SECTION ONE

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY   MICHAEL A. MOSKOWITZ

1

Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis of Cerebral Arteries   Alyson A. Miller, Christopher G. Sobey

03

2

The Cerebral Microvasculature and Responses to Ischemia   Gregoryj, Del Zoppo, Gerhard F. Hamann

16

3

Mechanisms of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis   Gregoryj. Del Zopfo, Mary A. Kalafut

29

4

Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism in Human Cerebrovascular Disease   Y Allyson R. Zazulia, Joanne Markham, William J, Powers

44

5

Histopathology of Cerebral Ischemia   Roland N.Auer

68

6

Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Ischemia- Induced Neuronal Death   Dimitryofengeim, Takahiromiyawaki, R. Suzanne Zukin

75

7

Apoptosis and Related Mechanisms in Cerebral Ischemia   Turgay Dalkara, Michael A. Moskowitz

107

8

Molecular Pathophysiology of White Matter Anoxic- Ischemic Injury   Bruce R. Ransom, Mark P. Goldberg, Selva Baltan

122

9

Cerebral Ischemia and Inflammation   Costantino Iadecola, Takato A8e, Alexander Kunz, John Hallenbeck

138

10

Intracellular Signaling: Mediators and Protective Responses   Valina L. Dawson, Ted M. Dawson

154

11

Enhancing Brain Reorganization and Recovery of Function after Stroke   Michael Chopp, Zheng Gang Zhang

162

12

Genetics and Vascular Biology of Brain Vascular Malformations   Helen Kim, Ludm1la Pawlikowska, William L. Young

169

SECTION TWO

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PREVENTION   Philip A. Wolf

13

Distribution of Stroke: Heterogeneity by Age, Race, and Sex   Virginia J, Howard, George Howard

189

14

Epidemiology of Stroke   Philip A. Wolf, William B. Kannel

198

15

Prognosis after Stroke   Tatjana Rundek, Ralph L. Sacco

219

16

Primary Prevention of Stroke   Larry B. Goldstein, Ralph L. Sacco

242

17

Vascular Dementia and Vascular Cognitive Decline   Sudha Seshadri

252

18

Stroke Genetics   James F. Meschia, Daniel Woo

268

19

The Global Burden of Stroke   Kathleen Strong, Colin Mathers

279

SECTION THREE

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS   J.P. MOHR

20

Classification of Ischemic Stroke   Danilo Toni, Ralph L. Sacco, Michael Brainin, J.P. Mohr

293

21

Clinical Scales to Assess Patients with Stroke   Harold P. Adams, Jr.

307

22

Carotid Artery Disease   J.P, Mohr, Henningmast

334

23

Anterior Cerebral Artery Disease   John Cm. Brust, Angel Chamorro

362

24

Middle Cerebral Artery Disease   J.P. Mohr, Ronald M. Lazar, Randolph S. Marshall

384

25

Posterior Cerebral Artery Disease   J.P. Mohr, Jeffrey R. Binder

425

26

Vertebrobasilar Disease   J.P. Mohr, Louis R. Cap1an

446

27

Microangiopathies (Lacunes)   J.L. Marti-Vilalta, Adrla Arboix, J.P. Mohr

485

28

Cerebral Venous Thrombosis   JosÉ M. Ferro, Patricia Canhao

516

29

Intracerebral Hemorrhage   Carlos S. Kase, Steven M. Greenberg, J.P. Mohr, Louis R. Caplan

531

30

Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage   Eric M. Bershad, Jose I. Suarez

589

31

Arteriovenous Malformations and Other Vascular Anomalies   Christian Stapf, J.P. Mohr, Andreas Hartmann, Henning Mast, Alexander Khaw, Jae H. Choi, John Pile-Speltman

616

32

Spinal Cord Ischemia   Joshua Z. Willey, Henryj.M, Barnettj.P. Mohr

643

SECTION FOUR

SPECIFIC MEDICAL DISEASES AND STROKE   J.P. MOHR

33

Arterial Dissections and Fibromuscular Dysplasia   Richard M. Zweifler, Gerald Silverboard

661

34

Collagen Vascular and Infectious Diseases   Sachin Agarwal, J.P. Mohr, Mitchell S.V. Elkind

687

35

Moyamoya Disease   Masahiro Yasaka, (Unichi Masuda, Jun Ogata, Takenori Yamaguch1

703

36

Migraine and Stroke   Hans C. Diener, Tobias Kurth

720

37

Hypertensive Encephalopathy   Catherine Lamy, Jean-Louis Mas

734

38

Atherosclerotic Disease of the Proximal Aorta   Marco R. Dl Tullio, Shunichi Homma

741

39

Cadasil: Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy   Hugues Chabriat, Anne.Ioutel, Elisabeth Tournier-Lasserve, Marie-Germaine Bousser

758

40

Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndromes   Aneesh B. Singhal, Anne Ducros

765

41

Coagulation Abnormalities in Stroke   Bruce M. Coull, Kendra Drake

772

42

Stroke and Substance Abuse   John Cm. Brust

790

43

Cardiac Diseases   David M. Greer, Shunichi Homma, Karen L. Furie

814

SECTION FIVE

DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES   RUDIGER VON KUMMER

44

Ultrasonography   Stephen Meairs, Michael Hennerici, J.P. Mohr

831

45

Computed Tomography-Based Evaluation of Cerebrovascular Disease   Imanuel Dzialowski, Voiker Puetz, Rudiger Von Kummer

