Table
of Contents
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PART ONE |
OVERVIEW OF PHARMACOLOGY |
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1 |
Drug Actions and Body Responses |
1 |
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Drug Therapy |
2 |
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Overview |
2 |
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Drug Names |
3 |
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Drug Categories |
4 |
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Drug Regulation |
5 |
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Ways in Which Drugs Affect the Body (Pharmacodynamics) |
6 |
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Mechanisms of Action |
6 |
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Physiologic Effects |
8 |
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How the Body Uses and Changes Drugs
(Pharmacokinetics) |
11 |
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Absorption |
12 |
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Distribution |
14 |
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Metabolism |
15 |
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Elimination |
16 |
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Life Span Considerations |
18 |
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Size |
18 |
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Organ Health |
19 |
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Pregnancy and Breastfeeding |
21 |
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Drug Interactions |
24 |
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2 |
Safely Preparing and Giving Drugs |
28 |
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Overview |
29 |
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The Six Rights of Safe Drug
Administration |
29 |
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The Right Patient |
29 |
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The Right Drug |
29 |
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The Right dose, Route, and Time |
30 |
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The Right Documentation |
30 |
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The Right Diagnosis |
30 |
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The Right to Refuse |
30 |
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Types of Drug Orders |
30 |
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Drug Errors |
31 |
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Preventing Drug Errors |
31 |
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Reporting Drug Errors |
32 |
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Principles of Administering Drugs |
32 |
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Getting Ready to Give Drugs |
33 |
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Giving Enteral Drugs |
33 |
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Oral Drugs |
33 |
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Oral Drugs Given by Feeding Tube |
35 |
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Giving Rectal Drugs |
36 |
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Giving Parenteral Drugs |
36 |
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Giving Intradermal
Drugs |
37 |
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Giving Subcutaneous Drugs |
37 |
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Giving Intramuscular Drugs |
38 |
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Giving Intravenous Drugs |
40 |
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Giving Percutaneous Drugs |
41 |
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Giving Topical or Transdermal Drugs |
41 |
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Giving Drugs through the Mucous Membranes |
42 |
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3 |
Teaching Patients About Drug Therapy |
45 |
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Overview |
45 |
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Communication for Teaching and Learning |
45 |
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Cultural Sensitivity and Communication |
46 |
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Domains of Learning |
48 |
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Teaching and Learning |
49 |
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Principles of Adult Learning: Patient
Teaching |
50 |
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Believe in the Need to Know |
51 |
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Start with the Known Before Moving to the Unknown |
51 |
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Learning Goes from the Simple to the Complex |
51 |
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Active Participation is Needed |
52 |
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Practice Makes Perfect |
52 |
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Reinforce Learning |
53 |
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Provide Early Feedback and Corrections |
53 |
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Life Span Considerations |
53 |
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PART TWO |
MATHEMATICS IN PHARMACOLOGY |
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4 |
Medical Systems of Weights and Measures |
57 |
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Overview |
57 |
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Measuring Systems |
58 |
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Temperature: Fahrenheit and Celsius |
58 |
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Household System for Liquid and Dry Measurements |
59 |
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Metric System |
60 |
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Switching Between Household and Metric Systems |
61 |
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The Milliequivalent
System |
63 |
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The Unit System |
63 |
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Two-Step Drug Dosage Calculations |
64 |
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5 |
Mathematics Review and Introduction to Dosage Calculation |
67 |
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Why do Nurses Need Mathematics? |
68 |
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Talking About Numbers: A Whole Number
versus a Part
of a Number |
68 |
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Fractions |
68 |
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Decimals |
72 |
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Rounding Parts of Numbers |
75 |
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Percents |
75 |
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Solving Dosage and Calculation Problems |
76 |
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Introduction |
76 |
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Using Proportions to Solve for X |
77 |
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6 |
Dosage Calculation of Intravenous Solutions and Drugs |
83 |
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Overview |
83 |
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IV Mechanics |
84 |
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Regulating IV Fluids |
85 |
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IV Calculations |
86 |
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Maintaining IV Therapy |
88 |
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Infusion Control Devices |
88 |
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IV Therapy Responsibilities |
88 |
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Life Span Considerations |
91 |
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PART THREE |
CLINICAL CATEGORIES AND USES OF DRUGS |
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7 |
Drugs for Pain and Sleep Problems |
94 |
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Pain |
