9781405159623

Table of Contents


	List of Illustrations	ix
	List of Instruction Sheets	xiv
	Preface	xvi
	Acknowledgements	xviii
	Units and Abbreviations	xix
PART 1	INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1	Occupational Hygiene and Risk Assessment	3
1.1	Introduction	3
1.2	Hazard and Risk	7
1.3	Risk Assessment	7
1.4	The Stages of a Risk Assessment	8
1.5	Who should Carry Out Risk Assessment	12
Chapter 2	Identifying Hazards	13
2.1	Introduction	13
2.2	Identifying Hazards	13
2.3	Example of Hazard Identification	15
2.4	Conclusions Arising from a Hazard Assessment	16
Chapter 3	Exposure, Exposure Routes and Biological Monitoring	18
3.1	Introduction	18
3.2	Measuring Exposure	21
3.3	Biological Monitoring	22
3.4	Exposure Assessment: What the Legislation Requires	22
3.5	Conclusions	23
Chapter 4	The Exposure Context	25
4.1	Context for Measurement	25
4.2	Sources of Hazardous Substances	25
4.3	Dispersion through the Workroom	27
4.4	Receptor	29
4.5	Jobs and Tasks	29
Chapter 5	Why Measure?	31
5.1	Introduction	31
5.2	Reasons for Undertaking Monitoring	31
Chapter 6	How to Carry Out a Survey	34
6.1	Introduction	34
6.2	Planning the Survey	34
6.3	Workplace Monitoring	35
6.4	Monitoring Strategies	37
6.5	Quality Assurance and Quality Control	39
6.6	Survey Checklists	41
Chapter 7	Analysis of Measurement Results	48
7.1	Introduction	48
7.2	Dealing with Variability in Measurement Results	48
7.3	Summary Statistics and Data Presentation	50
Chapter 8	Hygiene Reports and Records	53
8.1	Measurement Records	53
8.2	Survey Reports	55
PART 2	INHALATION EXPOSURE
Chapter 9	Dust and Fibrous Aerosols	63
9.1	Introduction	63
9.2	Airborne Dust	63
9.3	Fibres	65
9.4	Measurement of Airborne Dust Levels	66
9.5	Measurement of Flow Rate	73
9.6	Pumps	74
9.7	Direct-Reading Aerosol Monitors	75
9.8	Calibration of a Rotameter or Electronic Flow Calibrator by Using the Soap-Bubble Method	76
9.9	The Measurement of Inhalable Airborne Dust	80
9.10	The Measurement of Airborne Respirable Dust by Using a Cyclone Sampler	83
9.11	The Sampling and Counting of Airborne Asbestos Fibres	84
9.12	The Choice of Filter and Filter Holder to Suit a Specific Dust, Fume or Mist	88
9.13	To Trace the Behaviour of a Dust Cloud by Using a Tyndall Beam	89
Chapter 10	Gases and Vapours	92
10.1	Introduction	92
10.2	Collection Devices	94
10.3	Containers	100
10.4	Direct-Reading Instruments	101
10.5	To Measure Personal Exposure to Solvent Vapours Using an Adsorbent Tube	102
10.6	Sampling for Gases by Using a Bubbler	104
10.7	To Measure the Short-Term Airborne Concentration of a Gas by Using a Colorimetric Detector Tube	106
10.8	To Measure a Vapour Concentration Using a Diffusive Sampler	108
Chapter 11	Bioaerosols	111
11.1	Introduction	111
11.2	Classification of Microorganisms	112
11.3	Viruses	112
11.4	Bacteria	113
11.5	Moulds and Yeasts	114
11.6	Allergens	115
11.7	Principles of Containment	115
11.8	Handling Microorganisms	116
11.9	Monitoring Bioaerosols	117
11.10	Measurement of Endotoxins and Allergens	120
11.11	Interpretation of Sample Results	121
PART 3	DERMAL AND INGESTLON EXPOSURE
Chapter 12	Dermal and Ingestion Exposure Measurement	125
12.1	Introduction	125
12.2	Occupations Where Dermal Exposure is Important	125
12.3	Local and Systemic Effects	126
12.4	How do We Know if Dermal Exposure is an Issue?	127
12.5	What do We Measure?	128
12.6	Methods for Dermal Exposure Measurement	129
12.7	Sampling Strategy	132
12.8	Liquids and Solids	132
12.9	Biomonitoring and Modelling of Dermal Exposure	134
