Table
of Contents
|
|
|
|
|
Introduction |
A View of the Past: Exercise Physiology—Roots
and Historical Perspectives Dr. Charles Tipton |
xvii |
|
PART ONE |
EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY |
1 |
|
Section 1 |
Nutrition:
The Base for Human Performance Interview
with Dr. David L. Costill |
3 |
|
Chapter 1 |
Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins |
7 |
|
Part 1 |
Carbohydrates |
8 |
|
|
Kinds and Sources of Carbohydrates |
8 |
|
|
Recommended Intake of Carbohydrates |
13 |
|
|
Role of Carbohydrates in the Body |
13 |
|
|
Carbohydrate Dynamics in Exercise |
16 |
|
Part 2 |
Lipids |
20 |
|
|
The Nature of Lipids |
20 |
|
|
Kinds and Sources of Lipids |
20 |
|
|
Recommended Lipid Intake |
26 |
|
|
Role of Lipid in the Body |
27 |
|
|
Fat Dynamics during Exercise |
28 |
|
Part 3 |
Proteins |
31 |
|
|
The Nature of Proteins |
31 |
|
|
Kinds of Protein |
31 |
|
|
Recommended Protein Intake |
33 |
|
|
Role of Protein in the Body |
35 |
|
|
Dynamics of Protein Metabolism |
37 |
|
|
Nitrogen Balance |
37 |
|
|
Protein Dynamics in Exercise and Training |
39 |
|
Chapter 2 |
Vitamins, Minerals, and Water |
42 |
|
Part 1 |
Vitamins |
43 |
|
|
The Nature of Vitamins |
43 |
|
|
Kinds of Vitamins |
43 |
|
|
Role of Vitamins |
43 |
|
|
Defining Nutrient Needs |
45 |
|
|
Exercise, Free Radicals, and Antioxidants |
51 |
|
|
Vitamin Supplements: The Competitive Exercise Edge? |
53 |
|
Part 2 |
Minerals |
56 |
|
|
The Nature of Minerals |
56 |
|
|
Role of Minerals in the Body |
56 |
|
|
Calcium |
56 |
|
|
The Female Athlete Triad: Unexpected Problem for Women Who Train
Intensely |
63 |
|
|
Phosphorus |
65 |
|
|
Magnesium |
65 |
|
|
Iron |
67 |
|
|
Sodium, Potassium, and Chlorine |
71 |
|
|
Minerals and Exercise Performance |
72 |
|
Part 3 |
Water |
75 |
|
|
The Body’s Water Content |
75 |
|
|
Water Balance: Intake versus Output |
77 |
|
|
Water Requirement in Exercise |
78 |
|
Chapter 3 |
Optimal Nutrition for Exercise |
81 |
|
|
Nutrient Intake Among the Physically Active |
82 |
|
|
Mypyramid: The Essentials of Good Nutrition |
87 |
|
|
Exercise and Food Intake |
90 |
|
|
Precompetition Meal |
94 |
|
|
Carbohydrate Feedings Prior To, During, and in Recovery from
Exercise |
97 |
|
|
Glucose Feedings, Electrolytes, and Water Uptake |
101 |
|
Section 2 |
Energy for
Physical Activity Dr.