95 |
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Review of Related Physiology and Pathophysiology |
97 |
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Pain Origin and Transmission |
97 |
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Pain Perception |
99 |
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Types of Pain |
99 |
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General Issues Related to Analgesic
Drug Therapy |
101 |
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Opioids (Narcotics) |
103 |
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Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs |
107 |
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Nonopioid Miscellaneous Pain-Control Drugs |
110 |
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Acetaminophen |
110 |
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Antidepressants |
110 |
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Anticonvulsants |
111 |
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Insomnia |
112 |
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Review of Related Physiology and Pathophysiology |
112 |
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Drugs for Insomnia |
113 |
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Narcolepsy |
116 |
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Review of Related Physiology and Pathophysiology |
116 |
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Drugs for Narcolepsy |
116 |
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8 |
Anti-Inflammatory Drugs |
120 |
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Review of Related Physiology and Pathophysiology |
121 |
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Stage I: Vascular |
122 |
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Stage II: Exudate |
122 |
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Stage III: Tissue Repair |
122 |
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Types of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs |
123 |
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Corticosteroids |
123 |
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Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory
Drugs |
128 |
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Antihistamines |
132 |
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Leukotriene Inhibitors |
134 |
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9 |
Anti-Infectives: Antibacterial Drugs |
138 |
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Review of Related Physiology and Pathophysiology |
139 |
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Bacterial Features |
139 |
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Protection Against Infection |
140 |
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Antibacterial Therapy |
141 |
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Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic Drugs |
141 |
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Spectrum of Efficacy |
141 |
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General Issues in Antibacterial Therapy |
142 |
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Types of Antibacterial Drugs |
144 |
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Penicillins, Cephalosporins,
and Other Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors |
144 |
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Aminoglycosides, Macrolides, Tetracyclines,
and Other Protein Synthesis Inhibitors |
149 |
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Metabolism Inhibitors: Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim |
156 |
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DNA Synthesis Inhibitors: Fluoroquinolones |
159 |
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Antibacterial Drug Resistance |
161 |
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Examples of MDR
Organisms |
162 |
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10 |
Anti-Infectives: Antiviral Drugs |
165 |
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Viral Infection |
165 |
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Review of Related Physiology and Pathophysiology
for Common Viruses |
166 |
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General Issues in Antiviral Therapy |
168 |
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Types of Antiviral Drugs |
169 |
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Acyclovir and Valacyclovir |
169 |
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Amantadine and Rimantadine |
171 |
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Ribavirin |
172 |
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Oseltamivir and Zanamivir |
174 |
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Retroviral Infection |
175 |
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Review of Related Physiology and Pathophysiology |
175 |
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General Issues in Antiretroviral
Therapy |
176 |
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Types of Antiretoviral Drugs |
178 |
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Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors |
178 |
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Non-Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors |
180 |
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Protease Inhibitors |
181 |
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Fusion Inhibitors |
182 |
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Entry Inhibitors |
183 |
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Integrase Inhibitors |
184 |
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11 |
Anti-Infectives: Antitubercular
and Antifungal Drugs |
188 |
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Tuberculosis |
188 |
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Review of Related Physiology and Pathophysiology |
188 |
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Types of Drugs for Tuberculosis |
190 |
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First-Line Antitubercular
Drugs |
190 |
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Fungal Infections |
195 |
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Review of Related Physiology and Pathophysiology |
195 |
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Types of Antifungal Drugs |
195 |
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Drugs for Superficial Fungal Infections |
195 |
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Drugs for Deep or Systemic Fungal Infections |
196 |
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12 |
Drugs That Affect Urine Output |
205 |
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Diuretics |
205 |
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Review of Related Physiology and Pathophysiology |
206 |
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General Issues in Diuretic Therapy |
207 |
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Types of Diuretics |
208 |
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Thiazide Diuretics |
208 |
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Loop Diuretics |
210 |
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Potassium-Sparing Diuretics |
213 |
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Over active Bladder |
214 |
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Review of Related Physiology and Pathophysiology |
214 |
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Types of Drugs for Overactive Bladder |
215 |
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Urinary Antispasmodics |
215 |
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Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia |
217 |
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Review of Related Physiology and Pathophysiology |
218 |
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Types of Drugs for Benign Prostatic
Hyperplasia |
217 |
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DHT Inhibitors and
