Table of Contents
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UNIT I |
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY: THE CELL AND GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY |
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Chapter 1 |
Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the “Internal Environment” |
3 |
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Cells as the Living Units of the Body |
3 |
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Extracellular Fluid—The “Internal Environment” |
3 |
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“Homeostatic” Mechanisms of the Major Functional Systems |
4 |
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Control Systems of the Body |
6 |
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Summary—Automaticity of the Body |
9 |
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Chapter 2 |
The Cell and its Functions |
11 |
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Organization of the Cell |
11 |
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Physical Structure of the Cell |
12 |
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Comparison of the Animal Cell with Precellular Forms of Life |
17 |
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Functional Systems of the Cell |
18 |
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Locomotion of Cells |
23 |
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Chapter 3 |
Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, and Cell Reproduction |
27 |
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Genes in the Cell Nucleus |
27 |
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The DNA Code in the Cell Nucleus is Transferred to an RNA Code in the Cell Cytoplasm—The Process of Transcription |
30 |
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Synthesis of Other Substances in the Cell |
35 |
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Control of Gene Function and Biochemical Activity in Cells |
35 |
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The DNA-Genetic System also Controls Cell Reproduction |
37 |
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Cell Differentiation |
39 |
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Apoptosis—Programmed Cell Death |
40 |
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Cancer |
40 |
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UNIT II |
MEMBRANE PHYSIOLOGY, NERVE, AND MUSCLE |
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Chapter 4 |
Transport of Substances through Cell Membranes |
45 |
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The Lipid Barrier of the Cell Membrane, and Cell Membrane Transport Proteins |
45 |
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Diffusion |
46 |
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“Active Transport” of Substances through Membranes |
52 |
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Chapter 5 |
Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials |
57 |
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Basic Physics of Membrane Potentials |
57 |
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Measuring the Membrane Potential |
58 |
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Resting Membrane Potential of Nerves |
59 |
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Nerve Action Potential |
60 |
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Roles of Other Ions during the Action Potential |
64 |
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Propagation of the Action Potential |
64 |
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Re-Establishing Sodium and Potassium Ionic Gradients After Action Potentials are Completed—Importance of Energy Metabolism |
65 |
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Plateau in Some Action Potentials |
66 |
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Rhythmicity of Some Excitable Tissues—Repetitive Discharge |
66 |
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Special Characteristics of Signal Transmission in Nerve Trunks |
67 |
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Excitation—The Process of Eliciting the Action Potential |
68 |
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Recording Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials |
69 |
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Chapter 6 |
Contraction of Skeletal Muscle |
71 |
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Physiologic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle |
71 |
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General Mechanism of Muscle Contraction |
73 |
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Molecular Mechanism of Muscle Contraction |
74 |
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Energetics of Muscle Contraction |
78 |
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Characteristics of Whole Muscle Contraction |
79 |
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Chapter 7 |
Excitation of Skeletal Muscle: Neuromuscular Transmission and Excitation-Contraction Coupling |
83 |
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Transmission of Impulses from Nerve Endings to Skeletal Muscle Fibers: The Neuromuscular Junction |
83 |
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Molecular Biology of Acetylcholine Formation and Release |
86 |
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Drugs that Enhance or Block Transmission at the Neuromuscular Junction |
86 |
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Myasthenia Gravis Causes Muscle Paralysis |
86 |
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Muscle Action Potential |
87 |
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Excitation-Contraction Coupling |
88 |
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Chapter 8 |
Excitation and Contraction of Smooth Muscle |
91 |
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Contraction of Smooth Muscle |
91 |
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Nervous and Hormonal Control of Smooth Muscle Contraction |
94 |
