Table
of Contents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Preface |
vii |
|
|
Acknowledgments |
ix |
|
|
Credits |
xxi |
|
|
Introduction to Clinical Anatomy |
1 |
|
|
Approaches to Studying Anatomy |
2 |
|
|
Anatomicomedical Terminology |
3 |
|
|
Anatomical Position |
3 |
|
|
Anatomical Planes |
3 |
|
|
Terms of Relationship and Comparison |
4 |
|
|
Terms of Laterality |
5 |
|
|
Terms of Movement |
5 |
|
|
Anatomical Variations |
7 |
|
|
Integumentary System |
7 |
|
|
Skeletal System |
9 |
|
|
Bones |
11 |
|
|
Joints |
14 |
|
|
Muscular System |
17 |
|
|
Skeletal Muscles |
17 |
|
|
Cardiac Striated Muscle |
20 |
|
|
Smooth Muscle |
20 |
|
|
Cardiovascular System |
23 |
|
|
Arteries |
23 |
|
|
Veins |
25 |
|
|
Capoid |
28 |
|
|
Lymphoid System |
28 |
|
|
Nervous System |
31 |
|
|
Central Nervous System |
31 |
|
|
Peripheral Nervous System |
31 |
|
|
Somatic Nervous System |
34 |
|
|
Structure and Components of a Typical Spinal Nerve |
34 |
|
|
Autonomic Nervous System |
36 |
|
|
Sympathetic Visceral Motor Innervation |
38 |
|
|
Parasympathetic Visceral Motor Innervation |
42 |
|
|
Visceral Afferent Sensation |
42 |
|
|
Imaging of Body
Systems |
42 |
|
|
Conventional Radiography |
42 |
|
|
Computerized Tomography |
44 |
|
|
Ultrasonography |
44 |
|
|
Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
44 |
|
|
Positron Emission Tomography |
46 |
|
1 |
Thorax |
47 |
|
|
Thoracic Wall |
48 |
|
|
Skeleton of Thoracic Wall |
48 |
|
|
Thoracic Apertures |
48 |
|
|
Joints of Thoracic Wall |
51 |
|
|
Movements of Thoracic Wall |
51 |
|
|
Breasts |
53 |
|
|
Muscles of Thoracic Wall |
60 |
|
|
Nerves of Thoracic Wall |
6] |
|
|
Vasculature of Thoracic Wall |
62 |
|
|
Surface Anatomy of Thoracic Wall |
65 |
|
|
Thoracic Cavity and Viscera |
68 |
|
|
Endothoracic Fascia |
68 |
|
|
Pleurae and Lungs |
68 |
|
|
Surface Anatomy of Pleurae and Lungs |
70 |
|
|
Mediastinum |
80 |
|
|
Anterior Mediastinum |
80 |
|
|
Middle Mediastinum |
80 |
|
|
Heart and Great Vessels |
84 |
|
|
Surface Anatomy of Heart |
92 |
|
|
Superior Mediastinum |
102 |
|
|
Posterior Mediastinum |
108 |
|
|
Medical Imaging of Thorax |
114 |
|
2 |
Abdomen |
116 |
|
|
Abdominal Cavity |
117 |
|
|
Anterolateral Abdominal Wall |
117 |
|
|
Fascia of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall |
118 |
|
|
Muscles of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall |
119 |
|
|
Internal Surface of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall |
121 |
|
|
Surface
Anatomy of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall |
124 |
|
|
Nerves of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall |
125 |
|
|
Vessels of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall |
126 |
|
|
Inguinal Region |
127 |
|
|
Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity |
135 |
|
|
Peritoneal Vessels and Nerves |
136 |
|
|
Peritoneal Formations |
136 |
|
|
Subdivisions of Peritoneal Cavity |
138 |
|
|
Abdominal Viscera |
140 |
|
|
Esophagus |
143 |
|
|
Stomach |
143 |
|
|
Small Intestine |
146 |
|
|
Surface Anatomy of Stomach |
148 |
|
|
Large Intestine |
154 |
|
|
Surface Anatomy of Spleen and Panereas |
161 |
|
|
Spleen |
161 |
|
