9781416034278

Table of Contents


	VOLUME ONE
Chapter 1	Developmental Anatomy of the Shoulder and Anatomy of the Glenohumeral Joint Stephen J. O’Brien, md, mBa, James E. Voos, md, Andrew S. Neviaser, md, and Mark C. Drakos, MD	1
	Comparative Anatomy	1
	Embryology	5
	Postnatal Development	11
	Adult Glenohumeral Joint	12
Chapter 2	Gross Anatomy of the Shoulder Christopher M. Jobe, md, Wesley P. Phipatanakul, md, and Michael J. Coen, md	33
	History	33
	Bones and Joints	38
	Muscles	48
	Nerves	67
	Blood Vessels	79
	Bursae, Compartments, and Potential Spaces	87
	Skin	93
Chapter 3	Congenital Anomalies and Variational Anatomy of the Shoulder Jennifer L. Vanderbeck, md, John M. Fenlin, Jr, MD, Charles L. Getz, md, and Anthony F. DaPalma, md	101
	Variational Anatomy of the Shoulder	101
	Common Malformations of the Shoulder	117
	Rare Anomalies	126
Chapter 4	Clinical Evaluation of Shoulder Problems Michael Codsi, md, Jesse McCarron, Md, and John J. Brems, md	145
	Patient History	145
	Physical Examination	152
	Special Tests	162
Chapter 5	Radiographic Evaluation of Shoulder Problems Kirk L. Jensen, md, and Charles A. Rockwood, Jr, md	177
	Fractures of the Glenohumeral Joint	177
	Anterior Instability	183
	Posterior Humeral Head Compression Fractures Associated with Anterior Dislocation: The Hill-Sachs Defect	186
	Posterior Instability	188
	Glenohumeral Arthritis	191
	Glenohumeral Arthroplasty	192
	Clavicle	194
	Acromioclavicular Joint and Distal Clavicle	194
	Sternoclavicular Joint and Medial Clavicle	197
	Rotator Cuff	199
	Scapula	206
	Calcifying Tendinitis	207
	Biceps Tendon	207
Chapter 6	Biomechanics of the Shoulder Eiji Itoi, md, PhD, Bernard F. Morray, MD, and Kai-Nan An, PhD	213
	Shoulder Complex	213
	Glenohumeral and Scapulothoracic Joint Motion	217
	Shoulder Motion	222
	Shoulder Constraints	230
	Muscle and Joint Forces	250
Chapter 7	Effectiveness Evaluation of the Shoulder Robin R. Richards, md, frcsc	267
	History	267
	Development of Outcome Measures	268
	Types of Outcome Measures	268
	Application of Outcome Measures	269
	Assessing Outcome Measures	270
	Specific Outcome Instruments	271
	Author’s Current Practice	275
	Future Developments	275
	Summary	275
Chapter 8	Anesthesia for Shoulder Procedures Christopher D. Kent, md, and Laurie B. Amundsen, md	279
	Anesthesia	279
	Neurologic Injury After Shoulder Procedures	285
	Preoperative Considerations	287
	Intraoperative Considerations	287
	Postoperative Considerations	289
	Summary	291
Chapter 9	Fractures of the Proximal Humerus Kamal I. Bohsali, md, and Michael A. Wirth, md	295
	Anatomy	295
	Mechanism of Injury	297
	Clinical Evaluation	297
	Imaging	297
	Classification	298
	Methods of Treatment	300
	Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment	307
	Complications After Arthroplasty	325
	Results After Arthroplasty	326
	Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty for Primary and Secondary Management of Proximal Humerus Fractures	326
	Late Complications of Proximal Humerus Fractures	327
Chapter 10	Fractures of the Scapula Thomas P. Goss, md, and Brett D. Owens, md	333
	Anatomy	333
	Classification of Fractures of the .Scapula	334
	Clinical Features	335
	Associated Injuries and Complications	335
	Radiographic Evaluation	336
	Types of Fractures and Methods of Treatment	336
	Other Disorders	364
	Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment	368
Chapter 11	Fractures of the Clavicle Carl J. Basamania, md, and Charles A. Rockwood, Jr, md	381
	Historical Review	3H1
	Anatomy	382
	Morphology and Function	383
	Function	385
	Classification of Clavicle Fractures	389
	Mechanism of Injury	394
	Clinical Findings	3%
	Radiographic Evaluation	401
	Differential Diagnosis	404
