Table of Contents
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SECTION
I |
FETAL
DEVELOPMENT, ASSESSMENT, AND DELIVERY |
1 |
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1 |
Fetal Lung
Development Bruce M. Schnapf and Scott M. Kirley |
1 |
|
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Stages of Lung
Development |
2 |
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|
Postnatal Lung
Growth |
5 |
|
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Factors
Affecting Prenatal and Postnatal Lung Growth |
7 |
|
|
Abnormal Lung
Development |
8 |
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|
Pulmonary
Hypoplasia |
8 |
|
|
Alveolar Cell
Development and Surfactant Production |
8 |
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Fetal Lung
Liquid |
9 |
|
2 |
Fetal Gas Exchange and
Circulation Michael P. Czervinske |
13 |
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|
Maternal-Fecal
Gas Exchange |
13 |
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Cardiovascular
Development |
14 |
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Fetal
Circulation and Fetal Shunts |
17 |
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Transition to
Extrauterine Life |
18 |
|
3 |
Antenatal Assessment and
High-Risk Delivery Antoun
Y. Khabbaz and J. Gerald Quirk |
21 |
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Maternal
History and Risk Factors |
21 |
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Antenatal
Assessment |
26 |
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Intrapartum
Monitoring |
28 |
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High-Risk
Conditions |
28 |
|
4 |
Neonatal Assessment and
Resuscitation Craig
Patrick Black |
35 |
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Preparation |
36 |
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Stabilizing the
Neonate |
36 |
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Assessing the
Neonate |
38 |
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Resuscitating
the Neonace |
40 |
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SECTION
II |
ASSESSMENT
AND MONITORING OF THE NEONATAL AND PEDIATRIC PATIENT |
47 |
|
5 |
Examination and Assessment of
the Neonatal Patient Craig
Patrick Black |
47 |
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|
Gestational Age
and Size Assessment |
48 |
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|
Physical
Examination |
49 |
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|
Neurologic
Assessment |
57 |
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|
Laboratory
Assessment |
57 |
|
6 |
Examination and Assessment of
the Pediatric Patient Dennis
E. Schellhaese |
61 |
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Patient History |
61 |
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Pulmonary
Examination |
63 |
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Nonpulmonary
Examination |
68 |
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Laboratory
Testing |
69 |
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The Health Care
Team |
70 |
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Case Studies |
70 |
|
7 |
Pulmonary Function Testing and
Bedside Pulmonary Mechanics Michael P. Czervinske and
Michael A. Gentile |
73 |
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Definitions |
74 |
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Special
Considerations |
74 |
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Mechanics of
Breathing in Newborns |
75 |
|
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Neonatal
Pulmonary Function Testing in the Laboratory |
76 |
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Pediatric
Pulmonary Function Testing in the Laboratory |
79 |
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Measuring
Pulmonary Mechanics at the Bedside |
83 |
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Summary |
87 |
|
8 |
Radiographic
Assessment J. David Ingram |
91 |
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Radiographic
Technique |
91 |
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Normal Chest
Anatomy |
92 |
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Positioning of
Lines and Tubes |
95 |
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Airway
Obstruction |
95 |
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Respiratory
Distress in the Newborn |
97 |
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Atelectasis |
99 |
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Pneumonia |
100 |
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Asthma |
101 |
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Cystic Fibrosis |
101 |
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Acute
Respiratory Distress Syndrome |
102 |
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Chest Trauma |
102 |
|
9 |
Pediatric Flexible
Bronchoscopy Karl
Kalavantavanich and Craig M. Schramm |
104 |
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Indications |
105 |
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Contraindications |
107 |
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Equipment |
107 |
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Preparation |