|
Pancreas |
162 |
|
|
Liver |
165 |
|
|
Surface Anatomy of Liver |
167 |
|
|
Biliary Ducts and Gallbladder |
171 |
|
|
Hepatic Portal Vein and Portal-Systemic Anastomoses |
173 |
|
|
Kidneys, Ureters, and Suprarenal
Glands |
174 |
|
|
Summary of Innervation of Abdominal
Viscera |
180 |
|
|
Surface Anatomy of Kidneys and Ureters |
180 |
|
|
Diaphragm |
185 |
|
|
Diaphragmatic Apertures |
189 |
|
|
Vasculature and Nerves of Diaphragm |
189 |
|
|
Posterior Abdominal Wall |
192 |
|
|
Fascia of Posterior Abdominal Wall |
192 |
|
|
Muscles of Posterior Abdominal Wall |
193 |
|
|
Nerves of Posterior Abdominal Wall |
193 |
|
|
Vasculature of Posterior Abdominal Wall |
195 |
|
|
Lymphaties of Posterior Abdominal Wall |
196 |
|
|
Medical Imaging of Abdomen |
199 |
|
3 |
Pelvis and Perineum |
204 |
|
|
Pelvis |
205 |
|
|
Pelvic Girdle |
205 |
|
|
Joints and Ligaments of Pelvic Girdle |
209 |
|
|
Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity of Pelvis |
211 |
|
|
Walls and Floor of Pelvic Cavity |
211 |
|
|
Pelvic Fascia |
215 |
|
|
Pelvic Nerves |
217 |
|
|
Pelvic Arteries and Veins |
220 |
|
|
Lymph Nodes of Pelvis |
223 |
|
|
Pelvic Viscera |
223 |
|
|
Urinary Organs |
223 |
|
|
Male Internal Genital Organs |
233 |
|
|
Female Internal Genital Organs |
236 |
|
|
Rectum |
245 |
|
|
Perineum |
250 |
|
|
Fascias and Pouches of Urogenital Triangle |
253 |
|
|
Features of Anal Triangle |
257 |
|
|
Male Perineum |
261 |
|
|
Female Perineum |
268 |
|
|
Medical Imaging of Pelvis and Perineum |
271 |
|
4 |
Back |
274 |
|
|
Vertebral Column |
275 |
|
|
Curvatures of Vertebral Column |
276 |
|
|
Surface Anatomy of Curvatures of Vertebral
Column |
276 |
|
|
Structure and Function of Vertebrae |
277 |
|
|
Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae |
278 |
|
|
Surface Anatomy of Vertebral Column |
288 |
|
|
Joints of Vertebral Column |
288 |
|
|
Movements of Vertebral Column |
292 |
|
|
Vasculature of Vertebral Column |
294 |
|
|
Innervation of Vertebral Column |
294 |
|
|
Spinal Cord and Meninges |
296 |
|
|
Structure of Spinal Nerves |
297 |
|
|
Spinal Meninges and Cerebrospinal
Fluid |
297 |
|
|
Vasculature of Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerve Roots |
301 |
|
|
Muscles of Back |
301 |
|
|
Extrinsic Back Muscles |
303 |
|
|
Intrinsic Back Muscles |
303 |
|
|
Surface Anatomy of Hack Muscles |
304 |
|
|
Suboccipital and Deep Neck Muscles |
311 |
|
|
Medical Imaging of Back |
314 |
|
5 |
Lower Limb |
316 |
|
|
Bones of Lower Limb |
318 |
|
|
Hip Bone |
318 |
|
|
Femur |
318 |
|
|
Patella |
322 |
|
|
Tibia |
322 |
|
|
Fibula |
322 |
|
|
|
323 |
|
|
Surface Anatomy of Lower Limb Hones |
327 |
|
|
Fascia, Vessels, and Cutaneous Nerves of Lower
Limb |
329 |
|
|
Subcutaneous Tissue and Fascia |
329 |
|
|
Venous Drainage of Lower Limb |
331 |
|
|
Lymphatic Drainage of Lower Limb |
332 |
|
|
Cutaneous Innervation of Lower Limb |
333 |
|
|
Thigh and Gluteal Region |
336 |
|
|
Anterior Thigh Muscles |
336 |
|
|
Medial Thigh Muscles |
337 |
|
|
Neurovascular Structures and Relationships in Anteromedial
Thigh |
341 |
|
|
Femoral Triangle and |
341 |
|
|
Femoral Nerve |
342 |
|
|
Femoral Sheath |
342 |
|
|
Femoral Artery |