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UNIT III |
THE HEART |
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Chapter 9 |
Cardiac Muscle; The Heart as a Pump and Function of the Heart Valves |
101 |
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Physiology of Cardiac Muscle |
101 |
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Cardiac Cycle |
104 |
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Relationship of the Heart Sounds to Heart Pumping |
107 |
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Work Output of the Heart |
107 |
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Chemical Energy Required for Cardiac Contraction: Oxygen Utilization by the Heart |
109 |
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Regulation of Heart Pumping |
110 |
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Chapter 10 |
Rhythmical Excitation of the Heart |
115 |
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Specialized Excitatory and Conductive System of the Heart |
115 |
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Control of Excitation and Conduction in the Heart |
118 |
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Chapter 11 |
The |
121 |
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Characteristics of the |
121 |
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Methods for Recording Electrocardiograms |
123 |
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Flow of Current Around the Heart during the Cardiac Cycle |
123 |
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Electrocardiographs Leads |
124 |
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Chapter 12 |
Electrocardiographs Interpretation of Cardiac Muscle and Coronary Blood Flow Abnormalities: Vectorial Analysis |
129 |
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Principles of Vectorial Analysis of Electrocardiograms |
129 |
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Vectorial Analysis of the |
131 |
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Mean Electrical Axis of the Ventricular QRS—and its Significance |
134 |
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Conditions that Cause Abnormal Voltages of the QRS Complex |
137 |
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Prolonged and Bizarre Patterns of the QRS Complex |
137 |
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Current of Injury |
138 |
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Abnormalities in the T Wave |
141 |
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Chapter 13 |
Cardiac Arrhythmias and their Electrocardiographic Interpretation |
143 |
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Abnormal Sinus Rhythms |
143 |
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Abnormal Rhythms that Result from Block of Heart Signals within the Intracardiac Conduction Pathways |
144 |
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Premature Contractions |
146 |
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Paroxysmal Tachycardia |
148 |
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Ventricular Fibrillation |
149 |
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Atrial Fibrillation |
151 |
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Atrial Flutter |
152 |
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Cardiac Arrest |
153 |
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UNIT IV |
THE CIRCULATION |
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Chapter 14 |
Overview of the Circulation; Biophysics of Pressure, Flow, and Resistance |
157 |
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Physical Characteristics of the Circulation |
157 |
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Basic Principles of Circulatory Function |
158 |
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Interrelationships of Pressure, Flow, and Resistance |
159 |
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Chapter 15 |
Vascular Distensibility and Functions of the Arterial and Venous Systems |
167 |
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Vascular Distensibility |
167 |
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Arterial Pressure Pulsations |
168 |
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Veins and their Functions |
171 |
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Chapter 16 |
The Microcirculation and Lymphatic System: Capillary Fluid Exchange, Interstitial Fluid, and Lymph Flow |
177 |
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Structure of the Microcirculation and Capillary System |
177 |
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Flow of Blood in the Capillaries—Vasomotion |
178 |
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Exchange of Water, Nutrients, and Other Substances Between the Blood and Interstitial Fluid |
179 |
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Interstitium and Interstitial Fluid |
180 |
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Fluid Filtration Across Capillaries is Determined by Hydrostatic and Colloid Osmotic Pressures, as Well as Capillary Filtration Coefficient |
181 |
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Lymphatic System |
186 |
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Chapter 17 |
Local and Humoral Control of Tissue Blood Flow |
191 |
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Local Control of Blood Flow in Response to Tissue Needs |
191 |
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Mechanisms of Blood Flow Control |
191 |
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Humoral Control of the Circulation |
199 |
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Chapter 18 |
Nervous Regulation of the Circulation, and Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure |
201 |
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Nervous Regulation of the Circulation |
201 |
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Role of the Nervous System in Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure |
204 |
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Special Features of Nervous Control of Arterial Pressure |