108 |
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Procedure |
111 |
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Postprocedural
Monitoring and Complications |
112 |
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Equipment
Maintenance |
113 |
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Comparison with
Rigid Bronchoscopy |
113 |
|
10 |
Invasive Blood Gas Analysis and
Cardiovascular Monitoring Robert M. Diblasi and
Michael P. Czervinske |
116 |
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Blood Gas
Sampling |
117 |
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Arterial
Puncture |
118 |
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Capillary Blood
Gas Samples |
120 |
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Arterial
Catheters |
122 |
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Continuous
Invasive Blood Gas Monitoring |
125 |
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Central Venous
Catheters |
125 |
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Pulmonary
Artery Catheterization |
126 |
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Noninvasive
Measurement of Cardiac Output and Perfusion |
129 |
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Patient
Information |
130 |
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Frequency |
130 |
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Blood Gas
Interpretation |
130 |
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Abnormal
Hemoglobin |
133 |
|
11 |
Noninvasive Monitoring in
Neonatal and Pediatric Care Cynthia Jacobus |
137 |
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Pulse Oximetry |
138 |
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Transcutaneous
Monitoring |
140 |
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Capnometry |
141 |
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Impedance
Pneumography |
143 |
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Electrocardiography |
144 |
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Calorimetry |
144 |
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SECTION
III |
THERAPEUTIC
PROCEDURES FOR TREATMENT OF NEONATAL AND PEDIATRIC DISORDERS |
147 |
|
12 |
Oxygen
Administration Sherry
L. Barnhart |
147 |
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Indications |
148 |
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Complications |
148 |
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Oxygen
Administration |
149 |
|
13 |
Aerosols and Administration of
Medication James B. Fink and Bruce K. Rubin |
165 |
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Neonatal and
Pediatric Medication Delivery |
166 |
|
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Aerosol
Administration in Nonintubated Infants and Children |
167 |
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Deposition in
Intubated Infants |
168 |
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Aerosol
Characteristics |
168 |
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Aerosol Delivery |
170 |
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Device
Selection and Compliance |
180 |
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Emergency
Bronchodilator Resuscitation |
181 |
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Mechanical
Ventilation |
182 |
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Bronchodilator
Administration |
186 |
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Home Care and
Monitoring Compliance |
187 |
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Other
Medications for Aerosol Delivery |
188 |
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Summary |
190 |
|
14 |
Airway Clearance Techniques and
Lung Volume Expansion Brian
K. Walsh |
196 |
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History and
Current Status of Airway Clearance Techniques |
197 |
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Chest Physical
Therapy Techniques |
197 |
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Chest Physical
Therapy in the Newborn |
201 |
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Chest Physical
Therapy in Young Children |
201 |
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Complications
of Chest Physical Therapy |
205 |
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Selection of
Patients for Chest Physical Therapy |
207 |
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Contraindications |
209 |
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Length and
Frequency of Therapy |
209 |
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Therapy
Modification |
209 |
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Monitoring
during Therapy |
210 |
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Evaluation of
Therapy |
210 |
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Documentation
of Therapy |
210 |
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Incentive
Spirometry |
210 |
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Intermittent
Positive-Pressure Breathing |
213 |
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Future of
Airway Clearance Therapy |
215 |
|
15 |
Airway