343 |
|
|
Femoral Vein |
346 |
|
|
Obturator Artery and Nerve |
346 |
|
|
Gluteal Region and Posterior Thigh |
346 |
|
|
Gluteal Muscles |
347 |
|
|
Gluteal Bursae |
348 |
|
|
Posterior Thigh Muscles |
349 |
|
|
Nerves of Gluteal Region and Posterior
Thigh |
349 |
|
|
Vasculature of Gluteal and Posterior Thigh
Regions |
352 |
|
|
Popliteal Fossa |
356 |
|
|
Fascia of Popliteal Fossa |
356 |
|
|
Vessels in Popliteal Fossa |
356 |
|
|
Nerves in Popliteal Fossu |
357 |
|
|
Leg |
357 |
|
|
Anterior Compartment of Leg |
357 |
|
|
Lateral Compartment of Leg |
360 |
|
|
Posterior Compartment of Leg |
363 |
|
|
Foot |
371 |
|
|
Deep Fascia of Foot |
371 |
|
|
Muscles of Foot |
372 |
|
|
Nerves of Foot |
376 |
|
|
Arteries of Foot |
376 |
|
|
Venous Drainage of Foot |
377 |
|
|
Lymphatic Drainage of Foot |
377 |
|
|
Walking: The Gait Cycle |
377 |
|
|
Joints of Lower Limb |
379 |
|
|
Hip Joint |
379 |
|
|
Knee joint |
385 |
|
|
Tibiofibular joints |
389 |
|
|
Ankle Joint |
395 |
|
|
Joints of Foot |
398 |
|
|
Arches of Foot |
400 |
|
|
Medical
Imaging of Lower Limb |
403 |
|
6 |
Upper Limb |
405 |
|
|
Bones of Upper Limb |
406 |
|
|
Clavicle |
407 |
|
|
Scapula |
407 |
|
|
Humerus |
410 |
|
|
Ulna and Radius |
410 |
|
|
Bones of Hand |
411 |
|
|
Surface Anatomy of Tipper Limb Bones |
415 |
|
|
Superficial Structures of Upper Limb |
417 |
|
|
Fascia of Upper Limb |
417 |
|
|
Cutaneous Nerves of Upper Limb |
419 |
|
|
Venous Drainage of Upper Limb |
421 |
|
|
Lymphatic Drainage of Upper Limb |
422 |
|
|
Anterior Axioappendicular Muscles |
422 |
|
|
Posterior Axioappendicular and Scapulohumeral
Muscles |
423 |
|
|
Superficial Posterior Axioappendicular Muclses |
424 |
|
|
Deep Posterior Axioappendicular Muscles |
424 |
|
|
Scapulohumeral Muscles |
427 |
|
|
Surface Anatomy of pectoral and
Scapular Region
(Anterior and Posterior Axioappendicular and Scapulohumeral
Muscles) |
428 |
|
|
Axilla |
427 |
|
|
Axillary Artery and Vein |
429 |
|
|
Axillary Lymph Nodes |
432 |
|
|
Brachial Plexus |
433 |
|
|
Arm |
436 |
|
|
Muscles of Arm |
440 |
|
|
Arteries and Veins of Arm |
443 |
|
|
Nerves of Arm |
443 |
|
|
Cubital Fossa |
446 |
|
|
Forearm |
446 |
|
|
Muscles of Forearm |
446 |
|
|
Surface Anatomy of Arm and Cubital
Fossa |
447 |
|
|
Nerves of Forearm |
456 |
|
|
Arteries and Veins of Forearm |
456 |
|
|
Hand |
461 |
|
|
Fascia of Palm |
461 |
|
|
Muscles of Hand |
462 |
|
|
Flexor Tendons of Extrinsic Muscles |
466 |
|
|
Arteries and Veins of Hand |
466 |
|
|
Nerves of Hand |
468 |
|
|
Surface Anatomy of Forearm and Hand |
473 |
|
|
Joints of Upper Limb |
475 |
|
|
Sternoclavicular Joint |
475 |
|
|
Acromioclavicular Joint |
476 |
|
|
Glenohumeral Joint |
476 |
|
|
Elbow Joint |
482 |
|
|
Proximal Radio-Ulnar Joint |
483 |
|
|
Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint |
485 |
|
|
Joints of Hand |
488 |
|
|
Medical Imaging of Upper Limb |
492 |
|
7 |
Head |
495 |
|
|
Cranium |
49B |
|
|
Facial Aspect of Cranium |
496 |
|
|
Lateral Aspect of Cranium |
496 |
|
|
Occipital Aspect of Cranium |
498 |
|
|
Superior Aspect of Cranium |
498 |
|
|
External Surface of Cranial Base |
499 |
|
|
Internal Surface of Cranial Base |
502 |
