Table of Contents
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Preface |
xix |
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Chapter 1 |
Measurement |
1 |
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A Review of
Some Basic Mathematical Skills |
1 |
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Order of
Operations |
1 |
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|
Algebra: Solving Equations for an Unknown
Quantity |
3 |
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|
Exponents |
8 |
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|
Scientific
Notation |
9 |
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Graphing |
10 |
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Measurements
and Significant Figures |
12 |
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Significant
Figures in Calculations |
14 |
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Accuracy and
Precision |
15 |
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SI (Metric
System) |
17 |
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Absolute Zero
and the Kelvin Scale |
18 |
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Conversion
Factors |
19 |
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Density |
22 |
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Density and
Specific Gravity |
23 |
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Review Questions |
25 |
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Chapter 2 |
A Review of Some Chemistry Basics |
29 |
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What is
Chemistry? |
29 |
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Matter |
30 |
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Physical and
Chemical Properties and Changes |
31 |
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Pure Substances
and Mixtures |
31 |
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Atomic
Structure and Dimension |
32 |
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Atomic Number
and Mass Number |
33 |
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Isotopes and
Mass Spectroscopy |
34 |
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|
35 |
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The Periodic
Table of the Elements |
36 |
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Average Atomic
Weights |
39 |
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Classifying
Elements on the Periodic Table |
40 |
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Some Common
Elements |
42 |
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Chemical
Nomenclature |
46 |
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Naming
Molecular Compounds |
46 |
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Naming Ions and
Ionic Compounds |
47 |
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Monatomic
Cations of Representative Metals |
47 |
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Monatomic
Anions of Representative Nonmetals |
48 |
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Transition
Metal Cations |
48 |
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Polyatomic Ions |
49 |
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Formulas of
Ionic Compounds |
50 |
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Ionic Compounds |
51 |
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Hydrates |
52 |
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Formulas from
Names |
53 |
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Electrolytes |
53 |
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Stoichiometry |
54 |
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Moles |
54 |
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Molar Mass
(Molecular Weight) |
54 |
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Review Questions |
55 |
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Chapter 3 |
Basics of Physics Part 1 (Force
and Pressure) |
59 |
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Introduction |
59 |
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59 |
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Mass |
60 |
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Velocity |
60 |
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Vectors |
61 |
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Vector Addition |
62 |
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Acceleration |
63 |
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Force |
65 |
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Gravity |
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Weight |
66 |
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Units of Mass
and Weight |
67 |
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Pressure |
68 |
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Units of
Pressure |
69 |
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Syringes |
69 |
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Atmospheric
Pressure |
70 |
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Measuring
Pressure |
71 |
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Barometer |
71 |
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Manometer |
73 |
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Aneroid Bellows
Gauge |
74 |
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Bourdon Gauge |
75 |
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Gauge Pressure
and Total Pressure |
75 |
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Review Questions |
77 |
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Chapter 4 |
Basics of Physics Part 2 (Work,
Energy, and Power) |
81 |
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Introduction |
81 |
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Work |
81 |
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Kinetic Energy
and Work |
83 |
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Gases and Work |
84 |
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State Functions |
86 |
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The Real World |
88 |
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Energy |
89 |