John O. Holloszy |
107 |
|
Chapter 4 |
Energy Value of Food |
111 |
|
|
Measurement of Food Energy |
112 |
|
Chapter 5 |
Introduction to Energy Transfer |
118 |
|
|
Energy—The Capacity for Work |
119 |
|
|
Interconversions of Energy |
121 |
|
|
Biologic Work in Humans |
123 |
|
|
Factors that Affect the Rate of Bioenergetics |
124 |
|
|
Hydrolysis and Condensation: The Basis for Digestion and
Synthesis |
128 |
|
Chapter 6 |
Energy Transfer in the Body |
134 |
|
Part 1 |
Phosphate
Bond Energy |
135 |
|
|
Adenosine Triphosphate: The Energy
Currency |
135 |
|
|
Phosphocreatine: The Energy Reservoir |
138 |
|
|
Cellular Oxidation |
138 |
|
|
Oxygen’s Role in Energy Metabolism |
142 |
|
Part 2 |
Energy
Release from Macronutrients |
142 |
|
|
Energy Release from Carbohydrate |
145 |
|
|
Energy Release from Fat |
153 |
|
|
Energy Release from Protein |
157 |
|
|
The Metabolic Mill: Interrelationships Among Carbohydrate, Fat,
and Protein Metabolism |
159 |
|
Chapter 7 |
Energy Transfer during Exercise |
162 |
|
|
Immediate Energy: The ATP-PCR System |
163 |
|
|
Short-Term Energy: The Lactic Acid System |
163 |
|
|
Long-Term Energy: The Aerobic System |
164 |
|
|
Energy Spectrum of Exercise |
168 |
|
|
Oxygen Consumption during Recovery |
169 |
|
Chapter 8 |
Measurement of Human Energy Expenditure |
178 |
|
|
Measuring the Body’s Heat Production |
179 |
|
|
Doubly Labeled Water Technique |
185 |
|
|
Respiratory Quotient |
186 |
|
|
Respiratory Exchange Ratio |
190 |
|
Chapter 9 |
Human Energy Expenditure during Rest and Physical Activity |
192 |
|
Part 1 |
Energy
Expenditure at Rest |
193 |
|
|
Basal and
Resting Metabolic Rate |
193 |
|
|
Metabolic Size Concept |
193 |
|
|
Comparing Metabolic Rates in Humans |
194 |
|
|
Factors that Affect Energy Expenditure |
197 |
|
Part 2 |
Energy
Expenditure During Physical Activity |
200 |
|
|
Classification of Physical Activities by Energy Expenditure |
200 |
|
|
The Met |
200 |
|
|
Daily Rates of Average Energy Expenditure |
201 |
|
|
Energy Cost of Household, Industrial, and Recreational Activities |
201 |
|
|
Heart Rate to Estimate Energy Expenditure |
203 |
|
Chapter 10 |
Energy Expenditure during Walking, Jogging, Running, and Swimming |
206 |
|
|
Gross versus Net Energy Expenditure |
207 |
|
|
Economy of Human Movement and Mechanical Efficiency |
207 |
|
|
Energy Expenditure during Walking |
209 |
|
|
Energy Expenditure during Running |
212 |
|
|
Swimming |
220 |
|
Chapter 11 |
Individual Differences and Measurement of Energy Capacities |
225 |
|
|
Specificity versus Generality of Metabolic Capacity and Exercise
Performance |
226 |
|
|
Overview of Energy-Transfer Capacity during Exercise |
226 |
|
|
Anaerobic Energy Transfer: The Immediate and Short-Term Energy
Systems |
227 |
|
|
Aerobic Energy: The Long-Term Energy System |
234 |
|
Section 3 |
Aerobic Systems of Energy Delivery and
Utilization Dr. Loring
B. Rowell |
249 |
|
Chapter 12 |
Pulmonary Structure and Function |
253 |
|
|
Surface Area and Gas Exchange |
254 |
|
|
Anatomy of Ventilation |
254 |
|
|
Mechanics of Ventilation |
255 |
|
|
Lung Volumes and Capacities |
258 |
|
|
Lung Function, Aerobic Fitness, and Exercise Performance |
261 |
|
|
Pulmonary Ventilation |
263 |
|
|
Variations from |
265 |
|
|
The Respiratory Tract during |
|
|
|
Gas Exchange and Transport |
270 |
|
Part 1 |
Gaseous
Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues |
271 |
|
|