209 |
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Chapter 19 |
Role of the Kidneys in Long-Term Control of Arterial Pressure and in Hypertension: The Integrated System for Arterial Pressure Regulation |
213 |
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Renal-Body Fluid System for Arterial Pressure Control |
213 |
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The Renin-Angiotensin System: Its Role in Arterial Pressure Control |
220 |
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Summary of the Integrated, Multifaceted System for Arterial Pressure Regulation |
226 |
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Chapter 20 |
Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and their Regulation |
229 |
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Normal Values for Cardiac Output at Rest and during Activity |
229 |
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Control of Cardiac Output by Venous Return—Role of the Frank-Starling Mechanism of the Heart |
229 |
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Pathologically High or Low Cardiac Outputs |
232 |
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Methods for Measuring Cardiac Output |
240 |
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Chapter 21 |
Muscle Blood Flow and Cardiac Output during Exercise; the Coronary Circulation and Ischemic Heart Disease |
243 |
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Blood Flow Regulation in Skeletal Muscle at Rest and during Exercise |
243 |
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Coronary Circulation |
246 |
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Chapter 22 |
Cardiac Failure |
255 |
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Circulatory Dynamics in Cardiac Failure |
255 |
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Unilateral Left Heart Failure |
259 |
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Low-Output Cardiac Failure—Cardiogenic Shock |
259 |
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Edema in Patients with Cardiac Failure |
259 |
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Cardiac Reserve |
261 |
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Chapter 23 |
Heart Valves and Heart Sounds; Valvular and Congenital Heart Defects |
265 |
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Heart Sounds |
265 |
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Abnormal Circulatory Dynamics in Valvular Heart Disease |
268 |
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Abnormal Circulatory Dynamics in Congenital Heart Defects |
269 |
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Use of Extracorporeal Circulation during Cardiac Surgery |
271 |
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Hypertrophy of the Heart in Valvular and Congenital Heart Disease |
272 |
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Chapter 24 |
Circulatory Shock and its Treatment |
273 |
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Physiologic Causes of Shock |
273 |
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Shock Caused by Hypovolemia—Hemorrhagic Shock |
274 |
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Neurogenic Shock—Increased Vascular Capacity |
279 |
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Anaphylactic Shock and Histamine Shock |
280 |
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Septic Shock |
280 |
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Physiology of Treatment in Shock |
280 |
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Circulatory Arrest |
281 |
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UNIT V |
THE BODY FLUIDS AND KIDNEYS |
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Chapter 25 |
The Body Fluid Compartments: Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids; Edema |
285 |
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Fluid Intake and Output are Balanced during Steady-State Conditions |
285 |
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Body Fluid Compartments |
286 |
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Extracellular Fluid Compartment |
287 |
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Blood Volume |
287 |
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Constituents of Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids |
287 |
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Measurement of Fluid Volumes in the Different Body Fluid Compartments—The Indicator-Dilution Principle |
287 |
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Determination of Volumes of Specific Body Fluid Compartments |
289 |
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Regulation of Fluid Exchange and Osmotic Equilibrium Between Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid |
290 |
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Basic Principles of Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure |
290 |
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Osmotic Equilibrium is Maintained Between Intracellular and Extracellular Fluids |
291 |
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Volume and Osmolatity of Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids in Abnormal States |
292 |
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Glucose and Other Solutions Administered for Nutritive Purposes |
294 |
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Clinical Abnormalities of Fluid Volume Regulation: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia |
294 |
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Edema: Excess Fluid in the Tissues |
296 |
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Fluids in the “Potential Spaces” of the Body |
300 |
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Chapter 26 |
Urine Formation by the Kidneys: |
303 |
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Multiple Functions of the Kidneys |
303 |
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Physiologic Anatomy of the Kidneys |
304 |
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Micturition |
307 |