	Complications	406
	Treatment	413
	Postoperative Care	419
	Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment	419
Chapter 12	Disorders of the Acromioclavicular Joint David N. Collins, md	453
	Developmental Anatomy	453
	Anatomy and Function	453
	Excision of the Distal Clavicle	457
	Biomechanics of Acromioclavicular Motion	463
	Spectrum of Disorders	466
	Evaluation	467
	Traumatic Disorders	474
	Nontraumatic Disorders	514
Chapter 13	Disorders of the Sternoclavicular Joint Michael A. Wirth, md, and Charles A. Rockwood, Jr, md	527
	Surgical Anatomy	527
	Mechanism of Injury	533
	Classification of Problems of the
	Sternoclavicular Joint	534
	Incidence of Injury to the Sternoclavicular Joint	537
	Signs and Symptoms of Injuries to the Sternoclavicular Joint	539
	Radiographic Findings of Injury to the Sternoclavicular Joint	539
	Treatment	542
	Authors’ Preferred Method of Treatment	551
	Complications of Injuries to the Sternoclavicular Joint	557
	Complications of Operative Procedures	558
Chapter 14	Sepsis of the Shoulder: Molecular Mechanisms and Pathogenesis Robin R, Richards, md, frcsc	561
	History	561
	Septic Anatomy of the Shoulder	562
	Microanatomy and Cell Biology	563
	Classification	564
	Pathogenic Mechanisms of Septic Arthritis and Osteomyelitis	565
	Microbial Adhesion and Intra-Articular Sepsis	568
	Bacterial Pathogens	569
	Clinical Presentation	570
	Laboratory Evaluation	571
	Complications	574
	Treatment	575
	Outcome	578
	Prevention	579
	Author’s Preferred Method of Treatment	579
	Summary	580
Chapter 15	Fractures, Dislocations, and Acquired Problems of the Shoulder in Children Paul D. Choi, md, Gilbert Chan, md, David L. Skaggs, md, and John M. Flynn, md	583
	Fractures of the Proximal Humerus	583
	Fractures of the Clavicle	594
	Fractures of the Scapula	604
Chapter 16	Glenohumeral Instability Frederick A. Matsen III, md, Steven B. Lippitt, md, Alexander Bertlesen, pac, Charles A. Rockwood, Jr, md, and Michael A. Wirth, MD	617
	Historical Review	617
	Relevant Anatomy	622
	Mechanics of Glenohumeral Stability	629
	Types of Glenohumeral Instability	651
	Dislocation
	Clinical Findings	661
	Injuries Associated with Anterior Dislocations	666
	Injuries Associated with Posterior Dislocations	678
	Treatment	678
	Recurrent Dislocation
	Evaluation	684
	Treatment	700
	VOLUME TWO
Chapter 17	Rotator Cuff Frederick A. Matsen, III, mD, Edward V. Fehringer, md, Steven B. Lippitt, md, Michael A. Wirth, md, and Charles A. Rockwood, Jr, md	771
	Historical Review	771
	Relevant Anatomy and Mechanics	775
	Clinical Conditions Involving the Cuff	799
	Incidence of Rotator Cuff Defects	800
	Clinical Findings	802
	Clinical Conditions Related to the Rotator Cuff	808
	Shoulder Function and Health status in Clinical Conditions of the Rotator Cuff	809
	Imaging Techniques	810
	Differential Diagnosis	817
	Treatment	819
Chapter 18	Evaluation and Management of Failed Rotator Cuff Surgery Joshua S. Dines, md, and David M. Dines, md	891
	Diagnosis	891
	Failed Repairs	892
	Persistent Subacromial Impingement	897
	Stiffness	899
	Heterotopic Ossification	902
	Acromial Stress Fracture	903
	Deltoid Insufficiency	903
	Conclusion	906
Chapter 19	Complications of Shoulder Arthroscopy Anthony S. Wei, md, and Leesa M. Galatz, md	909
	Early Reports and Reviews	909
	Anesthesia-Related Complications	910
	General Surgical Complications	911
	Complications Specific to Shoulder Arthroscopy	914
	Bupivacaine Induced Chondrolysis	918
	Summary	918
Chapter 20	Shoulder Arthroscopy Russell F. Warren, md	921
20A	General Principles Christopher J. Wahl, md, and Russell F. Warren, md	921
	History	921
	Anatomy	922
	Positioning, Portals, and Diagnostic Arthroscopy	929
	Summary	939
