valve Abnormalities |
330 |
|
|
Calcification of the Mitral Annulus |
331 |
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|
Tumors of the Mitral Valve |
331 |
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|
Aneurysms of the Mitral Valve |
332 |
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|
Endocarditis and Valve Perforation |
334 |
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Anular Dehiscence |
334 |
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Radiation Damage |
334 |
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Carcinoid and Diet Drug Valvulopathy |
334 |
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|
Suggested Readings |
335 |
|
Chapter 13 |
Tricuspid and Pulmonary Valves |
337 |
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|
Clinical Overview |
337 |
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|
Pulmonary Valve |
337 |
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|
Pulmonary Valve Stenosis |
341 |
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|
Pulmonary Valve Regurgitation |
342 |
|
|
Miscellaneous Abnormalities of the Pulmonary Valve |
343 |
|
|
Evaluation of the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract |
344 |
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|
Tricuspid Valve |
345 |
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|
Doppler Evaluation of the Tricuspid Valve |
346 |
|
|
Tricuspid Stenosis |
348 |
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|
Tricuspid Regurgitation |
348 |
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|
Pacemaker and Catheter-Induced Tricuspid Regurgitation |
349 |
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Ischemic Heart Disease |
350 |
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Quantitation of Tricuspid Regurgitation |
351 |
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|
Determination of Right Ventricular Systolic Pressure |
353 |
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Other Specific Conditions Resulting in Tricuspid and Pulmonary Valve Disease |
355 |
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Carcinoid Heart Disease |
355 |
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Endocardial Fibroelastosis |
357 |
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Ebstein Anomaly |
357 |
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Tricuspid Valve Resection |
357 |
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Cardiac Biopsy |
359 |
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Tumors and Other Masses |
359 |
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Suggested Readings |
359 |
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Chapter 14 |
Infective Endocarditis |
361 |
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Clinical Perspective |
361 |
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Echocardiographic Characteristics of Vegetation |
361 |
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Diagnostic Accuracy of Echocardiography |
366 |
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Evolution of the Diagnostic Criteria |
367 |
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Complications of Endocarditis |
368 |
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Prognosis and Predicting Risk |
374 |
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Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis |
375 |
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Infected Intracardiac Devices |
377 |
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Right-Sided Endocarditis |
378 |
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Approach to the Patient with Endocarditis |
379 |
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Suggested Readings |
383 |
|
Chapter 15 |
Prosthetic Valves |
385 |
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Types of Prosthetic Valves |
385 |
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Normal Prosthetic Valve Function |
386 |
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Application of Echocardiography to Patients with Prosthetic Valves |