Management Ian N. Jacobs, Mary M. Pettignano and Robert Pettignano |
220 |
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Intubation |
221 |
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Intubation
Procedure |
224 |
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Extubation |
232 |
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Tracheotomy |
234 |
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Suctioning |
242 |
|
16 |
Surfactant Replacement
Therapy Santina A. Zanelli and David Kaufman |
246 |
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The Discovery
of Surfactant |
246 |
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Surfactant
Physiology |
247 |
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Surfactant
Dysfunction in Acute Lung Injury |
252 |
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Clinical
Applications and Replacement |
253 |
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Future
Directions |
261 |
|
17 |
Mechanical
Ventilators Katherine
Fedor |
267 |
|
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Ventilator
Classification |
268 |
|
|
Neonacal/Infant
Critical Care Ventilators |
274 |
|
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Universal
Neonacal/Infant/Pediatric/Adult Critical Care Ventilators |
278 |
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|
Home Care
Ventilators |
295 |
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|
Summary |
302 |
|
18 |
Continuous Positive Airway
Pressure Robert M. DiBlasi and Peter Richardson |
305 |
|
|
Indications |
306 |
|
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Contraindications |
308 |
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|
Hazards and
Complications |
308 |
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Physiologic
Effects |
308 |
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Delivery
Systems and Patient Interfaces |
309 |
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Management
Strategies |
314 |
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Advancing
Concepts |
318 |
|
19 |
Mechanical Ventilation of the
Neonate and Pediatric Patient Brian K. Walsh and Robert
M. DiBlasi |
325 |
|
|
Objectives and
Indications for Mechanical Ventilation |
326 |
|
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Types of
Mechanical Ventilation |
326 |
|
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Flow and
Pressure Waveform Patterns |
330 |
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Time Constants |
331 |
|
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Triggering |
331 |
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Modes of
Ventilation |
332 |
|
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Managing
Ventilator Settings |
335 |
|
|
Patient-Ventilator
Interface |
339 |
|
|
Complications
of Mechanical Ventilation |
340 |
|
|
Monitoring
during Mechanical Ventilation |
343 |
|
|
Weaning from
Mechanical Ventilation |
345 |
|
|
Advancing
Concepts |
347 |
|
20 |
Neonatal and Pediatric
High-Frequency Ventilation Keith S. Meredith and Mark
Rogers |
353 |
|
|
Definitions |
354 |
|
|
Mechanisms of
Gas Exchange |
355 |
|
|
Indications |
358 |
|
|
Ventilator
Settings |
359 |
|
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High-Frequency
Ventilators on the |
360 |
|
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Ventilator
Management |
362 |
|
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Clinical
Management Strategies |
363 |
|
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Weaning |
365 |
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Care of the
Patient |
367 |
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Circuits and
Humidification |
367 |
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Troubleshooting |
368 |
|
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Emerging
Clinical Applications |
368 |
|
21 |
Noninvasive Mechanical
Ventilation of the Infant and Child Pradip Kamat and W. Gerald
Teague |
373 |
|
|
Objectives of
Noninvasive Ventilation |
374 |
|
|
Experience with
NPPV in Pediatric Patients |
375 |
|
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Noninvasive
Ventilation with Positive-Pressure Devices |
377 |
|
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Noninvasive
Ventilation with Negative-Pressure Devices |
378 |
|
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NPPV Modes |
378 |
|
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Monitoring the
Patient and Ventilator Circuit |
379 |
|
|
Pressure
Titration in Noninvasive Ventilation |
379 |
|
|
Interface
Selection and Fit |
380 |
|
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Complications
and Contraindications to NPPV |
380 |
|
|
Future of
Noninvasive Ventilation |
381 |
|
22 |
Administration of Gas
Mixtures Mark Rogers |
384 |
|
|
Nitric Oxide |
385 |
|
|
Helium-Oxygen
Mixtures |
389 |
|
|
Hypoxic and
Hypercarbic Gas Mixtures |
391 |
|
|
Anesthetic
Mixtures |
392 |
|
23 |
Extracorporeal Life
Support Douglas R. Hansell |
397 |
|
|
History |
398 |
|
|
Neonatal
Treatment |
399 |
|
|
Pediatric
Treatment |
402 |
|
|
Extracorporeal
Physiology |
402 |
|
|
Extracorporeal
Life Support Circuit |
406 |
|
|
Cannulation |
410 |
|
|
Management and