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Physiologic Anatomy of the Bladder |
307 |
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Transport of Urine from the Kidney through the Ureters and into the Bladder |
308 |
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Filling of the Bladder and Bladder Wall Tone; The Cystometrogram |
309 |
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Micturition Reflex |
309 |
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Abnormalities of Micturition |
310 |
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Urine Formation Results from Glomerular Filtration, Tubular Reabsorption, and Tubular Secretion |
310 |
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Glomerular Filtration—The First Step in Urine Formation |
312 |
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Determinants of the GFR |
314 |
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Renal Blood Flow |
316 |
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Physiologic Control of Glomerular Filtration and Renal Blood Flow |
317 |
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Autoregulation of GFR and Renal Blood Flow |
319 |
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Chapter 27 |
Urine Formation by the Kidneys: II. Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion |
323 |
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Renal Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion |
323 |
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Tubular Reabsorption Includes Passive and Active Mechanisms |
323 |
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Reabsorption and Secretion Along Different Parts of the Nephron |
329 |
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Regulation of Tubular Reabsorption |
334 |
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Use of Clearance Methods to Quantify Kidney Function |
340 |
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Chapter 28 |
Urine Concentration and Dilution; Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration |
345 |
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Kidneys Excrete Excess Water by Forming Dilute Urine |
345 |
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Kidneys Conserve Water by Excreting Concentrated Urine |
346 |
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Quantifying Renal Urine Concentration and Dilution: “Free Water” and Osmolar Clearances |
354 |
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Disorders of Urinary Concentrating Ability |
354 |
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Control of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration |
355 |
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Osmoreceptor-ADH Feedback System |
355 |
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Importance of Thirst in Controlling Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration |
357 |
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Salt-Appetite Mechanism for Controlling Extracellular Fluid Sodium Concentration and Volume |
360 |
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Chapter 29 |
Renal Regulation of Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium; Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume |
361 |
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Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Potassium Concentration and Potassium Excretion |
361 |
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Control of Renal Calcium Excretion and Extracellular Calcium Ion Concentration |
367 |
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Control of Renal Magnesium Excretion and Extracellular Magnesium Ion Concentration |
369 |
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Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Extracellular Fluid |
370 |
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Importance of Pressure Natriuresis and Pressure Diuresis in Maintaining Body Sodium and Fluid Balance |
371 |
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Distribution of Extracellular Fluid Between the Interstitial Spaces and Vascular System |
373 |
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Nervous and Hormonal Factors Increase the Effectiveness of Renal-Body Fluid Feedback Control |
373 |
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Integrated Responses to Changes in Sodium Intake |
376 |
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Conditions that Cause Large Increases in Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume |
376 |
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Conditions that Cause Large Increases in Extracellular Fluid Volume but with |
377 |
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Chapter 30 |
Acid-Base Regulation |
379 |
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H+ Concentration is Precisely Regulated |
379 |
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Acids and Bases—Their Definitions and Meanings |
379 |
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Defending Against Changes in H+ Concentration: Buffers, Lungs, and Kidneys |
380 |
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Buffering of H+ in the Body Fluids |
380 |
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Bicarbonate Buffer System |
381 |
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Phosphate Buffer System |
383 |
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Proteins are Important Intracellular Buffers |
383 |
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Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance |
384 |
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Renal Control of Acid-Base Balance |
385 |
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Secretion of H+ and Reabsorption of |
386 |
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Combination of Excess H+ with Phosphate and Ammonia
Buffers in the Tubule Generates “New” |
388 |
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Quantifying Renal Acid-Base Excretion |
389 |
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Renal Correction of Acidosis—Increased Excretion of H+