Concentrations and Partial Pressures of Respired Gases |
271 |
|
|
Movement of Gas in Air and Fluids |
272 |
|
|
Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues |
273 |
|
Part 2 |
Oxygen
Transport |
275 |
|
|
Transport of Oxygen in the Blood |
275 |
|
Part 3 |
Carbon
Dioxide Transport |
282 |
|
|
Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood |
282 |
|
Chapter 14 |
Dynamics of Pulmonary Ventilation |
286 |
|
Part 1 |
Regulation
of Pulmonary Ventilation |
287 |
|
|
Ventilatory Control |
287 |
|
|
Regulation of Ventilation during Exercise |
289 |
|
Part 2 |
Pulmonary
Ventilation During Exercise |
291 |
|
|
Ventilation and Energy Demands in Exercise |
291 |
|
|
Energy Cost of Breathing |
296 |
|
|
Does Ventilation Limit Aerobic Power and Endurance? |
298 |
|
Part 3 |
Acid-Base
Regulation |
300 |
|
|
Buffering |
300 |
|
|
Physiologic Buffers |
301 |
|
|
Effects of Intense Exercise |
302 |
|
Chapter 15 |
The Cardiovascular System |
303 |
|
|
Cardiovascular System Components |
304 |
|
|
Hypertension |
315 |
|
|
Blood Pressure Response to Exercise |
317 |
|
|
The Heart’s Blood Supply |
319 |
|
|
Myocardial Metabolism |
322 |
|
Chapter 16 |
Cardiovascular Regulation and Integration |
324 |
|
|
Intrinsic Regulation of Heart Rate |
325 |
|
|
Extrinsic Regulation of Heart Rate and Circulation |
328 |
|
|
Distribution of Blood |
333 |
|
|
Integrative Exercise Response |
335 |
|
|
Exercising After Cardiac Transplantation |
335 |
|
Chapter 17 |
Functional Capacity of the Cardiovascular System |
340 |
|
|
Cardiac Output |
341 |
|
|
Cardiac Output at Rest |
342 |
|
|
Cardiac Output during Exercise |
343 |
|
|
Cardiac Output Distribution |
346 |
|
|
Cardiac Output and Oxygen Transport |
347 |
|
|
Cardiovascular Adjustments to Upper-Body Exercise |
351 |
|
Chapter 18 |
Skeletal Muscle: Structure and Function |
353 |
|
|
Gross Structure of Skeletal Muscle |
354 |
|
|
Skeletal Muscle Ultrastructure |
357 |
|
|
Muscle Fiber Alignment |
360 |
|
|
Actin-Myosin Orientation |
363 |
|
|
Chemical and Mechanical Events during Muscle Action and
Relaxation |
364 |
|
|
Muscle Fiber Type |
371 |
|
|
Genes that Define Skeletal Muscle Phenotype |
374 |
|
|
Fiber Type Differences Among Athletic Groups |
374 |
|
Chapter 19 |
Neural Control of Human Movement |
376 |
|
|
Neuromotor System Organization |
377 |
|
|
Nerve Supply to Muscle |
385 |
|
|
Motor Unit Functional Characteristics |
390 |
|
|
Receptors in Muscles, Joints, and Tendons: The Proprioceptors |
393 |
|
Chapter 20 |
The Endocrine System: Organization and Acute
and Chronic Responses to Exercise |
400 |
|
|
Endocrine System Overview |
401 |
|
|
Endocrine System Organization |
401 |
|
|
Resting and Exercise-Induced Endocrine Secretions |
407 |
|
|
Gonadal Hormones |
417 |
|
|
Exercise Training and Endocrine Function |
430 |
|
|
Resistance Training and Endocrine Function |
437 |
|
|
Opioid Peptides and Physical Activity |
439 |
|
|
Physical Activity, Infectious Illness, Cancer, and Immune
Response |
439 |
|
PART TWO |
APPLIED EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY |
445 |
|
Section 4 |
Enhancement
of Energy Transfer Capacity Dr. Bengt Saltin |
447 |
|
Chapter 21 |
Training for Anaerobic and Aerobic Power |
451 |
|
|
Exercise Training Principles |
452 |
|
|
Physiologic Consequences of Exercise Training |
457 |
|
|
Anaerobic System Changes with Training |
458 |
|
|
Aerobic System Changes with Training |
458 |
|
|
Factors that Affect Aerobic Training Responses |