392 |
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General Approach to Prosthetic Valves |
394 |
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|
Prosthetic Aortic Valves |
397 |
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Prosthetic Mitral Valves |
402 |
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|
Specific Causes of Dysfunction |
402 |
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Obstruction |
402 |
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Infective Endocarditis |
409 |
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Mechanical Failure |
415 |
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Right-Sided Prosthetic Valves |
415 |
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Valved Conduits |
419 |
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Mitral Valve Repair |
419 |
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|
Suggested Readings |
424 |
|
Chapter 16 |
Echocardiography and Coronary Artery Disease |
427 |
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Clinical Overview |
427 |
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Pathophysiology of Coronary Syndromes |
427 |
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Detection and Quantitation of Wall Motion Abnormalities |
431 |
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|
Role of the Three-Dimensional Echocardiography |
436 |
|
|
Doppler Tissue Imaging and Speckle Tracking |
437 |
|
|
Other Methods for Evaluating Ischemic Myocardium |
438 |
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|
Echocardiographic Evaluation of Clinical Syndromes |
438 |
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|
Angina Pectoris |
438 |
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|
Acute Myocardial Infarction |
438 |
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|
Natural History of Wall Motion Abnormalities |
444 |
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Prognostic Implications |
446 |
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|
Doppler Evaluation of Systolic and Diastolic Function in Acute Myocardial Infarction |
446 |
|
|
Complications of Acute Myocardial Infarction |
448 |
|
|
Pericardia! Effusion |
448 |
|
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Infarct Expansion/Acute Remodeling |
450 |
|
|
Free-Wall Rupture |
450 |
|
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Ventricular Thrombus |
451 |
|
|
Right Ventricular Infarction |
451 |
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Acute Mitral Regurgitation |
453 |
|
|
Ventricular Septal Rupture |
455 |
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|
Cardiogenic Shock |
457 |
|
|
Chronic Coronary Artery Disease |
457 |
|
|
Left Ventricular Aneurysm |
457 |
|
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Left Ventricular Pseudoaneurysm |
460 |
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|
Chronic Remodeling |
462 |
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Mural Thrombus |
462 |
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Mitral Regurgitation |
464 |
|
|
Chronic Ischemic Dysfunction |
465 |
|
|
Direct Coronary Visualization |
468 |
|
|
Kawasaki Disease |
470 |
|
|
Direct Visualization of Atherosclerosis |
470 |
|
|
Suggested Readings |
471 |
|
Chapter 17 |
Stress Echocardiography |
473 |
|
|
Physiologic Basis |
473 |
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|
Methodology |
475 |
|
|
Treadmill |
475 |
|
|
Bicycle Ergometry |
476 |
|
|
Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography |
477 |
|
|
Dipyridamole and Adenosine |
478 |
|
|
Three-Dimensional Stress Echocardiography |
478 |
|
|
Choosing Among the Different Stress Modalities |
479 |
|
|
Interpretation of Stress Echocardiography |
479 |
|
|
Categorization of Wall Motion |
482 |
|
|
Wall Motion Response to Stress |
484 |
|
|
Localization of Coronary Artery Lesions |
484 |
|
|
Correlation with Symptoms and Electrocardiographic Changes |
485 |
|
|
Detection of Coronary Artery Disease |
486 |
|
|
Role of Myocardial Perfusion Imaging |