Monitoring |
411 |
|
|
Weaning |
413 |
|
|
Decannulation |
413 |
|
|
Complications |
413 |
|
24 |
Pharmacology Robert G.
Aucoin |
417 |
|
|
β-Adrenergic
Agonists |
418 |
|
|
Anticholinergics |
423 |
|
|
Inhaled
Corticosteroids |
424 |
|
|
Systemic
Corticosteroids |
427 |
|
|
Leukotriene
Modifiers |
427 |
|
|
Methylxanthines |
429 |
|
|
Magnesium
Sulfate |
430 |
|
|
Nonsteroidal
Antiinflammatory Drugs |
430 |
|
|
Mucolytic Agents |
431 |
|
|
Ketamine |
432 |
|
|
Aerosolized
Antibiotics |
433 |
|
|
Antiviral Agents |
433 |
|
|
Monoclonal
Anti-IgE Antibody Therapy |
434 |
|
25 |
Thoracic Organ
Transplantation George
B. Mallory, Jr., Okan Elidemir and Marc G. Schecter |
439 |
|
|
Heart
Transplantation |
441 |
|
|
Heart-Lung
Transplantation |
442 |
|
|
Lung
Transplantation |
442 |
|
|
Immunosuppressive
Regimens |
443 |
|
|
Complications |
444 |
|
|
Role of the
Respiratory Therapist |
448 |
|
26 |
Pediatric Advanced Life
Support Patrice
Johnson and Kim Stevenson |
451 |
|
|
Respiratory
Distress, Respiratory Failure, and Respiratory Arrest |
451 |
|
|
Shock and the
Relationship with Respiratory Failure |
452 |
|
|
Rapid
Cardiopulmonary Assessment |
452 |
|
|
Initial
Assessment of Appearance |
453 |
|
|
Initial
Assessment of Airway/Breathing |
454 |
|
|
Initial
Assessment of Circulation |
454 |
|
SECTION
IV |
NEONATAL
AND PEDIATRIC DISORDERS: PRESENTATION, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT |
461 |
|
27 |
Neonatal Pulmonary
Disorders Thomas L. Miller, Thomas H. Shaffer and Jay S. Greenspan |
461 |
|
|
Respiratory
Distress Syndrome |
462 |
|
|
Transient
Tachypnea of the Newborn |
466 |
|
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Neonatal
Pneumonia |
467 |
|
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Meconium
Aspiration Syndrome |
470 |
|
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Persistent
Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn |
473 |
|
|
Apnea of
Prematurity |
475 |
|
28 |
Surgical Disorders in Childhood
that Affect Respiratory Care Scott Keckler and Kurt P. Schropp |
482 |
|
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Choanal Atresia |
483 |
|
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Macroglossia |
483 |
|
|
Mandibular
Hypoplasia |
484 |
|
|
Esophageal
Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula |
484 |
|
|
Congenital
Diaphragmatic Hernia |
486 |
|
|
Chest Wall
Malformations |
487 |
|
|
Lung Bud
Anomalies |
488 |
|
|
Gastroschisis/Omphalocele |
493 |
|
|
Necrotizing
Enterocolitis |
494 |
|
29 |
Neonatal Complications of
Respiratory Care Charles
L. Paxson, Jr. |
498 |
|
|
Clinical
Presentations of Chronic Lung Disease |
499 |
|
|
Diagnosis of
Chronic Lung Disease |
501 |
|
|
Pathophysiology |
501 |
|
|
Treatment of
Chronic Lung Disease |
505 |
|
|
Retinopathy of
Prematurity |
508 |
|
|
Intraventricular
Hemorrhage |
509 |
|
30 |
Congenital Cardiac
Defects John Salyer, Teodor
D. Butiu and David N. Crotwell |
517 |
|
|
Cardiopulmonary
Anatomy and Physiology |
518 |
|
|
Classification
of Cardiac Anomalies |
520 |
|
|
Congenital
Cardiac Anomalies |
520 |
|
|
Left
Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction |
524 |
|
|
Clinical
Monitoring of Patients with Cardiac Anomalies |
537 |
|
|
Respiratory
Care of Patients with Cardiac Anomalies |
538 |
|
31 |
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and
Pediatric Sleep Disorders |
543 |
|
|
Normal Control
of Breathing and Heart Rate |
545 |
|
|
Etiology |
545 |
|
|
Tests to Assess
Risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome |
545 |
|
|
Polysomnographic
Parameters |
546 |
|
|
Laboratory
Supervision |
547 |
|
|
Setting |
548 |
|
|
Personnel |
548 |
|
|
Normal Sleep
Development |
549 |
|
|
Apnea |
549 |
|
|
Home
Cardiorespiratory Monitors |
551 |
|
32 |
Pediatric Airway Disorders and
Parenchymal Lung Diseases Brian K. Walsh and Nico
Vehse |
554 |
|
|
The Pediatric
Airway |
555 |
|
|
Airway
Obstruction |
556 |
|
|
Upper Airway
Disorders |
557 |
|
|
Lower Airway
Disorders |
562 |
|
|
Pneumonia |
571 |
|
|
Tuberculosis |
575 |
|
|
Sickle Cell
Disease |
577 |
|
|
Recurrent
Aspiration Syndrome |
578 |
|
33 |
Asthma Thomas J.
Kallstrom and Maridee Jones |
582 |
|
|
Pathogenesis of
Asthma |
583 |
|
|
Risk Factors
for Development of Asthma in Children |
584 |
|
|
National Asthma
Education and Prevention Program Guidelines |
585 |
|
|
Diagnosis |
586 |
|
|
Management of
Asthma |
587 |
|
|
Managing Asthma
Exacerbations in the Emergency Department |
594 |
|
|
Hospitalization
and Respiratory Failure |
595 |
|
|
Exercise-Induced
Bronchospasm |
595 |
|
|
Asthma at School |
596 |
|
|
Asthma Camps |
597 |
|
34 |
Cystic
Fibrosis Bruce M. Schnapf |
599 |
|
|
Genetics |
600 |
|
|
Diagnosis |
601 |
|
|
Pulmonary
Disease |
602 |
|
|
Treatment of
Pulmonary Disease |
604 |
|
|
Other Clinical
Manifestations |
606 |
|
|
Prognosis |
607 |
|
35 |
Acute Respiratory Distress
Syndrome Ira Cheifetz
and Jennifer L. Turi |
611 |
|
|
Definition |
611 |
|
|
Etiology |
612 |
|
|
Prevalence |
612 |
|
|
Clinical Course |
612 |
|
|
Pathology and
Role of Immunomodulators |
614 |
|
|
Pulmonary
Mechanics |
615 |
|
|
Treatment/Ventilatory
Support |
615 |
|
|
Adjunct
Therapies |
617 |
|
|
Summary |
618 |
|
36 |
Shock and
Anaphylaxis Cynthia L.