20B	Arthroscopic Treatment of Shoulder Instability Seth C. Gamradt, md, Riley J. Williams, III, md, and Russell F. Warren, md	940
	Pathoanatomy	940
	Diagnosis and Diagnostic Arthroscopy in Shoulder Instability	941
	Management of Post-Traumatic Anterior Instability	942
	Arthroscopic Management of Posterior Instability	950
	Arthroscopic Management of Multidirectional Instability	952
	Postoperative Management and Return to Play	956
	Complications of Stabilization Surgery	957
	Conclusions	957
20C	Arthroscopic Management of Rotator Cuff Disease Stephen F. Brockmeier, md, Answorth A. Allen, MD, John D. MacGillivray, md, and. Scott A. Rodeo, md	961
	Arthroscopic Management of Impingement Syndrome	961
	Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair	964
	Arthroscopic Management of Subscapularis Tears	980
20D	Acromioclavicular Joint Arthritis and Instability Robert H. Brophy, md, Stephen Fealy. MD, and Frank A. Cordasco. md, ms	984
	Anatomy of the Acromioclavicular Joint	984
	Excision of the Distal Clavicle	984
	Stabilization of the Acromioclavicular Joint	990
20E	Arthroscopic Treatment of Shoulder Stiffness and Calcific Tendinitis of the Rotator Cuff Daniel P, Tomlinson, md, and Jo A. Hannafin, md, PhD	993
	Primary Adhesive Capsulitis	993
	Secondary Adhesive Capsulitis	998
	Secondary Shoulder Stiffness	998
	Calcific Tendinitis	1000
20F	Arthroscopic Management of Arthritic and Prearthritic Conditions of the Shoulder Clayton Lane, md, and Edward V. Craig, md, MPH	1002
	Osteoarthritis	1002
	Inflammatory Synovitis and Arthritis	1007
	Renal Arthropathy	1008
	Osteonecrosis	1008
	Arthroscopy After Hemiarthroplasty and Total Shoulder Arthroplasty	1008
	Summary	1009
20G	Biceps in Shoulder Arthroscopy Barrett S. Brown, md, Anne M. Kelly, md, Mark C. Drakos, md, and Stephen J. O’Brien, md, mba	1011
	Diagnosis of Biceps Pathology	1011
	Treatment	1013
	Coexisting Diagnoses	1018
	Conclusion	1019
20H	SLAP Tears Jeffrey Davila, md	1020
	Anatomy	1020
	Biomechanics	1021
	Classification	1021
	Diagnosis	1022
	Surgical Management	1024
	Surgical Technique	1025
	Paralabral Ganglion Cysts	1026
	Conclusions	1028
20I	Thrower’s Shoulder Barrett S. Brown, md, Stephen F. Brockmeier, md, and David W. Altchek, md	1029
	Internal Impingement	1030
	Diagnosis of Thrower’s Injury	1031
	Treatment	1033
	Conclusion	1043
Chapter 21	Advanced Shoulder Arthroscopy Laurent Lafosse, md, Manuel Haag, md, Tom Van Isacker, md, and Ludwig Anné, md	1045
	Evolution of Shoulder Arthroscopy	1045
	The Shoulder as a House	1045
	The Arthroscopic Portals	1046
	Shoulder Pathology by Area	1047
Chapter 22	Glenohumeral Arthritis and its Management Frederick A. Matsen, III, MD, Jeremiah Clinton, md, Charles A. Rockwood, Jr, md, Michael A. Wirth, md, and Steven H. Lippitt, md	1089
	Mechanics of Arthritis and Arthroplasty	1089
	Clinical Findings and Evaluation	1107
	Treatment	1131
	Complications	1222
	Revision	1229
Chapter 23	Advanced Evaluation and Management of Glenohumeral Arthritis in the Cuff-Deficient Shoulder Anders Ekelund, md. PhD, and Ludwig Seebauer, md	1247
	History and Biornechanics of Reverse Arthroplasty	1247
	Classification of Cuff Tear Arthropathy	1249
	Differential Diagnosis	1254
	Evaluation	1255
	Treatment	1255
	Complications and their Management	1274
Chapter 24	Management of the Infected Shoulder Arthroplasty John W. Sperling, md, mba, and Robert H. Cofield, md	1277
	Patient Evaluation	1277
	Treatment	1279
	Summary	1282
Chapter 25	Calcifying Tendinitis Hans K. Uhthoff, md, Peter Lapner, md, and Joachim F. Loehr, md	1283
	Historical Review	1283
	Anatomy	1283
	Incidence	1284
	Classification	1285
	Pathology	1286
	Pathogenesis	1288
	Clinical Findings	1291
	Radiology	1293