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Units of Energy: Joules |
89 |
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Units of Energy: Calories and Calories |
90 |
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Kinetic Energy |
90 |
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Potential Energy |
91 |
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Internal Energy |
92 |
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Thermodynamics |
92 |
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Heat versus
Temperature |
94 |
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Specific Heat |
96 |
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Power |
97 |
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Review Questions |
101 |
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Chapter 5 |
Fluids |
105 |
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Introduction |
105 |
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Fluids: a Definition |
105 |
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Hydrostatics |
105 |
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Pressure |
106 |
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Pressure at the
Same Depth |
108 |
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Pressure versus
Container Shape |
109 |
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Pascal’s
Principle |
110 |
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Buoyancy |
110 |
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Archimedes’
Principle |
111 |
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Hydrometers |
113 |
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Hydrodynamics: Moving Fluids |
114 |
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Flow Rate |
114 |
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Speed and
Diameter |
114 |
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Equation of
Continuity |
115 |
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The Bernoulli
Equation |
117 |
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Venturi Tube
Flowmeter |
120 |
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Viscosity |
123 |
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Review Questions |
127 |
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Chapter 6 |
The Gas Laws |
129 |
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The Empirical
Gas Laws |
129 |
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The Volume–Pressure
Relationship: Boyle’s Law |
129 |
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The Volume–Temperature
Relationship: Charles’s Law |
131 |
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The Volume–Mole
Relationship: Avogadro’s Law |
133 |
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Combined Gas Law |
134 |
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The Ideal Gas
Law |
136 |
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Standard
Conditions and the Universal Gas Constant |
136 |
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Gas Density |
138 |
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|
139 |
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Relative
Humidity |
141 |
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Kinetic
Molecular Theory of Gases |
|
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Distribution of
Kinetic Energies |
143 |
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Velocity of Gas
Molecules |
145 |
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Graham’s Law of
Effusion |
146 |
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Ideal Gases and
Real Gases |
147 |
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The Van Der
Waals Equation |
147 |
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Review Questions |
149 |
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Chapter 7 |
States of Matter and Changes of
State |
153 |
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Kinetic
Molecular Theory of Matter |
153 |
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Intermolecular
Forces |
154 |
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Chemical
Bonding and the Octet Rule |
154 |
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Ionic Bonds |
155 |
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Covalent Bonds |
156 |
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|
157 |
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Bond Length and
Bond Energy |
158 |
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Lewis Structures |
159 |
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VSEPR Theory |
161 |
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Linear Geometry |
161 |
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Trigonal Planar
Geometry |
161 |
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Tetrahedral
Geometry |
162 |
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Bent Geometry |
162 |
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Pyramidal |
163 |
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Electronegativity |
163 |
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Polar Covalent
Bonds |
164 |
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Molecular
Polarity |
165 |
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Intermolecular
Forces |
165 |
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Dipole–Dipole
Attraction |
166 |
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Hydrogen Bonding |
166 |
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|
167 |
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Ion–Dipole
Attraction |
167 |
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Intermolecular
Forces and Physical Properties |
168 |
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Solubility |
168 |
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Surface Tension |
169 |
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171 |
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Surfactants |
175 |
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Monolayers |
176 |
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Bilayers |
176 |
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Micelles |