and Addition of |
391 |
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Renal Correction of Alkalosis—Decreased Tubular Secretion of H+
and Increased Excretion of |
391 |
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Clinical Causes of Acid-Base Disorders |
392 |
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Treatment of Acidosis or Alkalosis |
393 |
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Clinical Measurements and Analysis of Acid-Base Disorders |
393 |
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Chapter 31 |
Diuretics, Kidney Diseases |
397 |
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Diuretics and their Mechanisms of Action |
397 |
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Kidney Diseases |
399 |
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Acute Renal Failure |
399 |
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Chronic Renal Failure: An Irreversible Decrease in the Number of Functional Nephrons |
401 |
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Specific Tubular Disorders |
408 |
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Treatment of Renal Failure by Transplantation or by Dialysis with an Artificial Kidney |
409 |
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UNIT VI |
BLOOD CELLS, IMMUNITY, AND BLOOD COAGULATION |
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Chapter 32 |
Red Blood Cells, Anemia, and Polycythemia |
413 |
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Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) |
413 |
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Anemias |
420 |
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Polycythemia |
421 |
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Chapter 33 |
Resistance
of the Body to Infection: |
423 |
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Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) |
423 |
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Neutrophils and Macrophages Defend Against Infections |
425 |
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Monocyte-Macrophage Cell System (Reticuloendothelial System) |
426 |
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Inflammation: Role of Neutrophils and Macrophages |
428 |
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Eosinophils |
430 |
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Basophils |
431 |
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Leukopenia |
431 |
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Leukemias |
431 |
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Chapter 34 |
Resistance of the Body to Infection: II. Immunity and Allergy Innate Immunity |
433 |
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Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity |
433 |
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Allergy and Hypersensitivity |
443 |
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Chapter 35 |
Blood Types; Transfusion; Tissue and Organ Transplantation |
445 |
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Antigenicity Causes Immune Reactions of Blood |
445 |
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O-A-B Blood Types |
445 |
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Rh Blood Types |
447 |
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Transplantation of Tissues and Organs |
449 |
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Chapter 36 |
Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation |
451 |
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Events in Hemostasis |
451 |
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Vascular Constriction |
451 |
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Mechanism of Blood Coagulation |
453 |
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Conditions that Cause Excessive Bleeding in Humans |
457 |
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Thromboembolic Conditions in the Human Being |
459 |
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Anticoagulants for Clinical Use |
459 |
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Blood Coagulation Tests |
460 |
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UNIT VII |
RESPIRATION |
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Chapter 37 |
Pulmonary Ventilation |
465 |
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Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation |
465 |
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Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities |
469 |
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Minute Respiratory Volume Equals Respiratory Rate Times Tidal Volume |
471 |
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Alveolar Ventilation |
471 |
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Functions of the Respiratory Passageways |
472 |
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Chapter 38 |
Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid |
477 |
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Physiologic Anatomy of the Pulmonary Circulatory System |
477 |
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Pressures in the Pulmonary System |
477 |
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Blood Volume of the Lungs |
478 |
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Blood Flow through the Lungs and its Distribution |
479 |
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Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure Gradients in the Lungs on Regional Pulmonary Blood Flow |
479 |
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Pulmonary Capillary Dynamics |
481 |
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Fluid in the Pleural Cavity |
483 |
|
Chapter 39 |
Physical Principles of Gas Exchange: Diffusion of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide through the Respiratory Membrane |
485 |
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Physics of Gas Diffusion and Gas Partial Pressures |
485 |
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Compositions of Alveolar Air and Atmospheric Air are Different |