12.10	From Exposure to Uptake	135
12.11	Controlling Dermal Exposure	136
12.12	Inadvertent Ingestion Exposure	136
PART 4	PHYSICAL AGENTS
Chapter 13	Noise	143
13.1	Introduction	143
13.2	Pressure and Magnitude of Pressure Variation	143
13.3	Frequency	144
13.4	Duration	147
13.5	Occupational Exposure Limits	147
13.6	Equipment Available	148
13.7	Sound Level Meters and Personal Noise Dosimeters	148
13.8	Personal Noise Dosimeters	151
13.9	Calibration	152
13.10	To Measure Workplace Noise Using a SLM	153
13.11	To Measure Workplace Noise Using a PND	155
13.12	To Measure the Spectrum of a Continuous Noise by Octave Band Analysis	157
13.13	To Determine the Degree of Noise Exposure and the Actions to Take	159
Chapter 14	Vibration	161
14.1	Introduction	161
14.2	Vibration	163
14.3	Occupational Exposure Limits	165
14.4	Risk Assessment	165
14.5	Measurements and Measurement Equipment	166
14.6	To Measure Hand-Arm Vibration	167
14.7	Control of Vibration	171
Chapter 15	Heat and Cold	173
15.1	Introduction	173
15.2	Heat Stress	175
15.3	Measurement Equipment	176
15.4	Personal Monitoring	181
15.5	Measurement of the Thermal Environment	182
15.6	Predicted Heat Strain Index	185
15.7	Risk Assessment Strategy	186
15.8	Cold	188
15.9	To Calculate the Wind Chill Factor	189
Chapter 16	Lighting	191
16.1	Introduction	191
16.2	Lighting Standards	192
16.3	Equipment Available	193
16.4	Calibration	193
16.5	To Measure Lighting	194
16.6	Control	197
Chapter 17	Ionising Radiation	199
17.1	Introduction	199
17.2	Ionising Radiation	200
17.3	Background Radiation	201
17.4	Basic Concepts and Quantities	201
17.5	Types of Radiation	202
17.6	Energy	204
17.7	Activity	204
17.8	Radiation Dose Units	205
17.9	Dose Limits	206
17.10	Derived Limits	207
17.11	Procedures to Minimise Occupational Dose	207
17.12	Personal Dosimetry and Medical Surveillance	209
Chapter 18	Non-Ionising Radiation	216
18.1	Introduction	216
18.2	Ultraviolet Radiation	218
18.3	Infrared Radiation	220
18.4	Microwaves and Radiowaves	220
18.5	Lasers	222
PART 5	ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CONTROL
Chapter 19	Introduction to Control	227
19.1	Introduction	227
19.2	Specific Control Measures	228
19.3	The Effectiveness of Control Measures	231
Chapter 20	Ventilation	233
20.1	Introduction	233
20.2	Air Pressure	234
20.3	Measurement Equipment	235
20.4	Ventilation Measurement Records	242
20.5	Measurement of Air Flow in Ducts	246
20.6	Measurement of Pressure in Ventilation Systems	252
20.7	To Measure the Face Velocity on a Booth or Hood	254
20.8	To Measure the Face Velocity on a Fume Cupboard	255
20.9	To Measure the Performance of a Suction Inlet	257
Chapter 21	Personal Protective Equipment	260
21.1	Introduction	260
21.2	Components of an Effective PPE Programme	260
21.3	Face-Fit Testing Using a Particle Counter	269
PART 6	RISK ASSESSMENT AND RISK COMMUNICATION
Chapter 22	Risk Assessment	275
22.1	Introduction	275
22.2	Identify All Hazardous Substances or Agents	276
22.3	Identify the Likely Levels of Exposure	276
22.4	Identify All Persons Likely to be Exposed	278
22.5	Assess Whether the Exposures are Likely to Cause Harm	279
22.6	Consider Elimination or Substitution	279
22.7	Define Additional Control Measures Necessary to Reduce the Harm to Acceptable Levels	280
Chapter 23	Risk Communication	282
23.1	Introduction	282
23.2	Risk Perception	282
23.3	Trust	283
23.4	Communication	284
23.5	An Example of Quantitative Risk Assessment to Aid Risk Communication	285
	Equipment Suppliers	288
	Chemical Analytical Services	290
	Index	291