Selective Alpha-1 Blockers |
218 |
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13 |
Drugs for Hypertension |
223 |
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Overview |
224 |
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Review of Related Physiology and Pathophysiology |
225 |
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Arteriosclerosis and Atherosclerosis |
225 |
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Primary (Essential) Hypertension |
225 |
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Secondary Hypertension |
225 |
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General Issues for Antihypertensive
Therapy |
226 |
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Types of Antihypertensive Drugs |
227 |
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Diuretics |
228 |
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Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme
Inhibitors |
229 |
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Angiotensin II Receptor
Antagonists |
232 |
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Calcium Channel Blockers |
234 |
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Beta Blockers |
236 |
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Alpha Blockers |
239 |
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Alpha-Beta Blockers |
241 |
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Central-Acting Adrenergic Agents |
242 |
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Direct Vasodilators |
244 |
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14 |
Drugs for Heart Failure |
247 |
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Overview |
248 |
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Review of Related Physiology and Pathophysiology |
248 |
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Left Heart Failure |
250 |
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Right Heart Failure |
251 |
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Compensatory Mechanisms for Heart Failure |
251 |
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Treatment for Heart Failure |
253 |
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General Issues in Heart Failure Therapy |
253 |
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Types of Drugs Used to Treat Heart
Failure |
254 |
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ACE Inhibitors |
254 |
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Beta Blockers |
255 |
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Vasodilators |
255 |
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Cardiac Glycosides (Digoxin) |
258 |
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Diuretics |
260 |
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Human B-Type Natriuretic
Peptides |
260 |
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Positive Inotropes
(Heart Pump Drugs) |
261 |
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Potassium and Magnesium |
263 |
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Other Drugs Used to Treat Heart Failure |
265 |
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15 |
Antidysrhythmic Drugs |
267 |
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Review of Related Physiology and Pathophysiology |
268 |
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Pacemakers and the Cardiac Conduction System |
268 |
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Heart Rate |
269 |
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General Issues Related to Antidysrhythmic
Therapy |
272 |
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Types of Antidysrhythmic Drugs |
273 |
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Atropine for Bradydysrhythmias |
273 |
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Digoxin |
275 |
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Drugs for Tachydysrhythmias |
277 |
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Class I: Sodium Channel Blockers |
277 |
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Class Ia
Drugs |
277 |
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Class Ib
Drugs |
280 |
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Class Ic
Drugs |
282 |
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Class II: Beta Blockeks |
283 |
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Class III: Potassium Channel Blockers |
286 |
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Class IV: Calcium Channel Blockers |
288 |
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Unclassified Antidysrhythmic Drugs |
289 |
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Adenosine |
289 |
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Magnesium Sulfate |
290 |
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Other Drugs Used to Treat |
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Dysrhythmias |
292 |
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16 |
Drugs for High Blood Lipids |
294 |
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Overview |
294 |
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Review of Related Physiology and Pathophysiology |
295 |
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Coronary Artery Disease |
295 |
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Familial Hyperlipidemia |
295 |
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General Issues for Antihyperlipidemic Therapy |
296 |
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Types of Lipid-Lowering Drugs |
298 |
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Statins |
298 |
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Bile Acid Sequestrants |
300 |
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Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors |
302 |
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Fibrates |
303 |
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Nicotinic Acid Agents |
305 |
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17 |
Drugs That Affect Blood Clotting |
309 |
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Overview |
310 |
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Review of Related Physiology and Pathophysiology |
310 |
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Clot Formation |
310 |
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Thrombosis |
310 |
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Embolus |
311 |
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General Issues for Anticoagulant
Therapy |
312 |
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Types of Drugs That Affect Blood
Clotting |
313 |
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Anticoagulant Drugs |
313 |
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Thrombin Inhibitors |
313 |
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Clotting Factor Synthesis Inhibitors |
316 |
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Antiplatelet Drugs |
319 |
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Thrombolytic Drugs |
321 |
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Drugs that Improve Blood Clotting |
323 |
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Colony-Stimulating Factors |
323 |
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18 |
Drugs for Asthma and Other
Respiratory Problems |
327 |
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Overview |
327 |
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Review of Related Physiology and Pathophysiology |
328 |
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Asthma |
328 |
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
330 |
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Types of Drugs for Asthma and COPD |
330 |
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Bronchodilators |
331 |
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Anti-Inflammatory Drugs |
336 |
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Combination Bronchodilator and Anti-Inflammatory Drugs |
338 |