488 |
|
|
Comparison with Nuclear Techniques |
491 |
|
|
Applications of Stress Echocardiography |
492 |
|
|
Prognostic Value of Stress Echocardiography |
492 |
|
|
Stress Echocardiography After Myocardial Infarction |
495 |
|
|
Stress Echocardiography After Revascularization |
496 |
|
|
Preoperative Risk Assessment |
498 |
|
|
Stress Echocardiography in Women |
499 |
|
|
Assessment of Myocardial Viability |
501 |
|
|
Stress Echocardiography in Valvular Heart Disease |
502 |
|
|
Diastolic Stress Echocardiography |
503 |
|
|
Suggested Readings |
505 |
|
Chapter 18 |
Dilated Cardiomyopathies |
507 |
|
|
Clinical and Echocardiographic Overview |
507 |
|
|
Dilated Cardiomyopathy |
507 |
|
|
Doppler Evaluation of Systolic and Diastolic Function |
512 |
|
|
Assessment of Diastolic Functions |
514 |
|
|
Myocardial Performance Index |
516 |
|
|
Secondary Findings in Dilated Cardiomyopathy |
517 |
|
|
Etiology of Dilated Cardiomyopathy |
518 |
|
|
Determination of Prognosis in Dilated Cardiomyopathy |
521 |
|
|
The Role of Echocardiography in Basic and Advanced Therapy |
523 |
|
|
Biventricular Pacing for Congestive Heart Failure |
523 |
|
|
Cardiac Transplantation and Other Advanced Support |
527 |
|
|
Ventricular Assist Devices |
530 |
|
|
Myocarditis |
534 |
|
|
Peripartum Cardiomyopathy |
536 |
|
|
Chagas Myocarditis |
536 |
|
|
Suggested Readings |
537 |
|
Chapter 19 |
Hypertrophic and Other Cardiomyopathies |
539 |
|
|
Overview |
539 |
|
|
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy |
539 |
|
|
Echocardiographic Evaluation of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy |
539 |
|
|
Assessment of the Left Ventricular Outflow Tract in Obstructive Cardiomyopathy |
541 |
|
|
Mitral Regurgitation in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy |
546 |
|
|
Variants of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy |
547 |
|
|
Mid-Cavitary Obstruction |
548 |
|
|
Screening of Family Members |
549 |
|
|
Conditions Mimicking Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy |
550 |
|
|
End-Stage Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy |
553 |
|
|
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Therapy |
554 |
|
|
Infiltrative and Restrictive Cardiomyopathy |
554 |
|
|
Echocardiographic Evaluation of Restrictive Cardiomyopathy |
555 |
|
|
Cardiac Amyloid |
556 |
|
|
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy |
556 |
|
|
Constrictive versus Restrictive Heart Disease |
556 |
|
|
Endocardial Fibroelastosis and Hypereosinophilic Syndrome |
559 |
|
|
Suggested Readings |
560 |
|
Chapter 20 |
Congenital Heart Diseases |
561 |
|
|
The Echocardiographic Examination: a Segmental Approach to Anatomy |
562 |
|
|
Cardiac Situs |
562 |
|
|
Ventricular Morphology |
563 |
|
|
Great Artery Connections |
564 |
|
|
Abnormalities of Right Ventricular Inflow |
565 |
|
|
Abnormalities of Left Ventricular Inflow |
566 |
|
|
Pulmonary Veins |
566 |
|
|
Left Atrium |
567 |
|
|
Mitral Valve |
570 |
|
|
Abnormalities of Right Ventricular Outflow |
571 |
|
|
Right Ventricle |
571 |
|
|
Pulmonary Valve |
573 |
|
|
Pulmonary Artery |
573 |
|
|
Abnormalities of Left Ventricular Outflow |
575 |
|
|
Subvalvular Obstruction |
576 |
|
|
Valvular Aortic Stenosis |
578 |
|
|
Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis |
580 |
|
|
Coarctation of the Aorta |
581 |
|
|
Abnormalities of Cardiac Septation |
584 |
|
|
Atrial Septal Defect |
584 |
|
|
Ventricular Septal Defect |
590 |
|
|
Endocardial Cushion Defect |
600 |
|
|
Abnormal Vascular Connections and Structures |
600 |
|
|
Patent Ductus Arteriosus |
600 |
|
|
Abnormal Systemic Venous Connections |
602 |
|
|
Abnormal Pulmonary Venous Connections |
603 |
|
|
Abnormalities of the Coronary Circulation |
608 |
|
|
Conotruncal Abnormalities |
612 |
|
|
Tetralogy of Fallot |
612 |
|
|
Transposition of the Great Arteries |
615 |
|
|
Double-Outlet Right Ventricle |
621 |
|
|
Persistent Truncus Arteriosus and Aortopulmonary Window |
623 |
|
|
Abnormalities of Ventricular Development |
623 |
|
|
Single Ventricle |
624 |
|
|
Tricuspid Atresia |
626 |
|
|