177 |
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Viscosity |
178 |
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Vapor Pressure |
178 |
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Boiling Point |
182 |
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Melting Point |
184 |
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Energy Changes
and Changes of State |
184 |
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|
Heat of Fusion
and Heat of Vaporization |
184 |
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Phase Diagrams |
187 |
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Review Questions |
189 |
|
Chapter 8 |
Solutions and their Behavior |
191 |
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Introduction |
191 |
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Some Basic
Terminology |
191 |
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Solution
Concentrations |
192 |
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Molarity |
192 |
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Molality |
193 |
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Percent |
195 |
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|
Percent by
Weight to Volume (% Wlv) |
195 |
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|
Percent by
Weight (% Wlw) |
196 |
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Percent by
Volume (% Vlv) |
197 |
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|
Normality and
Equivalents |
197 |
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|
Parts per
Million |
198 |
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|
Solubility |
199 |
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Energy Changes
and the Solution Process |
200 |
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Factors that
Affect Solubility |
203 |
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|
Effect of
Pressure on Solubility |
203 |
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|
Effect of
Temperature on Solubility |
204 |
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Colligative
Properties of Solutions |
205 |
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Vapor Pressure |
205 |
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Boiling Point |
207 |
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Freezing Point |
208 |
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Osmotic Pressure |
209 |
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Colloids |
212 |
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Review Questions |
213 |
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Chapter 9 |
Acids, Bases, and Buffers |
217 |
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Introduction |
217 |
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Chemical
Equilibria |
217 |
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Le Châtelier’s
Principle |
218 |
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Changing
Concentration |
218 |
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Changing
Temperature |
219 |
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Changing Volume
and Pressure |
219 |
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The Equilibrium
Constant |
219 |
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Subscripts |
220 |
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Meaning of K |
220 |
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Solids and
Liquids |
221 |
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Reversing a
Reaction |
221 |
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Acids and Bases |
222 |
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Definition of
Acids and Bases |
222 |
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Conjugate Acid–Base
Pairs |
222 |
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Amphoteric
Species |
224 |
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Strong Acids |
225 |
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Strong Bases |
225 |
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Weak Acids |
226 |
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Weak Bases |
226 |
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Polyprotic Acids |
227 |
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Acid and Base
Strength: Ka and Kb |
228 |
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Acid/Base
Strength of Conjugate Acid–Base Pairs |
230 |
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Acid–Base
Reactions |
231 |
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Measuring
Acidicity: the pH Function |
232 |
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|
The p-Function |
232 |
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Self-Ionization
of Water |
234 |
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|
Relationship
Between pH and pOH |
235 |
|
|
pKa and pKb |
236 |
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|
Calculating the
pH of Solutions |
237 |
|
|
The Key
Relationships |
237 |
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|
Calculating the
pH of a Strong Acid Solution |
237 |
|
|
Calculating the
pH of a Strong Base Solution |
237 |
|
|
Calculating the
pH of a Weak Acid Solution |
238 |
|
|
Calculating the
pH of a Weak Base Solution |
240 |
|
|
pH of Salt
Solutions |
241 |
|
|
Salts of Strong
Acids/Bases |
241 |
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Salts of Weak
Acids |
242 |
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|
Salts of Weak
Bases |
244 |
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|
Extreme
Concentrations |
245 |
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|
Other Acidic
Species |
247 |
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|
Buffers |
248 |
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|
Calculating the
pH of a Buffer |
248 |
|
|
Dilution of
Buffer Solutions |
251 |
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|
Buffer Capacity |
251 |
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|
Alpha Plots |
252 |
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|
Review Questions |
255 |
|
Chapter 10 |
Electrical Circuits |
259 |
|
|
Introduction |
259 |
