Preface to the Fourth Edition

xv

Introduction

xvii

About the Author

xx

PART A

FOUNDATIONS OF SCIENTIFIC AND PROFESSIONAL WRITING

1

A.1

Basic Rules of Usage

2

Ampersand

A.1.1

Use the Ampersand Correctly

2

Apostrophe

A.1.2

Do not Turn a Possessive into a Plural

2

A.1.3

Do not Turn a Plural into a Possessive

4

A.1.4

Use the Correct Forms of Possessive Nouns

6

A.1.5

Use the Possessive Forms of Pronouns Correctly

12

A.1.6

Distinguish Contractions from Possessives

12

Unusual Plurals

A.1.7

Use Unusual Singulars and Plurals Correctly

14

Comma

A.1.8

Use a Serial Comma

18

A.1.9

Do not Use a Serial Comma When You Write Only Two Parallel Terms and Connect them with a Conjunction

18

A.1.10

Use a Comma to Separate Parenthetic Expressions When You do not Use

Parentheses

20

A.1.11

Place a Comma Before a Conjunction Introducing an Independent Clause

20

A.1.12

Do not Use a Comma Before a Conjunction that is Followed by a Dependent Clause

20

Dash

A.1.13

Prefer a Dash to a Comma to Set Off an Abrupt Break or Interruption

22

Semicolon

A.1.14

Join Independent Clauses with a Semicolon When the Clauses are not Joined by a Conjunction

22

Agreement

A.1.15

Follow the Rules of Agreement

24

Modifiers

A.1.16

Use Modifiers Correctly

32

Pronouns

A.1.17

Clarify the Referents of Pronouns

34

A.1.18

Let the Pronoun Agree in Number with its Antecedent

34

A.1.19

Use the Proper Case of Pronoun

34

Sentence Fragments

A.1.20

Do not Break a Sentence into Two

36

A.1.21

Do not Write Sentence Fragments as a Series of Declarative Statements

36

A.1.22

Do not Punctuate Appositives

36

Nouns and Adjectives

A.1.23

Use Certain Terms Only in their Adjectival Forms

38

A.1.24

Do not Turn a Noun into a Verb

38

Participial Phrase

A.1.25

Let a Participial Phrase at the Beginning of a Sentence Refer to the Grammatical Subject

40

A.2

Basic Rules of Composition

42

Structure of Research Papers

A.2.1

Design a Broad Outline of Your Paper

42

A.2.2

Design Headings and Subheadings of Your Paper

44

Composing Paragraphs

A,2.3

Write Paragraphs that Express Related Ideas

46

A.2.4

Do not Write Paragraphs that are Too Long

48

A.2.5

Do not Write One-Sentence Paragraphs

50

A.2.6

Begin and End Most Paragraphs with Transitionary Sentences

52

Concise and Direct Writing

A.2.7

Prefer the Shorter to the Longer Sentences

54

A.2.8

Use the Active Voice

54

A.2.9

Say What it is, Instead of What it is not

56

A.2.10

Avoid Too Many Qualifications

56

A.2.11

Use Definite, Specific, and Concrete Language

58

A.2.12

Eliminate or Replace Unnecessary Phrases

60

A.2.13

Avoid Redundant Phrases

68

A.2.14

Avoid Wordiness

74

A.2.15

Avoid Jargon

76

A.2.16

Avoid Euphemism

78

A.2.17

Keep Related Words Together

80

Parallelism

A.2.18

Write in Parallel Terms

82

A.2.19

Maintain Parallelism in Numbered or Bulleted Lists

84

Misplaced or Dangling Modifiers

A.2.20

Avoid Dangling Modifiers

86

A.2.21

Avoid Misplaced Modifiers

86

Shifts within and Between Sentences

A.2.22

Avoid Shifts within and Between Sentences

88

Quotations

A.2.23

Make Quotations Count

90

A.2.24

Do not Overuse Quotations

92

A.2.25

Do not Include Islands of Quotations

94

A.2.26

Do not Begin a Sentence with a Quotation

94

A.2.27

Use Quotation and Punctuation Marks Correctly

96

A.2.28

Do Not Misuse Quotation Marks

96

A.2.29

Give References for All Direct Quotations

98

A.2.30

Reproduce Quotations Exactly

100

A.2.31

Integrate Quotations of Fewer Than 40 Words with the Text

100

A.2.32

Arrange Quotations as a Block When They Have 40 Words or More

102

A.2.33

Show Correctly the Changes in Quotations

104

Precision in the Use of Scientific Terms

A.2.34

Use the Terms Ending in -ology Correctly

106

A.2.35

Use Certain Terms Ending in -ics Correctly

108

Use of Fresh Language

A.2.36

Avoid Cliches

110

A.2.37

Avoid Colloquial or Informal Expressions

110

A.3

Commonly Misused Words and Phrases

112

A.3.1

Accept and Except

112

A.3.2

Affect and Effect

112

A.3.3

Alternate and Alternative

114

A.3.4

Allusion and Illusion

114

A.3.5

And/Or

114

A.3.6

Baseline and Baserate

116

A.3.7

Effect and Impact

116

A.3.8

Elicit and Evoke

118

A.3.9

Elicit and Illicit

118

A.3 10

Farther and Further

120

A.3.11

Focus and Analysis (Study)

