Preface to the Fourth Edition

xv

Acknowledgments

xix

Introduction to the Learner

xxi

Using this Text

xxiii

How to Use Studyware™

xxvii

Overview of the Text

xxxi

Chapter 1

Basic Elements of Anatomy

1

Anatomy and Physiology

1

Terminology of Anatomy

4

Parts of the Body

4

Terms of Orientation

4

Building Blocks of Anatomy: Organs, Tissues, and Systems

10

Organs

10

Tissues

11

Body Systems

26

Chapter Summary

28

Study Questions

29

Study Question Answers

31

References

33

Chapter 2

Anatomy of Respiration

35

The Support Structure of Respiration

38

Overview

38

Vertebral Column

39

Pelvic and Pectoral Girdles

49

Ribs and Rib Cage

55

Soft Tissue of the Thorax and Respiratory Passageway

60

Movement of Air through the System

75

Muscles of Inspiration

79

Primary Inspiratory Muscle of Thorax

80

Accessory Muscles of Inspiration

86

Muscles of Forced Expiration

106

Muscles of Thorax Anterior/Lateral Thoracic Muscles

108

Abdominal Muscles of Expiration

112

Chapter Summary

119

Study Questions

119

Study Question Answers

126

References

128

Chapter 3

Physiology of Respiration

131

The Measurement of Respiration

133

Respiration for Life

134

Effects of Turbulence on Respiration

135

Respiratory Cycle

135

Developmental Processes in Respiration

136

Volumes and Capacities

138

Volumes

140

Capacities

142

Effect of Age on Volumes

143

Pressures of the Respiratory System

145

Pressures Generated by the Tissue

152

Effects of Posture on Speech

155

Pressures of Speech

157

Chapter Summary

160

Study Questions

161

Study Question Answers

162

References

162

Chapter 4

Anatomy of Phonation

165

A Tour of the Phonatory Mechanism

166

Framework of the Larynx

166

Cavities of the Larynx

174

Structure of the Larynx

179

Laryngeal Musculature

187

Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles

189

Laryngeal Elevators and Depressors

200

Interaction of Musculature

211

Chapter Summary

211

Study Questions

213

Study Question Answers

219

References

220

Chapter 5

Physiology of Phonation

223

Nonspeech Laryngeal Function

223

Laryngeal Function for Speech

227

The Bernoulli Effect

227

Attack

232

Termination

233

Sustained Phonation

234

Vocal Register

235

Frequency, Pitch, and Pitch Change

243

Intensity and Intensity Change

249

Clinical Considerations

253

Linguistic Aspects of Pitch and Intensity

254

Theories of Phonation

256

Chapter Summary

258

End Note: Mechanics of Vibration

259

Study Questions

261

Study Question Answers

262

References

263

Chapter 6

Anatomy of Articulation and Resonation

267

Source-Filter Theory of Vowel Production

267

The Articulators

271

Bones of the Face and Cranial Skeleton

283

Bones of the Face

283

Bones of the Cranial Skeleton

298

Dentition

307

Dental Development

313

Dental Occlusion

316

Cavities of the Vocal Tract

320

Muscles of the Face and Mouth

327

Muscles of the Face

327

Muscles of the Mouth

336

Chapter Summary

361

Study Ouestions

363

Study Question Answers

372

References

374

Chapter 7

Physiology of Articulation and Resonation

377

Speech Function

377

Lips

378

Mandible

379

Tongue

380

Velum

383

Development of Articulatory Ability

384

Development of the Vocal Tract

387

Coordinated Articulation

390

The DIVA Model of Speech Production

394

Chapter Summary

398

Study Questions

399

Study Question Answers

400

References

401

Chapter 8

Physiology of Mastication and Deglutition

405

Biological Function

405

Introduction to Mastication and Deglutition

405

Anatomical and Physiological Developmental Issues

406

Organizational Patterns of Mastication and Deglutition

409

Oral Preparatory Stage (Mastication)

410

Oral Stage

412

Pharyngeal Stage

413

Esophageal Phase

417

Pressures of Deglutition

417

Neurophysiological Underpinnings of Mastication and Deglutition

418

Sensation Associated with Mastication and Deglutition

418

Salivation Response

429

Reflexive Circuits of Mastication and Deglutition

431

Chewing Reflex

433

Rooting and Sucking Reflexes

433

Uvular (Palatal) Reflex

433

Gag (Pharyngeal) Reflex

434

Retch and Vomit Reflex

434

Cough Reflex

434

Tongue Base Retraction and Elevation

435

Pain Reflex

435

Respiration Reflexes

435

Reexamination of the Patterns for Mastication and Deglutition

436

Chapter Summary

437

Study Questions

439

Study Question Answers

441

References

443

Chapter 9

Anatomy of Hearing

447

The Structures of Hearing

447

Outer Ear

448

Middle Ear

453

Ossicles

453

Tympanic Muscles

456

Landmarks of the Middle Ear

458

Inner Ear

461

Osseous Vestibule

461

Osseous Semicircular Canals

464

Osseous Cochlear Labyrinth

465

Membranous Labyrinth

467

Chapter Summary

473

Study Questions

475

Study Question Answers

476

References

477

Chapter 10

Auditory Physiology

479

Outer Ear

480

Middle Ear Function

481

Inner Ear Function

482

Vestibular Mechanism

482

Auditory Mechanism: Mechanical Events

482

Electrical Events

487

Resting Potentials

489

Neural Responses

491

Auditory Pathway Responses

499

Chapter Summary

514

Study Questions

516

Study Question Answers

517

References

518

Chapter 11

Neuroanatomy

521

Overview

521

Divisions of the Nervous System

527

Central Neryous System/Peripheral Nervous System

527

Autonomic/Somatic Nervous Systems

528

Development Divisions

529

Anatomy of the CNS and PNS

531

Neurons

531

Anatomy of the Cerebrum

540

Meningeal Linings

540

The Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid

546

Anatomy of the Brainstem

582

Cranial Nerves

594

Specific Cranial Nerves

595

Anatomy of the Spinal Cord

616

Chapter Summary

633

Study Questions

636

Study Question Answers

641

References

643

Chapter 12

Neurophysiology

647

The Neuron

648

Neuron Function

648

Muscle Function

657

Muscle Spindle Function

662

Golgi Tendon Organs

667

Other Sensation and Sensors

668

Higher Functioning

669

Motor System Lesions

674

Afferent Inputs

678

Association Regions

678

Hemispheric Specialization

681

Lesion Studies

683

Motor Control for Speech

692

Chapter Summary

694

Stydy Questions

696

Stydy Question Answers

697

References

698

Appendix A

Anatomical Terms

701

Appendix B

Useful Combining Forms

703

Appendix C

Muscles of Respiration

707

Thoracic Muscles of Inspiration

707

Abdominal Muscles of Expiration

713

Muscles of Upper Limb

714

Appendix D

Muscles of Phonation

715

Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles

715

Extrinsic Laryngeal, Infrahyoid, and Suprahyoid Muscles

716

Appendix E

Muscles of Face, Soft Palate, and Pharynx

719

Facial Muscles

719

Muscles of the Velum

724

Muscles of Pharynx

725

Appendix F

Sensors

727

General Classes

727

Specific Types

727

Classes of Sensation

727

Appendix G

Cranial Nerves

729

Classes of Cranial Nerves

729

Cranial Nerves, Sources, and Functions

729

Appendix H

Pathologies that Affect Speech Production

733

Glossary

739

Index

763