870

46

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cerebrovascular Diseases   Steven Warach, Alison E. Baird, Krishna A. Dani, Max Wintermark, Chelsea S. Kidwell

882

47

Cerebral Angiography   Ronald J. Sattenberg, Jeffrey L. Saver, Y. Pierre Gobin, David S. Lie6eskind

910

SECTION SIX

THERAPY

PART A

MEDICAL THERAPY   JAMES C. GROTTA

48

Prehospital and Emergency Department Care of the Patient with Acute Stroke   Opeolu Adeoye, Arthur Pancioli

929

49

Intravenous Thrombolysis   Wendy Brown, Lama Al-Khoury, Gilda Tafreshi, Patrick D. Lyden

945

50

Antithrombotic Therapy for Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke   Harold P, Adams, Jr., Patricia H. Davis

971

51

General Stroke Management and Stroke Units   Markku Kaste, Risto O. Roine

992

52

Critical Care of the Patient with Acute Stroke   Jennifer Diedler, Marek Sykora, Werner Hacke

1008

53

Pharmacologic Modification of Acute Cerebral Ischemia   Nicole R. Gonzales, James C. Grotta

1049

54

Treatment of “Other” Stroke Etiologies   Scott E. Kasner, Brett L. Cucchiara

1084

55

Medical Therapy of Intracerebral and Intraventricular Hemorrhage   Lewis B. Morgenstern, Darn B. Zahuranec

1106

56

Rehabilitation and Recovery of the Patient with Stroke   Bruce H. Dobkin

1116

57

Enhancing Stroke Recovery with Cellular Therapies   Sean I. Savitz

1134

58

Antiplatelet Therapy for Secondary Prevention of Lit-Stroke   Mar Castelianos, Babette B. Weksler, Oscar R. Benavente

1147

59

Secondary Prevention of Cardioembolic Stroke   Maria I. Aguilar, Oscar R. Benavente

1173

60

Conduct of Stroke-Related Clinical Trials   Barbara C. Tilley, Yuko Y. Palesch

1192

PART B

INTERVENTIONAL THERAPY   RUDIGER VON KUMMER

61

Interventional Neuroradiologic Therapy of Atherosclerotic Disease and Vascular Malformations   J Mocco, Stanley H. Kim, Bernard R. Bendok, Alan S. Boulos, L. Nelson Hopkins, Elad I. Levy

1204

62

Intraarterial Thrombolysis in Acute Ischemic Stroke   Anthony J. Furlan, Jitendra Sharma, Randall Higashida

1227

63

Endovascular Treatment of Cerebral Aneurysms   Wakhloo, Aaatthew J. Gounis, Michael J. De Leo III

1241

64

Interventional Therapy of Brain and Spinal Arteriovenous Malformations   Timo Krings, Sasikhan Geibprasert, Karei. Ter Brugge

1255

65

Dural Arteriovenous Malformations   J. Paul Elliott, Daniel Huddle, Issama. Awad

1280

PART C

SURGICAL THERAPY   IWRC R. MAYBERG

66

Genetics of Aneurysms and Arteriovenous Malformations   Ynte M. Ruigrok, Catharina J.M. Klijn

1292

67

Anterior Circulation Aneurysms   Brian V. Nahed, Christopher S. Ogilvy

1301

68

Surgical Management of Posterior Circulation Aneurysms   Mark J. Dannenbaum, Rose Du, Arthur L. Day

1322

69

Surgery for Intracerebral Hemorrhage   Alexander David Mendelow, Barbara A, Gregson

1336

70

Intraventricular Hemorrhage   J. Max Findlay

1349

71

Surgical Decision Making, Techniques, and Periprocedural Care of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations   Robert M. Starke, Ricardoj. Komotar, E. Sander Connolly

1358

72

Spinal Arteriovenous Malformations   Shervin R. Dashti, Louisj. Kim, Udaya K. Kakaria, Min S. Park, Michael F. Stiefel, Robert F. Spetzler

1366

73

Radiosurgery for Arteriovenous Malformations   William A. Friedman, Frankj. Bova

1374

74

Cerebral Cavernous Malformations and Venous Anomalies: Diagnosis, Natural History, and Clinical Management   Christopher S. Eddleman, H. Hunt Batjer, Issam A. Awad

1388

75

Indications for Carotid Endarterectomy in Patients with Symptomatic Stenosi   Jonathan L. Brisman, Marc R. Mayberg

1398

76

Surgical Management of Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis   Mohamed Samy Elhammady, Roberto C. Heros, Jacques J. Morcos

1403

77

Extracranial to Intracranial Bypass for Cerebral Ischemia   David W, Newell, Marcelo D. Vilela

1417

78

Cerebral Infarction: Surgical Treatment   Ericjuttler, Werner Hacke

1426

79

Cerebellar Infarction and Hemorrhage   Tetsuyoshi Horiuchi, Kazuhiro Hongo, Shigeaki Kobayashi

1440

Index

1447