470 |
|
|
|
475 |
|
|
How Long Before Improvements Occur? |
476 |
|
|
Maintenance of Aerobic Fitness Gains |
478 |
|
|
Training Methods |
479 |
|
|
Overtraining: Too Much of a Good Thing |
483 |
|
|
Exercising during Pregnancy |
485 |
|
Chapter 22 |
Muscular Strength: Training Muscles to Become Stronger |
490 |
|
Part 1 |
Strength
Measurement and Resistance Training |
491 |
|
|
Measurement of Muscle Strength |
492 |
|
|
Gender Differences in Muscle Strength |
495 |
|
|
Training Muscles to Become Stronger |
498 |
|
Part 2 |
Structural
and Functional Adaptations to Resistance Traininc |
519 |
|
|
Factors that Modify the Expression of Human Strength |
519 |
|
|
Comparative Training Responses in Men and Women |
526 |
|
|
Detraining |
527 |
|
|
Metabolic Stress of Resistance Training |
527 |
|
|
Circuit Resistance Training |
528 |
|
|
Muscle Soreness and Stiffness |
528 |
|
Chapter 23 |
Special Aids to Exercise Training and Performances |
533 |
|
|
An Increasing Challenge to Fair Competition |
534 |
|
|
A Need to Critically Evaluate the Scientific Evidence |
538 |
|
|
On the Horizon |
540 |
|
|
Pharmacologic Agents |
541 |
|
|
Nonpharmacologic Approaches |
566 |
|
Section 5 |
Exercise
Performance and Environmental Stress Dr. Barbara Drinkwater |
587 |
|
Chapter 24 |
Exercise at Medium and High Altitude |
591 |
|
|
The Stress of Altitude |
592 |
|
|
Acclimatization |
596 |
|
|
Metabolic, Physiologic, and Exercise Capacities at Altitude |
604 |
|
|
Altitude Training and Sea-Level Performance |
606 |
|
|
Combine Altitude Stay with Low-Altitude Training |
608 |
|
Chapter 25 |
Exercise and Thermal Stress |
611 |
|
Part 1 |
Mechanisms
of Thermoregulation |
612 |
|
|
Thermal Balance |
612 |
|
|
Hypothalamic Temperature Regulation |
613 |
|
|
Thermoregulation in Cold Stress: Heat Conservation and Heat
Production |
613 |
|
|
Thermoregulation in Heat Stress: Heat Loss |
614 |
|
|
Effects of Clothing on Thermoregulation |
618 |
|
Part 2 |
Thermoregulation
and Environmental Heat Stress during Exercise |
624 |
|
|
Exercise in the Heat |
624 |
|
|
Maintaining Fluid Balance: Rehydration
and Hyperhydration |
627 |
|
|
Factors that Modify Heat Tolerance |
630 |
|
|
Complications from Excessive Heat Stress |
633 |
|
Part 3 |
Thermoregulation
and Environmental Cold Stress during Exercise |
635 |
|
|
Exercise in the Cold |
635 |
|
|
Acclimatization to Cold |
637 |
|
|
How Cold is Too Cold? |
638 |
|
Chapter 26 |
Sport Diving |
640 |
|
|
Diving History—Antiquity to the Present |
641 |
|
|
Pressure-Volume Relationships and Diving Depth |
645 |
|
|
Snorkeling and Breath-Hold Diving |
646 |
|
|
Scuba Diving |
650 |
|
|
Special Problems with Breathing Gases at High Pressures |
653 |
|
|
Dives to Exceptional Depths: Mixed-Gas Diving |
659 |
|
|
Energy Cost of Underwater Swimming |
663 |
|
Chapter 27 |
Microgravity: The Last Frontier |
665 |
|
|
The Weightless Environment |
666 |
|
|
Historical Overview of Aerospace Physiology and Medicine |
671 |
|
|
Modem Era |
673 |
|
|
Medical Evaluation for Astronaut Selection |
673 |
|
|
Physiologic Adaptations to Microgravity |
676 |
|
|
Countermeasure Strategies |
693 |
|
|
Overview of Physiologic Responses to Spaceflight |
709 |
|
|
Vision for the Future of Space Exploration |
710 |
|
|
Practical Benefits from Space Biology Research |
714 |
|
Section 6 |
Body
Composition, Energy Balance, and Weight Control Dr. Claude Bouchard |
721 |
|
Chapter 28 |