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Mucolytics |
338 |
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19 |
Drugs for Nausea, Vomiting,
Diarrhea, and Constipation |
340 |
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Overview |
340 |
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Nausea and Vomiting |
341 |
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Review of Related Physiology and Pathophysiology |
341 |
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Types of Drugs for Nausea and Vomiting |
342 |
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Antiemetic Drugs |
342 |
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Constipation |
346 |
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Review of Related Physiology and Pathophysiology |
346 |
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Types of Drugs for Constipation |
348 |
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Laxatives, Lubricants, and Stool Softeners |
348 |
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Diarrhea |
351 |
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Review of Related Physiology and Pathophysiology |
351 |
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Types of Drugs for Diarrhea |
351 |
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Antimotility,
Adsorbent/Absorbent, and Antisecretory
Drugs |
351 |
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20 |
Drugs for Gastric Ulcers and
Reflux |
357 |
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Overview |
357 |
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Review of Related Physiology and Pathophysiology |
358 |
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Gastrointestinal Ulcers |
358 |
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease |
360 |
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General Issues for Drugs for PUD and GERD |
363 |
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Types of Drugs for PUD and GERD |
363 |
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Histamine H2 Blockers |
363 |
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Proton Pump Inhibitors |
365 |
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Antacids |
367 |
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Cytoprotective Drugs |
369 |
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Promotility Drugs |
370 |
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Other Drugs Used to Treat Ulcers |
372 |
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Antibiotics for H. Pylori Infection |
372 |
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21 |
Drugs for Seizures |
375 |
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Overview |
375 |
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Review of Related Physiology and Pathophysiology |
376 |
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Causes of Seizures |
376 |
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Types of Seizures |
376 |
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Treatment of Seizures |
379 |
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Types of Anti-Seizure Drugs |
380 |
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First-Line Drugs for Partial and Generalized Seizures |
380 |
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First-Line Drugs for Absence Seizures |
383 |
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Second-Line (Alternative) Drugs for Seizures |
385 |
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22 |
Drugs for Depression, Anxiety,
and Psychosis |
390 |
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Overview |
391 |
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Depression |
391 |
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Review of Related Physiology and Pathophysiology |
393 |
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Types of Drugs for Depression |
394 |
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Antidepressants |
394 |
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Anxiety |
398 |
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Review of Related Physiology and Pathophysiology |
400 |
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Types of Drugs for Anxiety |
400 |
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Antianxiety Drugs |
400 |
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Psychosis |
404 |
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Review of Related Physiology and Pathophysiology |
405 |
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Types of Drugs for Psychosis |
405 |
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Antipsychotics |
405 |
|
23 |
Drugs for Parkinson’s and
Alzheimer’s Disease |
411 |
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Overview |
411 |
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Alzheimer’s Disease |
411 |
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|
Review of Related Physiology and Pathophysiology |
412 |
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|
Types of Drugs for Alzheimer’s Disease |
413 |
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|
Cholinesterase/Acetylcholinesterase
Inhibitors and Memantine |
413 |
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Parkinsons Disease |
415 |
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|
Review of Related Physiology and Pathophysiology |
415 |
|
|
Types of Drugs for Parkinson’s Disease |
417 |
|
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Dopaminergic/Dopamine
Agonists, COMT
Inhibitors, MAO-B Inhibitors, Anticholinergics |
417 |
|
24 |
Drugs for Endocrine Problems |
424 |
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|
Overview |
425 |
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Hypothyroidism |
425 |
|
|
Review of Related Physiology and Pathophysiology |
425 |
|
|
Types of Thyroid Hormone Replacement
Drugs |
427 |
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Levothyroxine and Liothyronine |
427 |
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Hyperthyroidism |
431 |
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|
Review of Related Physiology and Pathophysiology |
431 |
|
|
Types of Thyroid-Suppressing Drugs |
432 |
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Methimazole and Propylthiouracil |
432 |
|
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Menopause |
434 |
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|
Review of Related Physiology and Pathophysiology |
434 |
|
|
Types of Perimenopausal Hormone Replacement
Drugs |
436 |
|
|
Conjugated Estrogens |
436 |
|
25 |
Drugs for Diabetes |
440 |
|
|
Overview |
440 |
|
|
Review of Related Physiology and Pathophysiology |
441 |
|
|
Normal Physiology |
441 |
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Pathophysiology |
444 |
|
|
Types of Drugs for Diabetes |
446 |
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|
Insulin Therapy |
446 |
|
|
Oral Antidiabetic
Drugs |
453 |
|
|
Oral Combination Drugs |
458 |
|
|
Drugs that Increase Incretins and Amylin |
459 |
|
26 |
Drugs for Glaucoma |
465 |
|
|
Overview |
465 |
|
|
Review of Related Physiology and Pathophysiology |
466 |
|
|
Physiology |
466 |
|
|
Pathophysiology |
468 |
|
|
General Issues for Local Eye Drug
Therapy |
469 |
|
|
Types of Drugs for Glaucoma |
472 |
|
|
Prostaglandin Agonists |
472 |
|
|
Beta Adrenergic Blocking Agents |
473 |
|
|
Adrenergic Agonists |
475 |
|
|
Cholinergic Drugs |
477 |
|
|
Carbonic Anhydrase
Inhibitors |
478 |
|
27 |
Drugs for Cancer Therapy |
482 |
|
|
Review of Related Physiology and Pathophysiology |
482 |
|
|
Features of Normal Cells |
483 |
|
|
Features of Cancer Cells |
485 |
|
|
Cancer Development |
486 |
|
|
Cancer Classification |
487 |
|
|
Cancer Causes |
487 |
|
|
Types of Cancer Treatment |
488 |
|
|
Chemotherapy |
488 |
|
|
Hormone Manipulation |
496 |
|
|
Immunotherapy: Biological Response Modifiers |
498 |
|
|
Targeted Therapy |
499 |
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|
Bibliography |
503 |
|
|
Illustration Credits |
506 |
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