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Electricity and
Electrical Charge |
259 |
|
|
Charge |
259 |
|
|
Coulomb’s Law |
260 |
|
|
Electric Field |
262 |
|
|
Electric
Potential Energy |
263 |
|
|
Electric
Potential |
263 |
|
|
Electric Current |
264 |
|
|
Ohm’s Law and
Electrical Circuits |
264 |
|
|
Electrical
Conductors and Insulators |
264 |
|
|
Resistance |
265 |
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Conductance |
266 |
|
|
Electrical
Diagrams |
266 |
|
|
Series Circuits |
267 |
|
|
Parallel
Circuits |
268 |
|
|
Electrical Power |
271 |
|
|
Electrical
Energy |
272 |
|
|
Semiconductors |
273 |
|
|
p-Type
Semiconductors |
273 |
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|
n-Type
Semiconductors |
273 |
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|
Diodes |
274 |
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Triodes |
275 |
|
|
Spectroscopy |
275 |
|
|
Instrumentation |
276 |
|
|
Beer’s Law |
277 |
|
|
Review Questions |
279 |
|
Chapter 11 |
Classes of Organic Compounds |
281 |
|
|
Functional
Groups |
281 |
|
|
Hydrocarbon
Functional Groups |
282 |
|
|
Alkanes |
282 |
|
|
Bond-Line
Structures (Molecular Graphs) |
284 |
|
|
Alkyl Groups |
284 |
|
|
Organic
Nomenclature: IUPAC Rules |
285 |
|
|
Cycloalkanes |
286 |
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|
Saturated
Compounds |
287 |
|
|
Alkenes |
287 |
|
|
Cis/Trans
Isomerism |
287 |
|
|
Reactions of
Alkenes |
289 |
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|
Alkynes |
290 |
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|
Aromatics |
290 |
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|
Organohalogen
Compounds |
291 |
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|
Functional
Groups Based on Water |
292 |
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|
Alcohols |
292 |
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Ethers |
295 |
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|
Amines |
296 |
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|
Carbonyl
Functional Groups |
298 |
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|
Aldehydes |
298 |
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Ketones |
299 |
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|
Reactions of
Aldehydes and Ketones |
301 |
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|
Carboxylic Acids |
303 |
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Esters |
305 |
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Amides |
307 |
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|
Review Questions |
309 |
|
Chapter 12 |
Biochemistry |
311 |
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Biomolecules |
311 |
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Carbohydrates |
311 |
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|
Fischer
Projections |
312 |
|
|
Chirality |
313 |
|
|
Optical Activity |
315 |
|
|
D-Sugars and
L-Sugars |
316 |
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|
The
D-Aldohexoses |
317 |
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|
Fructose |
317 |
|
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D-Aldopentoses |
318 |
|
|
A Mnemonic to
Learn the Structures of the Aldose Sugars |
318 |
|
|
Cyclic
Structures of Sugars |
320 |
|
|
Glycoside Bonds |
322 |
|
|
Some Common
Disaccharides |
323 |
|
|
Polysaccharides |
324 |
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|
Lipids |
325 |
|
|
Glycerides |
325 |
|
|
Fatty Acids |
325 |
|
|
Triglycerides |
327 |
|
|
Saponification |
327 |
|
|
Phospholipids |
329 |
|
|
Steroids |
329 |
|
|
Prostaglandins |
330 |
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|
Metabolism of
Carbohydrates and Fatty Acids |
331 |
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|
Proteins and
Amino Acids |
336 |
|
|
Amino Acids |
336 |
|
|
Side Chains |
336 |
|
|
Stereochemistry
of Amino Acids |
339 |
|
|
Acid–Base
Properties of Amino Acids |
339 |
|
|
The Isoelectric
Point |
342 |
|
|
Electrophoresis |
343 |
|
|
The Peptide Bond |
343 |
|
|
Primary
Structure of Proteins |
344 |
|
|
Secondary
Structure of Proteins |
344 |
|
|
Tertiary
Structure of Proteins |
345 |
|
|
The Folding
Problem |
346 |
|
|
Denaturing
Proteins |
346 |
|
|
Enzymes |
347 |
|
|
Nucleic Acids |
347 |
|
|
DNA |
347 |
|
|
2-Deoxyribose |
347 |
|
|
Nucleosides: Adding the Nitrogenous Bases |
347 |
|
|
Nudeotides: Adding the Phosphate Group |
349 |
|
|
Forming the DNA
|
350 |
|
|
Base Pairing |
351 |
|
|
Double Stranded
Helix |
351 |
|
|
RNA |
353 |
|
|
Ribose |
353 |
|
|
RNA Nudeosides |
353 |
|
|
Base Pairing |
353 |
|
|
Forming the RNA
|
355 |
|
|
Messenger RNA
and Transfer RNA |
355 |
|
|
Protein
Synthesis |
355 |
|
|
Transcription |
356 |
|
|
Translation |
357 |
|
|
Review Questions |
359 |
|
Chapter 13 |
Radiation and Radioactivity |
363 |
|
|
Introduction |
363 |
|
|
Radiation |
364 |
|
|
Conduction |
364 |
|
|
Convection |
364 |
|
|
Radiation |
365 |
|
|
Electromagnetic
Radiation |
365 |
|
|
Production of
Electromagnetic Waves |
365 |
|
|
Wave Properties
of Electromagnetic Waves |
365 |
|
|
Particle
Properties of Electromagnetic Waves |
367 |
|
|
Radioactive
Materials—An Introduction |
367 |
|
|
Law of Energy
Conservation Revisited |
367 |
|
|
Some Important
Terminology |
368 |
|
|
Radioactivity |
369 |
|
|
Radioactive
Decay |
369 |
|
|
Alpha Decay |
370 |
|
|
Beta Decay |
370 |
|
|
Beta-Minus Decay |
370 |
|
|
Positron Decay |
372 |
|
|
Electron
Capture Decay |
372 |
|
|
Gamma Ray
Emission |
373 |
|
|
Decay Rate |
373 |
|
|
Half-Life |
375 |
|
|
Ionizing
Radiation versus Non-Ionizing Radiation |
376 |
|
|
Sources of
Radioactive Materials |
377 |
|
|
Radiation
Exposure |
378 |
|
|
The Roentgen—A
Unit of Radiation Exposure |
378 |
|
|
Units of
Absorbed Dose |
379 |
|
|
Units of Dose
Equivalent |
379 |
|
|
Effects of
Ionizing Radiation on Biological Systems |
380 |
|
|
Medical Uses of
Radionuclides (Nuclear Medicine) |
380 |
|
|
Diagnostic Uses |
382 |
|
|
Therapeutic Uses |
383 |
|
|
Working with
Radioactive Materials |
383 |
|
|
Generally
Accepted Practices |
383 |
|
|
Monitoring
Occupational Exposure |
384 |
|
|
Review Questions |
385 |
|
|
Answers to End of Chapter Review
Questions |
387 |
|
|
Supplemental References |
407 |
|
|
Index |
411 |
|
|
|
|