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Table of Contents


	Preface	v
	Acknowledgments	vii
1	Introduction	1
	Defining Health-Related Physical Fitness	2
	Components of Health-Related Physical Fitness	3
	The Importance of Measuring Health-Related Physical Fitness	4
	The Relationship of Physical Fitness to Health	4
	The Relationship of Physical Fitness to Function	6
	Fundamental Principles of Assessment	6
	A Specific Assessment Objective	7
	The Cold Standard (i.e., True Measure)	7
	Equipment Calibration	8
	Standardization	8
	Interpretation Issues	9
	The Physical Fitness Professional	9
	Academic Training	9
	Credentials	9
	References	10
2	Preassessment Screening	11
	Rationale for Preassessment Screening	12
	Informed Consent	12
	The Process of the Informed Consent	14
	Explanation of Procedures	15
	Screening Procedures	16
	Objective: Risk Stratification	16
	Health History Questionnaire	17
	Other Health Issues to Consider	26
	Understanding Medication Usage	26
	Summary	26
	Laboratory Activities	27
	Risk Stratification Using a Comprehensive Health History Questionnaire	27
	Risk Stratification Using the AHA/ACSM Health/Fitness Facility Preparticipation Screening Questionnaire	27
	Administering an Informed Consent	27
	Case Study	28
	References	28
3	Risk Factor Assessments	29
	Resting Blood Pressure	30
	Measurement	30
	Interpretation	34
	Blood Tests	35
	Blood Sampling Methods	36
	Standard Precautions	37
	Interpretation	37
	Obesity	37
	Measurement of Height and Weight	38
	Measurement of Waist Circumference	41
	Interpretation	43
	Physical Activity	43
	Subjective Assessment	44
	Objective Assessment	44
	Interpretation	47
	Other Diseases and Conditions	48
	Pulmonary Disease	48
	Osteoporosis	48
	Summary	51
	Laboratory Activities	52
	Resting Blood Pressure Assessment	52
	Body Mass Index Assessment	52
	International Physical Activity Questionnaire Assessment	53
	Case Study	53
	References	53
4	Body Composition	55
	Why Measure Body Composition?	56
	Health Implications	56
	Functional Implications	56
	What is the Gold Standard Test?	56
	Clinical Measures	57
	Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography	57
	Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry	57
	Tests of Body Volume	58
	Underwater (Hydrostatic) Weighing	59
	Plethysmography	61
	Anthropometry	62
	Skinfold Measurements	62
	Circumferences Measurements	67
	Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis	67
	Interpretation	71
	Estimation of Goal Body Weight	72
	Summary	72
	Laboratory Activities	73
	Skinfold Estimation of Body Fat Percentage	73
	Case Study	74
	References	74
5	Muscular Fitness	75
	Unique Assessment Principles	76
	Types of Contractions	76
	Familiarization	76
	Method of Loading	76
	Proper Positioning	78
	Specificity	78
	Muscular Fitness Continuum	78
	Strength Assessments	78
	Static	79
	Dynamic	79
	Endurance Assessments	82
	Dynamic	82
	Static	87
	Interpretation Issues	88
	Summary	89
	Laboratory Activities	90
	Assessment of Muscular Strength	90
	Muscular Endurance Assessment	90
	Case Study	91
	References	91
6	Flexibility	92
	Flexibility as a Component of Health-Related Physical Fitness	93
	Unique Assessment Principles	93
	Specificity	93
	Warm-Up	93
	Methods of Measurement	93
	Distance Tests for Assessment of Flexibility	94
	Sit-and-Reach Test	94
	Assessment of Lumbar Flexion	95
	Assessment of Lumbar Extension	95
	Range of Motion Defined	96
	Goniometers�Tools to Measure Range of Motion	98
	Range-of-Motion Assessment Overview	99
	Specific Range-of-Motion Tests	100
	Interpretation	106
	Summary	107
	Laboratory Activities	108
	Range-of-Motion Assessments	108
	Distance Tests for Flexibility Assessment	108
	Case Study	109
	References	109
7	Cardiorespiratory Fitness: Estimation from Field and Submaximal Exercise Tests	110
	Why Measure Cardiorespiratory Fitness?	111
	Health Implications	111
	Functional Implications	111
	What is the Gold Standard Test?	111
	Deciding on Which Method to Use	112
	Pretest Standardizations for Cardiorespiratory Fitness Assessments	112
	Field Tests for Prediction of Aerobic Capacity	112
	Step Tests	113
	Fixed Distance Tests	114
	Fixed Time Tests	114
	Submaximal Exercise Tests	115
	Predicting Maximal Heart Rate	116
	Test Termination Criteria	116
	Monitoring	116
	Exercise Modes	118
	YMCA Submaximal Cycle Test	121
	�strand Submaximal Cycle Ergometer Test	127
	Treadmill	130
	Interpretation	132
	Sources of Error in Submaximal Prediction	133
	Summary	135
	Laboratory Activities	136
	Field Test Assessments of Cardiorespiratory Fitness	136
	Submaximal Exercise Test Assessments of Cardiorespiratory Fitness	136
	Case Study	136
	References	137
8	Cardiorespiratory Fitness: Maximal Exercise Testing	138
	Risks	139
	Contraindications	139
	Monitoring	139
	Personnel	139
	Selecting the Mode for Testing	144
	Protocols	145
	Bruce Protocol	145
	Balke-Ware Protocol	147
	Ball State University/Bruce Ramp Protocol	147
	Running Protocol	148
	Cycle Protocols	149
	Test Procedures	150
	Supervisor	150
	Test Monitoring Roles	151
	Measured and Estimated VO_2max	151
	Estimating VO_2max from Exercise Test Time	151
	Estimating VO_2max from Peak Workload	152
	Interpretation	152
	Summary	153
	Laboratory Activities	154
	Maximal Exercise Tests	154
	Case Study	154
	References	155
Appendix A	Conversions	156
Appendix B	Forms	158
	Index	165