487 |
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Diffusion of Gases through the Respiratory Membrane |
489 |
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Effect of the Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio on Alveolar Gas Concentration |
492 |
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Chapter 40 |
Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Blood and Tissue Fluids |
495 |
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Transport of Oxygen from the Lungs to the Body Tissues |
495 |
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Transport of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood |
502 |
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Respiratory Exchange Ratio |
504 |
|
Chapter 41 |
Regulation of Respiration |
505 |
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Respiratory Center |
505 |
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Chemical Control of Respiration |
507 |
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Peripheral Chemoreceptor System for Control of Respiratory Activity—Role of Oxygen in Respiratory Control |
508 |
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Regulation of Respiration during Exercise |
510 |
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Other Factors that Affect Respiration |
512 |
|
Chapter 42 |
Respiratory Insufficiency—Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Oxygen Therapy |
515 |
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Useful Methods for Studying Respiratory Abnormalities |
515 |
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|
Pathophysiology of Specific Pulmonary Abnormalities |
517 |
|
|
Hypoxia and Oxygen Therapy |
520 |
|
|
Hypercapnia—Excess Carbon Dioxide in the Body Fluids |
522 |
|
|
Artificial Respiration |
522 |
|
UNIT VIII |
AVIATION, SPACE, AND DEEP-SEA DIVING PHYSIOLOGY |
|
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Chapter 43 |
Aviation, High-Altitude, and Space Physiology |
527 |
|
|
Effects of Low Oxygen Pressure on the Body |
527 |
|
|
Effects of Acceleratory Forces on the Body in Aviation and Space Physiology |
531 |
|
|
“Artificial Climate” in the Sealed Spacecraft |
533 |
|
|
Weightlessness in Space |
533 |
|
Chapter 44 |
Physiology of Deep-Sea Diving and Other Hyperbaric Conditions |
535 |
|
|
Effect of High Partial Pressures of Individual Gases on the Body |
535 |
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|
Scuba (Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus) Diving |
539 |
|
|
Special Physiologic Problems in Submarines |
540 |
|
|
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy |
540 |
|
UNIT IX |
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: A. GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND SENSORY PHYSIOLOGY |
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Chapter 45 |
Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses, and Neurotransmitters |
543 |
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General Design of the Nervous System |
543 |
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Major Levels of Central Nervous System Function |
545 |
|
|
Comparison of the Nervous System with a Computer |
546 |
|
|
Central Nervous System Synapses |
546 |
|
|
Some Special Characteristics of Synaptic Transmission |
557 |
|
Chapter 46 |
Sensory Receptors, Neuronal Circuits for Processing Information |
559 |
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Types of Sensory Receptors and the Stimuli They Detect |
559 |
|
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Transduction of Sensory Stimuli into Nerve Impulses |
560 |
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|
Nerve Fibers that Transmit Different Types of Signals and their Physiologic Classification |
563 |
|
|
Transmission of Signals of Different Intensity in Nerve Tracts—Spatial and Temporal Summation |
564 |
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Transmission and Processing of Signals in Neuronal Pools |
564 |
|
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Instability and Stability of Neuronal Circuits |
569 |
|
Chapter 47 |
Somatic Sensations: |
571 |
|
|
Classification of Somatic Senses |
571 |
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|
Detection and Transmission of Tactile Sensations |
571 |
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|
Sensory Pathways for Transmitting Somatic Signals into the Central Nervous System |
573 |
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|
Transmission in the Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal System |
573 |
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Transmission of Less Critical Sensory Signals in the Anterolateral Pathway |
580 |
|
|
Some Special Aspects of Somatosensory Function |
581 |
|
Chapter 48 |
Somatic Sensations: II. Pain, Headache, and Thermal Sensations |
583 |
|
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Types of Pain and their Qualities—Fast Pain and Slow Pain |
583 |
|
|
Pain Receptors and their Stimulation |
583 |
|
|
Dual Pathways for Transmission of Pain Signals into the Central Nervous System |
584 |
|
|
Pain Suppression {“Analgesia”) System in the Brain and Spinal Cord |
586 |
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|
Referred Pain |
588 |
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|
Visceral Pain |
588 |
|
|
Some Clinical Abnormalities of Pain and Other Somatic Sensations |
590 |
|
|
Headache |
590 |
|
|
Thermal Sensations |
592 |
|
UNIT X |
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: B. THE SPECIAL SENSES |
|
|
Chapter 49 |
The Eye: |
597 |
|
|
Physical Principles of Optics |
597 |
|
|
Optics of the Eye |
600 |
|
|
Ophthalmoscope |
605 |
|
|
Fluid System of the Eye—Intraocular Fluid |
606 |
|
Chapter 50 |
The Eye: II. Receptor and Neural Function of the Retina |
609 |
|
|
Anatomy and Function of the Structural Elements of the Retina |
609 |
|
|
Photochemistry of Vision |
611 |
|
|
Color Vision |
615 |
|
|
Neural Function of the Retina |
616 |
|
Chapter 51 |
The Eye: III. Central Neurophysiology of Vision |
623 |
|
|
Visual Pathways |
623 |
|
|
