Table
of Contents
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Preface |
xi |
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Acknowledgments |
xiii |
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1 |
Basic Elements of Food Processing and Packaging |
3 |
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The Packaging Cycle |
3 |
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Food Processing |
5 |
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The Information Cycle |
6 |
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Economics, Marketing, and Packaging |
7 |
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Fundamental Packaging Functions |
11 |
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Engineering Design versus Trial and Error |
14 |
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2 |
Engineering Basics |
17 |
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The Fundamental Concepts of Engineering Analysis |
17 |
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Basics of Engineering |
17 |
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Engineering Analysis |
18 |
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Mass Balances |
24 |
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Energy Balances and Thermodynamics |
26 |
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Mechanical, Electrical, and Other Types of Non-thermal Energy |
32 |
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Mechanics of Materials |
43 |
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Fluid Flow Systems |
50 |
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Rheology |
55 |
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Heat Transfer |
59 |
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Alternative Food Processing Technologies |
68 |
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Microwave Heating and Processing Principles |
70 |
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Refrigeration |
72 |
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Mass Transfer |
79 |
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Drying, Dehydration, and Psychrometry |
82 |
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Appendixes |
87 |
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3 |
Raw Materials |
97 |
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Wood and Fiber |
97 |
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Ceramic Materials |
99 |
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Metals |
100 |
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Petrochemicals - Oil and Natural Gas |
103 |
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Other Gases - Propellants and Industrial Gases |
104 |
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Energy |
104 |
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4 |
Conversion of Raw Materials to Package Components |
107 |
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Paper |
107 |
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Glass |
119 |
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Metal Packaging Materials |
129 |
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Production of Steel |
131 |
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Aluminum Production |
135 |
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Plastics and Synthetic Polymers |
142 |
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5 |
Secondary Packaging Components |
173 |
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Closures |
173 |
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Glues and Adhesives |
175 |
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Other Bonding Agents |
182 |
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Aerosols |
185 |
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Microwave Packaging |
189 |
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Printing and Coding Processes |
193 |
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Coding, Scanning, and Identification Methods |
203 |
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6 |
Processes Calculations and Their Applications |
207 |
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Thermal Processing |
207 |
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Calculation of Thermal Process Times |
208 |
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Thermal Process Calculations |
213 |
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Aseptic Packaging |
21.9 |
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Commercial Microwave Processing |
221 |
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Alternate Processing Technologies |
221 |
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Light-B ased Processi ng |
221 |
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Pulsed and Oscillating EMF Treatments |
222 |
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Ultrasonic Methods |
223 |
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High-Pressure Processing |
223 |
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Refrigeration and Freezing of Foods |
224 |
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Drying of Foods |
227 |
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Freeze-Drying |
232 |
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Irradiation |
234 |
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Concentration and Separation of Food Products |
239 |
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7 |
Food Preservation and Shelf Life |
253 |
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Introduction |
253 |
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Deterioration of Food Products |
254 |
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Shelf Life Testing |
257 |
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Examples of Specific Chemical Degradation Reactions |
260 |
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Environmental Agents and Shelf Life Reduction |
263 |
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Water Activity and Water Mobility |
271 |
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Microbial Product Changes |
274 |
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Shelf Life Extension by Preservative Agents |
277 |
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Package-Product Interaction |
278 |
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Active Packaging |
281 |
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Packaging and Shelf Life of Specific Food Types |
283 |
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Appendixes |
293 |
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8 |
Packaging Machinery, Filling, and Plant Operations |
299 |
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Machinery Types |
299 |
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Machinery Acquisition |
307 |
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Plant Operations |
309 |
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Production Optimization |
313 |
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Supply Chain Management |
317 |
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Inventory Management Techniques |
322 |
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Manufacturing Quality Assurance and Quality Control |
325 |
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Hypothesis Testing as a Problem-Solving Tool |
334 |
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Ergonomics |
336 |
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9 |
Transportation, Distribution, and Product Damage |
343 |
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Energy Efficiency |
343 |
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Distribution and Warehousing |
345 |
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Distribution Packaging |
349 |
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Response of Packages to Shipping and Handling |
355 |
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Dynamic Considerations in Packaging |
355 |
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Packaging Design for the Dynamic Environment |
369 |
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Package Design and Testing |
371 |
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10 |
Food Regulation, Safety Systems, and Security |
379 |
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Food and Packaging Regulation History |
379 |
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Food and Packaging Laws and Their Related Agencies |
381 |
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Food Safety and Security Systems |
394 |
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Food Security |
397 |
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11 |
Closing the |
405 |
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Re-use of Containers |
406 |
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Recycling |
408 |
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Disposal and Landfills |
413 |
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Packaging Waste Programs Outside the |
417 |
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Incineration |
422 |
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Composting |
424 |
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The Economics of Waste Handling |
426 |
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Sustainability |
427 |
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12 |
Future Developments and Technologies |
433 |
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The Gartner Hype Cycle |
433 |
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Change and Chaos |
434 |
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Economic Changes |
435 |
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Information Technologies |
436 |
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Connectivity |
437 |
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Engineering Biological Systems |
438 |
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Materials Sciences |
439 |
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Resource Scarcity |
439 |
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Changes in the Nature of Change |
439 |
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General Bibliography |
441 |
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Index |
442 |
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