Echocardiographic Evaluation during and After Surgery |
628 |
|
|
Systemic Arterv to Pulmonary Artery Shunts |
628 |
|
|
The Fontan Procedure |
629 |
|
|
Right Ventricle to Pulmonary Artery Conduits |
630 |
|
|
Suggested Readings |
632 |
|
Chapter 21 |
Diseases of the Aorta |
633 |
|
|
Normal Aortic Anatomy |
633 |
|
|
Echocardiographic Evaluation |
634 |
|
|
Aortic Dilation and Aneurysm |
637 |
|
|
Marfan Syndrome |
640 |
|
|
Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm |
643 |
|
|
Aortic Dissection |
645 |
|
|
Echocardiographic Diagnosis |
646 |
|
|
Intramural Hematoma |
653 |
|
|
Complications and Natural History of Aortic Dissection |
655 |
|
|
Aortic Atheroma |
657 |
|
|
Miscellaneous Conditions |
661 |
|
|
Coarctation of the Aorta |
661 |
|
|
Aortic Pseudoaneurysm |
661 |
|
|
Aortic Trauma |
661 |
|
|
Infections of the Aorta |
662 |
|
|
Aortic Thrombus |
663 |
|
|
Takayasu Arteritis |
664 |
|
|
Suggested Readings |
665 |
|
Chapter 22 |
ICU and Operative/Perioperative Applications |
667 |
|
|
Evaluation of Patients in the Medical Intensive Care Unit |
667 |
|
|
Hypotension and Shock |
667 |
|
|
Evaluation of Hypoxia |
671 |
|
|
Echocardiography in the Emergency Department |
671 |
|
|
Echocardiography Following Cardiac Arrest |
673 |
|
|
Pre-, Intra-, and Postoperative Echocardiography |
673 |
|
|
Role of Echocardiography in Mitral Valve Surgery |
676 |
|
|
Tricuspid Valve Repair |
687 |
|
|
Role of Echocardiography in Aortic Valve Procedures |
687 |
|
|
Miscellaneous Applications |
692 |
|
|
Other Intraoperative Complications of Cardiac Surgery |
693 |
|
|
Intraoperative Monitoring for Noncardiac Procedures |
696 |
|
|
Delayed Cardiac Surgery Complications |
696 |
|
|
Monitoring of Nonoperative and Interventional Procedures |
698 |
|
|
Interventional Cardiac Procedures |
700 |
|
|
Other Applications in the Catheterization Laboratory |
708 |
|
|
Suggested Readings |
708 |
|
Chapter 23 |
Masses, Tumors, and Source of Embolus |
711 |
|
|
Normal Variants and Artifacts: Sources of False-Positive Findings |
711 |
|
|
Role of Echocardiography |
712 |
|
|
Cardiac Tumors |
712 |
|
|
Primary Tumors |
712 |
|
|
Metastatic Tumors to the Heart |
717 |
|
|
Intracardiac Thrombi |
720 |
|
|
Left Ventricular Thrombi |
720 |
|
|
Left Atrial Thrombi |
726 |
|
|
Right Atrial Thrombi |
731 |
|
|
Spontaneous Echo Contrast |
731 |
|
|
Role of Echocardiography in Systemic Embolus |
732 |
|
|
Pseudotumors and Other Cardiac Masses |
736 |
|
|
Suggested Readings |
739 |
|
Chapter 24 |
Echocardiography in Systemic Disease and Clinical Problem Solving |
741 |
|
|
Echocardiography and Systemic Disease |
741 |
|
|
Hypertension |
741 |
|
|
Diabetes Mellitus |
743 |
|
|
Thyroid Disease |
743 |
|
|
Chronic Renal Insufficiency |
744 |
|
|
Connective Tissue/Autoimmune Disease |
746 |
|
|
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus |
746 |
|
|
Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome |
747 |
|
|
Scleroderma/Raynaud Phenomenon |
747 |
|
|
Marfan Syndrome |
748 |
|
|
Chronic Liver Disease and Cirrhosis |
750 |
|
|
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
752 |
|
|
Pulmonary Hypertension |
753 |
|
|
Miscellaneous Diseases |
757 |
|
|
Sarcoidosis |
757 |
|
|
Hemochromatosis |
758 |
|
|
Muscular Dystrophy/Glycogen Storage Disease |
758 |
|
|
Hypereosinophilia |
758 |
|
|
Carcinoid Syndrome |
759 |
|
|
Sickle Cell Anemia |
759 |
|
|
Human Immunodeficiency Virus |
759 |
|
|
Diet-Drug Valvulopathy |
760 |
|
|
Obesity |
760 |
|
|
Clinical Presentations and Problem Solving |
760 |
|
|
Congestive Heart Failure |
760 |
|
|
Evaluation of Dyspnea |
761 |
|
|
Acute Pulmonary Embolus |
762 |
|
|
Echocardiographic Findings |
762 |
|
|
Atrial Fibrillation |
763 |
|
|
Neurogenic Myocardial Stunning |
766 |
|
|
Syncope |
767 |
|
|
Evaluation of Cardiac Arrhythmias |
767 |
|
|
Evaluation of Patients Before and during Chemotherapy |
768 |
|
|
Radiation-Induced Cardiac Disease |
768 |
|
|
Screening for Athletic Competition and the Athlete’s Heart |
769 |
|
|
The Heart in Pregnancy |
770 |
|
|
Effects of Advanced Age |
772 |
|
|
Suggested Readings |
773 |
|
|
Index |
775 |
|
|
|
|