|
|
Scalp |
502 |
|
|
Cranial Meninges |
503 |
|
|
Dura Mater |
504 |
|
|
Arachnoid Mater and Pi a Mater |
509 |
|
|
Meningeal Spaces |
511 |
|
|
Brain |
512 |
|
|
Parts of Brain |
512 |
|
|
Ventricular System of Brain |
512 |
|
|
Vasculature of Brain |
517 |
|
|
Face |
519 |
|
|
Muscles of Face |
519 |
|
|
Nerves of Face |
519 |
|
|
Superficial Vasculature of Face and Scalp |
522 |
|
|
Parotid Gland |
526 |
|
|
Orbits |
529 |
|
|
Eyelids and Lacrimal Apparatus |
530 |
|
|
Eyeball |
533 |
|
|
Extra-Ocular Muscles of Orbit |
540 |
|
|
Nerves of Orbit |
544 |
|
|
Vasculature of Orbit |
545 |
|
|
Temporal Region |
549 |
|
|
Temporal Fossa |
549 |
|
|
Infratemporal Fossa |
550 |
|
|
Temporomandibular Joint |
555 |
|
|
Oral Region |
557 |
|
|
Oral Cavity |
557 |
|
|
Oral Vestibule |
557 |
|
|
Teeth and Gingivae |
558 |
|
|
Palate |
560 |
|
|
Tongue |
563 |
|
|
Salivary Glands |
567 |
|
|
Pterygopalatine Fossa |
570 |
|
|
Nose |
573 |
|
|
External Nose |
573 |
|
|
Nasal Cavities |
573 |
|
|
Paranasal Sinuses |
574 |
|
|
Ear |
578 |
|
|
External Ear |
578 |
|
|
Middle Ear |
580 |
|
|
Internal Ear |
583 |
|
|
Medical Imaging of Head |
589 |
|
8 |
Neck |
593 |
|
|
Fascia of Neck |
594 |
|
|
Cervical Subcutaneous Tissue and Platysma |
594 |
|
|
Deep Cervical Fascia |
594 |
|
|
Superficial Structures of Neck: Cervical |
596 |
|
|
Sternocleidomastoid Region |
596 |
|
|
Posterior Cervical Region |
598 |
|
|
Lateral Cervical Region |
598 |
|
|
Anterior Cervical Region |
604 |
|
|
Surface Anatomy of Cervical Regions
and Triangles of Neck |
611 |
|
|
Deep Structures of Neck |
613 |
|
|
Pre Vertebral Muscles |
613 |
|
|
Root of Neck |
613 |
|
|
Viscera of Neck |
619 |
|
|
Endocrine Layer of Cervical Viscera |
619 |
|
|
Respiratory Layer of Cervical Viscera |
623 |
|
|
Surface Anatomy of Laryux |
624 |
|
|
Alimentary Layer of Cervical Viscera |
631 |
|
|
Lymphatics in Neck |
638 |
|
|
Medical Imaging of Neck |
641 |
|
9 |
Review of Cranial Nerves |
643 |
|
|
Overview of Cranial Nerves |
644 |
|
|
Olfactory Nerve (CN I) |
650 |
|
|
Optic Nerve (CN II) |
652 |
|
|
Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) |
654 |
|
|
Trochlear Nerve (CN IV) |
655 |
|
|
Abducent Nerve (CN VI) |
656 |
|
|
Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) |
659 |
|
|
Facial Nerve (CN VII) |
660 |
|
|
Somatic (Branchial) Molor |
660 |
|
|
Visceral (Parasympathetic) Motor |
660 |
|
|
Somatic (General) Sensory |
660 |
|
|
Special Sensory (Taste) |
660 |
|
|
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII) |
663 |
|
|
Clossophaiyngeal Nerve (CN IX) |
664 |
|
|
Somatic (Branchial) Motor |
664 |
|
|
Visceral (Parasympathetic) Motor |
664 |
|
|
Somatic (General) Sensory |
664 |
|
|
Special Sensory (Taste) |
665 |
|
|
Visceral Sensor |
665 |
|
|
Vagus Nerve (CN X) |
665 |
|
|
Somatic (Branchial) Motor |
666 |
|
|
Visceral (Parasympathetic) Motor |
666 |
|
|
Somatic (General) Sensory |
668 |
|
|
Special Sensory (Taste) |
668 |
|
|
Visceral Sensory |
669 |
|
|
Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI) |
669 |
|
|
Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII) |
671 |
|
|
References and Suggested |
673 |
|
|
Index |
675 |
|
|
|
|