Organization and Function of the Visual Cortex |
624 |
|
|
Neuronal Patterns of Stimulation during Analysis of the Visual Image |
626 |
|
|
Fields of Vision; Perimetry |
627 |
|
|
Eye Movements and their Control |
627 |
|
|
Autonomic Control of Accommodation and Pupillary Aperture |
631 |
|
Chapter 52 |
The Sense of Hearing |
633 |
|
|
Tympanic Membrane and the Ossicular System |
633 |
|
|
Cochlea |
634 |
|
|
Central Auditory Mechanisms |
639 |
|
|
Hearing Abnormalities |
642 |
|
Chapter 53 |
The Chemical Senses—Taste and Smell |
645 |
|
|
Sense of Taste |
645 |
|
|
Sense of Smell |
648 |
|
UNIT XI |
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: C. MOTOR AND INTEGRATIVE NEUROPHYSIOLOGY |
|
|
Chapter 54 |
Motor Functions of the Spinal Cord: The Cord Reflexes |
655 |
|
|
Organization of the Spinal Cord for Motor Functions |
655 |
|
|
Muscle Sensory Receptors—Muscle Spindles and Golgi Tendon Organs—And their Roles in Muscle Control |
657 |
|
|
Flexor Reflex and the Withdrawal Reflexes |
661 |
|
|
Crossed Extensor Reflex |
663 |
|
|
Reciprocal Inhibition and Reciprocal Innervation |
663 |
|
|
Reflexes of Posture and Locomotion |
663 |
|
|
Scratch Reflex |
664 |
|
|
Spinal Cord Reflexes that Cause Muscle Spasm |
664 |
|
|
Autonomic Reflexes in the Spinal Cord |
665 |
|
|
Spinal Cord Transection and Spinal Shock |
665 |
|
Chapter 55 |
Cortical and Brain Stem Control of Motor Function |
667 |
|
|
Motor Cortex and Corticospinal Tract |
667 |
|
|
Role of the Brain Stem in Controlling Motor Function |
673 |
|
|
Vestibular Sensations and Maintenance of Equilibrium |
674 |
|
|
Functions of Brain Stem Nuclei in Controlling Subconscious, Stereotyped Movements |
678 |
|
Chapter 56 |
Contributions of the Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia to Overall Motor Control |
681 |
|
|
Cerebellum and its Motor Functions |
681 |
|
|
Basal Ganglia—Their Motor Functions |
689 |
|
|
Integration of the Many Parts of the Total Motor Control System |
694 |
|
Chapter 57 |
Cerebral Cortex, Intellectual Functions of the Brain, Learning, and Memory |
697 |
|
|
Physiologic Anatomy of the Cerebral Cortex 697 Fu net ions of Specific Cortical Areas |
698 |
|
|
Function of the Brain in Communication—Language Input and Language Output |
703 |
|
|
Function of the Corpus Callosum and Anterior Commissure to Transfer Thoughts, Memories, Training, and Other Information Between the Two Cerebral Hemispheres |
704 |
|
|
Thoughts, Consciousness, and Memory |
705 |
|
Chapter 58 |
Behavioral and Motivational Mechanisms of the Brain—The Limbic System and the Hypothalamus |
711 |
|
|
Activating-Driving Systems of the Brain |
711 |
|
|
Limbic System |
714 |
|
|
Functional Anatomy of the Limbic System: Key Position of the Hypothalamus |
714 |
|
|
Hypothalamus, a Major Control Headquarters for the Limbic System |
715 |
|
|
Specific Functions of Other Parts of the Limbic System |
718 |
|
Chapter 59 |
States of Brain Activity—Steep, Brain Waves, Epilepsy, Psychoses |
721 |
|
|
Sleep |
721 |
|
|
Epilepsy |
725 |
|
|
Psychotic Behavior and Dementia—Roles of Specific Neurotransmitter Systems |
726 |
|
|
Schizophrenia—Possible Exaggerated Function of Part of the Dopamine System |
727 |
|
Chapter 60 |
The Autonomic Nervous System and the Adrenal Medulla |
729 |
|
|
General Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System |
729 |
|
|
Basic Characteristics of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Function |
731 |
|
|
Autonomic Reflexes |
738 |
|
|
Stimulation of Discrete Organs in Some Instances and Mass Stimulation in Other Instances by the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems |
738 |
|
|
Pharmacology of the Autonomic Nervous System |
739 |
|
Chapter 61 |
Cerebral Blood Flow, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Brain Metabolism |
743 |
|
|
Cerebral Blood Flow |
743 |
|
|
Cerebrospinal Fluid System |
746 |
|
|
Brain Metabolism |
749 |
|
UNIT XII |
GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY |
|
|
Chapter 62 |
General Principles of Gastrointestinal Function—Motility, Nervous Control, and Blood Circulation |
753 |
|
|
General Principles of Gastrointestinal Motility |
753 |
|
|
Neural Control of Gastrointestinal Function—Enteric Nervous System |
755 |
|
|
Functional Types of Movements in the Gastrointestinal Tract |
759 |
|
|
Gastrointestinal Blood Flow—“Splanchnic Circulation” |
759 |
|
Chapter 63 |
Propulsion and Mixing of Food in the Alimentary Tract |
763 |
|
|
Ingestion of Food |
763 |
|
|
Motor Functions of the Stomach |
765 |
|
|
Movements of the Small Intestine |
768 |
|
|
Movements of the |
770 |
|
|
Other Autonomic Reflexes that Affect Bowel Activity |
772 |
|
Chapter 64 |
Secretory Functions of the Alimentary Tract |
773 |
|
|
General Principles of Alimentary Tract Secretion |
773 |
|
|
Secretion of Saliva |
775 |
|
|
Esophageal Secretion |
776 |
|
|
Gastric Secretion |
777 |
|
|
Pancreatic Secretion |
780 |
|
|
Secretion of Bile by the Liver; Functions of the Biliary Tree |
783 |
|
|
Secretions of the Small Intestine |
786 |
|
|
Secretion of Mucus by the Large Intestine |
787 |
|
Chapter 65 |
Digestion and Absorption in the Gastrointestinal Tract |
789 |
|
|
Digestion of the Various Foods by Hydrolysis |
789 |
|
|
Basic Principles of Gastrointestinal Absorption |
793 |
|
|
Absorption in the Small Intestine |
794 |
|
|
Absorption in the Large Intestine: Formation of Feces |
797 |
|
Chapter 66 |
Physiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders |
799 |
|
|
Disorders of Swallowing and of the Esophagus |
799 |
|
|
Disorders of the Stomach |
799 |
|
|
Disorders of the Small Intestine |
801 |
|
|
Disorders of the Large Intestine |
802 |
|
|
General Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract |
803 |
|
UNIT XIII |
METABOLISM AND TEMPERATURE REGULATION |
|
|
Chapter 67 |
Metabolism of Carbohydrates, and Formation of Adenosine Triphosphate |
809 |
|
|
Central Role of Glucose in Carbohydrate Metabolism |
810 |
|
|
Transport of Glucose through the Cell Membrane |
810 |
|
|
Glycogen is Stored in Liver and Muscle |
811 |
|
|
Release of Energy from Glucose by the Glycolytic Pathway |
812 |
|
|
Release of Energy from Glucose by the Pentose Phosphate Pathway |
816 |
|
|