	Laboratory Investigations	1295
	Complications	1296
	Differential Diagnosis	1296
	Treatment	1296
	Conclusion	1304
Chapter 26	The Biceps Tendon Wayne Z. Burkhead, Jr, md, Peter Habermeyer, md, Gilles Watch, md, and Kenneth Lin, md	1309
	Historical Review	1309
	Anatomy	1312
	Function of the Biceps Tendon	1321
	Classification of Bicipital Lesions	1326
	Incidence	1329
	Etiology	1330
	Prevention	1331
	Clinical Features of Bicipital Lesions	1331
	Diagnostic Tests	1334
	Complications	1339
	Differential Diagnosis	1339
	Treatment	1341
	Summary	1355
Chapter 27	Nerve Problems About the Shoulder Scott P. Steinmann, md, and Robert J. Spinner, md	1361
	Clinical Evaluation	1361l
	Musculocutaneous Nerve Injury	1362
	Axillary Nerve	1363
	Spinal Accessory Nerve	1366
	Long Thoracic Nerve	1369
	Suprascapular Nerve	1372
	Thoracic Outlet Syndrome	1374
	Parsonage-Turner Syndrome (Brachial Plexus Neuropathy)	1376
	Brachial Plexus Injuries	1377
Chapter 28	Muscle Ruptures Affecting the Shoulder Girdle Todd W. Ulmer, md, and Peter T. Simonian, md	1389
	General Principles of Rupture of the Musculotendinous Unit	1389
	Rupture of the Pectoralis Major	1390
	Rupture of the Deltoid	1390
	Rupture of the Triceps	1395
	Rupture of the Biceps	1397
	Rupture of the Serratus Anterior	1399
	Rupture of the Coracobrachialis	1400
	Rupture of the Subscapularis	1400
	Rupture of the Pectoralis Minor	1401
	Rupture- of the Supraspinatus	1401
	Rupture of the Infraspinatus	1401
	Rupture of the Teres Major	1402
	Conclusion	1402
Chapter 29	The Stiff Shoulder Nathan K. Endres, MD, Bassem ElHassan, MO, Laurence D. Higgins, md, and Jon J.P. Warner, md	1405
	Definition	1405
	Classification	1405
	Normal Motion and Pathomechanics	1406
	Pathophysiology	1408
	Diagnostic Criteria	1409
	Epidemiology	1410
	Predisposing Factors	1410
	Evaluation	1412
	Natural History	1414
	Treatment	1414
	Authors’ Preferred Treatment	1423
	Summary	1428
Chapter 30	The Shoulder in Athletes Neal S. ElAttrache, md, Guiilem Gonzalez-Lomas, md, and Christopher S. Ahmad, md	1437
	Sports-Specific Biomechanics	1437
	Asymptomatic Throwing Shoulder Adaptation	1446
	Throwing Shoulder Conditions	1449
	Evaluation of the Overhead Athlete	1454
	Treatment	1455
	Traumatic Injuries	1472
	Neurovascular Injuries	1479
	Conclusion	1483
Chapter 31	Occupational Shoulder Disorders Manny Halpern, PhD, Jason L. Hurd, md, and Joseph D. Zuckerman, MD	1489
	Occupational Shoulder Disorders	1490
	Degenerative Joint Disease	1495
	Prevention	1496
	Outcomes of Treatment	1499
	Evaluation of Upper Extremity Disability and Impairment	1501
	Current Disability Compensation Systems	1503
	Private Insurance Companies	1505
	Conclusion	1506
Chapter 32	Tumors and Related Conditions Jason S. Weisstein, md, mph, and Ernest U. Conrad, III, md	1509
	Historical Review	1509
	Anatomy	1510
	Staging and Classification of Tumors	1512
	Incidence of Neoplasms	1530
	Clinical Features	1532
	Radiographic and Laboratory Evaluation	1534
	Complications of Tumors	1536
	Differential Diagnosis	1536
	Surgery	1538
	Authors’ Preferred Methods of Treatment	1550
Chapter 33	Amputations and Prosthetic Replacement Douglas G. Smith, md, Robert L. Romano, md. and Ernest M, Burgess, md	1557
	Types of Amputations	1557
	Precipitating Factors	1558
	Specific Procedures	1558
	Prosthetic Rehabilitation	1568
Chapter 34	Emerging Technologies in Shoulder Surgery: Trends and Future Directions Joseph P. Iannotti, MD, PHD, and Gerald R. Williams, Jr, md	1577
	Biological Enhancement of Rotator Cuff Repair	1577
	Computer Navigation and Minimally Invasive Shoulder Replacement	1579
	Management of Glenoid Bone Loss in Shoulder Arthroplasty	1580
	Alternative Bearing Surfaces	1581
	Conclusions	1583
	Index	i