Body Composition Assessment |
725 |
|
|
Overweight, Overfatness, and Obesity: No
Unanimity for Terminology |
728 |
|
|
The Body Mass Index: A Popular Clinical Standard |
728 |
|
|
Composition of the Human Body |
733 |
|
|
Common Techniques to Assess Body |
|
|
|
Average Percentage Body Fat |
756 |
|
|
Determining Goal Body Weight |
757 |
|
Chapter 29 |
Physique, Performance, and Physical Activity |
759 |
|
|
Physiques of Champion Athletes |
760 |
|
|
Upper Limit for Fat-Free Body Mass |
778 |
|
Chapter 30 |
Overweight, Obesity, and Weight Control |
780 |
|
Part 1 |
Obesity |
781 |
|
|
Historical Perspective |
781 |
|
|
Obesity Remains a Worldwide Epidemic |
781 |
|
|
A Progressive Long-Term Process |
784 |
|
|
Genetics Influences Body Fat Accumulation |
787 |
|
|
Physical Inactivity: A Crucial Component in |
|
|
|
Health Risks of Excessive Body Fat |
790 |
|
|
Criteria for Excessive Body Fat: How Fat is Too Fat? |
793 |
|
Part 2 |
Principles
of Weight Control: Diet and Exercise |
801 |
|
|
Energy Balance: Input versus Output |
801 |
|
|
Dieting for Weight Control |
802 |
|
|
Factors that Affect Weight Loss |
810 |
|
|
Exercise for Weight Control |
812 |
|
|
Effectiveness of Regular Physical Activity |
814 |
|
|
Weight Loss Recommendations for Wrestlers and Other Power
Athletes |
822 |
|
|
Gaining Weight: The Competitive Athlete’s Dilemma |
823 |
|
Section 7 |
Exercise
Successful Aging, and Disease Prevention Dr. Steven N. Blair |
827 |
|
Chapter 31 |
Physical Activity, Health, and Aging |
831 |
|
|
The Graying of |
832 |
|
Part 1 |
Physical
Activity in the Population |
835 |
|
|
Physical Activity Epidemiology |
835 |
|
Part 2 |
Aging and
Physiologic Function |
842 |
|
|
Age Trends |
842 |
|
|
Trainability and Age |
852 |
|
Part 3 |
Physical
Activity, Health, and Longevity |
853 |
|
|
Causes of Death in the |
854 |
|
|
Exercise, Health, and Longevity |
854 |
|
|
Regular Moderate Exercise Provides Significant Benefits |
856 |
|
|
Can Increasing Physical Activity Level Improve Health and Extend
Life? |
859 |
|
Part 4 |
Coronary
Heart Disease |
860 |
|
|
Changes on the Cellular Level |
860 |
|
|
Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors |
864 |
|
Chapter 32 |
Clinical Exercise Physiology for Cancer, Cardiovascular, and Pulmonary
Rehabilitation |
876 |
|
|
The Exercise Physiologist in the Clinical Setting |
877 |
|
|
Training and Certification Programs for Professional Exercise
Physiologists |
877 |
|
|
Clinical Applications of Exercise Physiology to Diverse Diseases
and Disorders |
879 |
|
|
Oncology |
879 |
|
|
Cardiovascular Disease |
885 |
|
|
Assessing Cardiac Disease |
892 |
|
|
Stress Test Protocols |
902 |
|
|
Prescribing Physical Activity and Exercise |
904 |
|
|
Cardiac Rehabilitation |
906 |
|
|
Pulmonary Diseases |
909 |
|
|
Exercise and Asthma |
917 |
|
|
Neuromuscular Diseases, Disabilities, and Disorders |
919 |
|
|
Renal Disease |
921 |
|
|
Cognitive/Emotional Diseases and Disorders |
922 |
|
|
On the
Horizon Dr. Frank W. Booth |
929 |
|
|
Molecular
Biology—A New |
933 |
|
|
Brief History Tour of Molecular Biology |
936 |
|
|
Revolution in the Biologic Sciences |
938 |
|
|
Human Genome |
940 |
|
|
Nucleic Acids |
942 |
|
|
How DNA Replicates |
951 |
|
|
Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation |
954 |
|
|
Mutations |
971 |
|
|
New Horizons in Molecular Biology |
979 |
|
|
Human Performance Research |
1001 |
|
|
Index |
1008 |
|
|
|
|