Formation of Carbohydrates from Proteins and Fats—”Gluconeogenesis” |
817 |
|
|
Blood Glucose |
817 |
|
Chapter 68 |
Lipid Metabolism |
819 |
|
|
Transport of Lipids in the Body Fluids |
819 |
|
|
Fat Deposits |
821 |
|
|
Use of Triglycerides for Energy: Formation of Adenosine Triphosphate |
822 |
|
|
Regulation of Energy Release from Triglycerides |
825 |
|
|
Phospholipids and Cholesterol |
826 |
|
|
Atherosclerosis |
827 |
|
Chapter 69 |
Protein Metabolism |
831 |
|
|
Basic Properties |
831 |
|
|
Transport and Storage of Amino Acids |
831 |
|
|
Functional Roles of the Plasma Proteins |
833 |
|
|
Hormonal Regulation of Protein Metabolism |
835 |
|
Chapter 70 |
The Liver as an Organ |
837 |
|
|
Physiologic Anatomy of the Liver |
837 |
|
|
Hepatic Vascular and Lymph Systems |
837 |
|
|
Metabolic Functions of the Liver |
839 |
|
|
Measurement of Bilirubin in the Bile as a Clinical Diagnostic Tool |
840 |
|
Chapter 71 |
Dietary Balances; Regulation of Feeding; Obesity and Starvation; Vitamins and Minerals |
843 |
|
|
Energy Intake and Output are Balanced Under Steady-State Conditions |
843 |
|
|
Dietary Balances |
843 |
|
|
Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Storage |
845 |
|
|
Obesity |
850 |
|
|
Inanition, Anorexia, and Cachexia |
851 |
|
|
Starvation |
852 |
|
|
Vitamins |
852 |
|
|
Mineral Metabolism |
855 |
|
Chapter 72 |
Energetics and Metabolic Rate |
859 |
|
|
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Functions as an “Energy Currency” in Metabolism |
859 |
|
|
Control of Energy Release in the Cell |
861 |
|
|
Metabolic Rate |
862 |
|
|
Energy Metabolism—Factors that Influence Energy Output |
863 |
|
Chapter 73 |
Body Temperature Regulation, and Fever |
867 |
|
|
Normal Body Temperatures |
867 |
|
|
Body Temperature is Controlled by Balancing Heat Production and Heat Loss |
867 |
|
|
Regulation of Body Temperature—Role of the Hypothalamus |
871 |
|
|
Abnormalities of Body Temperature Regulation |
875 |
|
UNIT XIV |
ENDOCRINOLOGY AND REPRODUCTION |
|
|
Chapter 74 |
Introduction to Endocrinology |
881 |
|
|
Coordination of Body Functions by Chemical Messengers |
881 |
|
|
Chemical Structure and Synthesis of Hormones |
881 |
|
|
Hormone Secretion, Transport, and Clearance from the Blood |
884 |
|
|
Mechanisms of Action of Hormones |
886 |
|
|
Measurement of Hormone Concentrations in the Blood |
891 |
|
Chapter 75 |
Pituitary Hormones and their Control by the Hypothalamus |
895 |
|
|
Pituitary Gland and its Relation to the Hypothalamus |
895 |
|
|
Hypothalamus Controls Pituitary Secretion |
897 |
|
|
Physiological Functions of Growth Hormone |
898 |
|
|
Posterior Pituitary Gland and its Relation to the Hypothalamus |
904 |
|
Chapter 76 |
Thyroid Metabolic Hormones |
907 |
|
|
Synthesis and Secretion of the Thyroid Metabolic Hormones |
907 |
|
|
Physiological Functions of the Thyroid Hormones |
910 |
|
|
Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion |
914 |
|
|
Diseases of the Thyroid |
916 |
|
Chapter 77 |
Adrenocortical Hormones |
921 |
|
|
Synthesis and Secretion of Adrenocortical Hormones |
921 |
|
|
Functions of the Mineralocorticoids—Aldosterone |
924 |
|
|
Functions of the Glucocorticoids |
928 |
|
|
Adrenal Androgens |
934 |
|
|
Abnormalities of Adrenocortical Secretion |
934 |
|
Chapter 78 |
Insulin, Glucagon, and Diabetes Mellitus |
939 |
|
|
Insulin and its Metabolic Effects |
939 |
|
|
Glucagon and its Functions |
947 |
|
|
Somatostatin Inhibits Glucagon and Insulin Secretion |
949 |
|
|
Summary of Blood Glucose Regulation |
949 |
|
|
Diabetes Mellitus |
950 |
|
Chapter 79 |
Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Vitamin D, Bone, and Teeth |
955 |
|
|
Overview of Calcium and Phosphate Regulation in the Extracellular Fluid and Plasma |
955 |
|
|
Bone and its Relation to Extracellular Calcium and Phosphate |
957 |
|
|
Vitamin D |
960 |
|
|
Parathyroid Hormone |
962 |
|
|
Calcitonin |
966 |
|
|
Summary of Control of Calcium Ion Concentration |
966 |
|
|
Pathophysiology of Parathyroid Hormone, Vitamin D, and Bone Disease |
967 |
|
|
Physiology of the Teeth |
969 |
|
Chapter 80 |
Reproductive and Hormonal Functions of the Male (and Function of the Pineal Gland) |
973 |
|
|
Physiologic Anatomy of the Male Sexual Organs |
973 |
|
|
Spermatogenesis |
973 |
|
|
Male Sexual Act |
978 |
|
|
Testosterone and Other Male Sex Hormones |
979 |
|
|
Abnormalities of Male Sexual Function |
984 |
|
|
Erectile Dysfunction in the Male |
985 |
|
|
Pineal Gland—Its Function in Controlling Seasonal Fertility in Some Animals |
986 |
|
Chapter 81 |
Female Physiology Before Pregnancy and Female Hormones |
987 |
|
|
Physiologic Anatomy of the Female Sexual Organs |
987 |
|
|
Female Hormonal System |
987 |
|
|
Monthly Ovarian Cycle; Function of the Gonadotropic Hormones |
988 |
|
|
Functions of the Ovarian Hormones—Estradiol and Progesterone |
991 |
|
|
Regulation of the Female Monthly Rhythm—Interplay Between the Ovarian and Hypothalamic-Pituitary Hormones |
996 |
|
|
Abnormalities of Secretion by the Ovaries |
999 |
|
|
Female Sexual Act |
1000 |
|
|
Female Fertility |
1000 |
|
Chapter 82 |
Pregnancy and Lactation |
1003 |
|
|
Maturation and Fertilization of the Ovum |
1003 |
|
|
Early Nutrition of the Embryo |
1005 |
|
|
Function of the Placenta |
1005 |
|
|
Hormonal Factors in Pregnancy |
1007 |
|
|
Response of the Mother’s Body to Pregnancy |
1009 |
|
|
Parturition |
1011 |
|
|
Lactation |
1014 |
|
Chapter 83 |
Fetal and Neonatal Physiology |
1019 |
|
|
Growth and Functional Development of the Fetus |
1019 |
|
|
Development of the Organ Systems |
1019 |
|
|
Adjustments of the Infant to Extrauterine Life |
1021 |
|
|
Special Functional Problems in the Neonate |
1023 |
|
|
Special Problems of Prematurity |
1026 |
|
|
Growth and Development of the Child |
1027 |
|
UNIT XV |
SPORTS PHYSIOLOGY |
|
|
Chapter 84 |
Sports Physiology |
1031 |
|
|
Muscles in Exercise |
1031 |
|
|
Respiration in Exercise |
1036 |
|
|
Cardiovascular System in Exercise |
1038 |
|
|
Body Heat in Exercise |
1039 |
|
|
Body Fluids and Salt in Exercise |
1040 |
|
|
Drugs and Athletes |
1040 |
|
|
Body Fitness Prolongs Life |
1041 |
|
|
Index |
1043 |
|
|
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