Gibson and Anthony D. Slonim |
621 |
|
|
Shock |
621 |
|
|
Anaphylaxis |
631 |
|
|
Summary |
632 |
|
37 |
Sepsis and
Meningitis Julie Lynn
Fitzgerald and Tracy Koogler |
635 |
|
|
Sepsis |
635 |
|
|
Meningitis |
639 |
|
|
Summary |
640 |
|
38 |
Thermal and Inhalation
Injury Ronald P. Mlcak |
643 |
|
|
Thermal Injury |
643 |
|
|
Inhalation
Injury |
646 |
|
|
Long-Term
Outcomes |
651 |
|
39 |
Head Injury and Cerebral
Disorders Paul Mathews |
654 |
|
|
Causes and
Anatomic Considerations |
655 |
|
|
Initial
Assessment and Diagnosis |
656 |
|
|
Stabilization |
659 |
|
|
Neurologic
Assessment |
661 |
|
|
Treatment Plan |
665 |
|
|
Cerebral
Disorders |
666 |
|
|
Increased
Intracranial Pressure |
668 |
|
|
Status
Epilepticus |
671 |
|
40 |
Thoracic Trauma in
Children Bradley M. Rodgers and Eugene D. McGahren |
674 |
|
|
Birth Trauma |
674 |
|
|
Blunt Thoracic
Trauma |
675 |
|
|
Penetrating
Thoracic Trauma |
676 |
|
|
Latrogenic
Thoracic Trauma |
678 |
|
41 |
Drowning in
Children Kristina H. Deeter and John K. McGuire |
683 |
|
|
Incidence |
684 |
|
|
Pathophysiology |
684 |
|
|
Treatment |
685 |
|
|
Outcome |
689 |
|
|
Prevention |
689 |
|
42 |
Pediatric
Poisoning Kathleen D. Bongiovanni |
692 |
|
|
Epidemiology |
692 |
|
|
General
Management |
693 |
|
|
Common
Poisoning Agents |
695 |
|
|
Note on Cough
and Cold Preparations |
703 |
|
43 |
Disorders of the
Pleura Paul C. Stillwell |
706 |
|
|
Pleural
Effusions |
707 |
|
|
Pneumothorax |
709 |
|
|
Thoracostomy
Drainage |
710 |
|
|
Surgery in the
Pleural Space |
713 |
|
44 |
Neurologic and Neuromuscular
Disorders Mary E. Hartman, Peter H. Michelson and Michael P. Czervinske |
716 |
|
|
Neuromuscular
Control of Respiration |
717 |
|
|
Neuromuscular
Diseases that Affect the Respiratory System |
718 |
|
|
Respiratory
Evaluation of Children with Neuromuscular Disease |
722 |
|
|
Respiratory
Care of Children with Neuromuscular Disease |
723 |
|
|
Transition to
Adulthood |
727 |
|
SECTION
V |
NEONATAL
AND PEDIATRIC TRANSIENT AND AMBULATORY CARE |
731 |
|
45 |
Transport of Infants and
Children Garry Sitler |
731 |
|
|
Team Composition |
732 |
|
|
Modes of
Transportation |
733 |
|
|
Equipment |
735 |
|
|
Patient
Assessment and Stabilization |
736 |
|
|
Advanced
Transport |
737 |
|
|
Safety of
Transport |
738 |
|
|
Accreditation |
738 |
|
46 |
Home Care Sherry L.
Barnhart |
740 |
|
|
Discharge
Planning: the Decision to Go
Home |
741 |
|
|
Oxygen Therapy
at Home |
745 |
|
|
Apnea-Bradycardia
Monitors |
747 |
|
|
Pulse Oximeters |
749 |
|
|
The Child with
a Tracheostomy |
749 |
|
|
Mechanical
Ventilation in the Home |
754 |
|
|
A Successful
Transition Home |
758 |
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Credits |
761 |
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Index |
766 |
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