120

A.3.12

Incidence and Prevalence

122

A.3.13

Inter- and Intra-

122

A.3.14

Latter and Later

124

A.3.15

Proof and Support

124

A.3.16

Secondly and Thirdly

126

A.3.17

Since and Because

126

A.3.18

There and Their

126

PART B

SCIENTIFIC WRITING

129

B.1

Introduction to Scientific Writing

131

B.2

Writing without Bias

133

B.2.1

Write without Gender Bias

134

B.2.2

Write without Prejudicial Reference to Disabilities

136

B.2.3

Write without Prejudicial Reference to Ethnic or Racial Background

138

B.2.4

Write without Prejudicial Reference to People with Varied Sexual Orientation

140

B.3

Format of Scientific Writing

142

Margins

B.3.1

Leave Correct Margins

142

Title Page

B.3.2

Type Correctly the Title Page of a Paper for Publication

143

B.3.3

Type Correctly the Title Page of a Class (Term) Paper

144

Page and Running Headers

B.3.4

Type the Manuscript Page Header and the Running Head Correctly

145

Abstract Page

B.3.5

Write an Abstract on the Second Page

146

Beginning of Text

B.3.6

Begin the Text (Untitled Introduction) on Page Three

147

Headings and Subheadings

B.3.7

Use the Headings within the Text Consistently

148

Paper, Printer, and Typefaces

B.3.8

Use Acceptable Paper

154

B.3.9

Use Acceptable Computer Printers

154

B.3.10

Use Acceptable Typefaces and Size

154

B.3.11

Use Boldface Correctly

154

Page Numbers

B.3.12

Number the Pages Correctly

155

B.3.13

Reprint the Corrected Pages

155

Line Spacing

B.3.14

Use Appropriate Line Spacing

155

B.4

Selected Matters of Scientific Style

156

Capitalization

B.4.1

Capitalize the First Words

156

B.4.2

Capitalize the First and the Major Words

156

B.4.3

Capitalize the First and the Major Words in Most Headings

156

B.4.4

Capitalize Proper Nouns and Trade Names

157

B.4.5

Capitalize the Chapters and Sections the Reader is Referred To

157

B.4.6

Capitalize Nouns that are Followed by a Number or Letter

157

B.4.7

Capitalize Both Words in Otherwise Capitalized Hyphenated Compound

157

B.4.8

Do not Capitalize the Second Word of a Hyphenated Compound in Reference Lists

158

Italicization

B.4.9

Use Italics Correctly within the Body of Text

158

B.4.10

Use Italics Correctly in the Reference List

159

Hyphenation

B.4.11

Use the Hyphen Correctly

159

B.4.12

Do not Overuse the Hyphen

162

B.4.13

Do not Misuse the Hyphen

162

Indentation

B.4.14

Use Correct Indentation

164

Space After Punctuation

B.4.15

Give Correct Space or No Space After Punctuation

164

Abbreviations

B.4.16

Write Out Abbreviations the First Time You Use the Term and Enclose the Abbreviations in Parentheses

166

B.4.17

Do not Start a Sentence with a Lowercase Abbreviation

166

B.4.18

Use Latin Abbreviations Only in Parenthetical Constructions

168

B.4.19

Add the Lowercase Plural Morpheme s to Plural Abbreviations without an Apostrophe

170

B.4.20

With Abbreviations, Use the Period Correctly

170

B.4.21

Abbreviate Units of Measurement When a Number is Specified

170

Numbers in Words or Numerals

B.4.22

Write Out Units of Measurement When a Number is not Specified

172

B.4.23

Use Roman Numerals Only When it is an Established Practice

172

B.4.24

Use Arabic Numerals for Numbers 10 and Above

172

B.4.25

Use Numerals for Numbers Below 10 in Specified Contexts

174

B.4.26

Write Out in Words Numbers Below 10 in Specified Contexts

176

B.4.27

Write Out in Words Any Number that Begins a Sentence

178

B.4.28

Combine Words and Numerals in Specified Contexts

178

Reference Citations within the Text

B.4.29

Cite the Author’s Last Name and Year or Years of Publication in the Text

180

B.4.30

Cite Both Names in the Text When a Work has Two Authors

180

B.4.31

Cite Works with Three to Five Authors Using All the Authors’ Names Only the First Time

182

B.4.32

Cite Works of Six or More Authors by Only the First Author

182

B.4.33

Distinguish Works of Multiple Authors Published in the Same Year

184

B.4.34

Join Multiple Author Names with the Conjunction and or the Ampersand

186

B.4.35

Cite Multiple Authors with the Same Last Name with their Initials Every Time They are Cited

186

B.4.36

Cite Multiple Works of the Same Author in a Temporally Ascending Order

188

B.4.37

Attach Alphabetical Suffixes to the Same Author’s Multiple Publications in the Same Year

188

B.4.38

Within Parentheses, Arrange the Last Names of Multiple Authors in

Alphabetical Order

190

B.4.39

Cite Secondary Sources Sparingly and Correctly

190

Reference List

B.4.40

Distinguish Between a Reference List and a Bibliography

192

B.4.41

Begin the Reference List on a New Page with a Centered, Uppercase, and Lowercase Heading

192

B.4.42

In the Reference List, Arrange References in Alphabetical Order

194

B.4.43

Arrange Multiple Works of the Same Single Author from the Earliest to the Latest Year

194

B.4.44

Alphabetize the Titles of Several Works of the Same Author Published in the Same Year

196

B.4.45

Arrange the Multiple Works of the Same Author, Each Published in a Different Year, in a Temporally Ascending Order

196

B.4.46

Alphabetize the Different Authors with the Same Last Name According to their Initials

196

B.4.47

Format Each Entry in the Reference List with a Hanging Indent of 5 Spaces

198

B.4.48

Use the Specified Abbreviations in Reference Lists

198

Selected Examples of References

200

Printed Journal Articles

B.4.49

Printed Journal Articles in Reference Lists

200

B.4.50

Arrange Correctly the Articles with Multiple Authors

202

B.4.51

Reference Correctly the Different Forms of Journal Publications

202

Magazines and Newspaper Articles

B.4.52

Reference Correctly the Publications from Magazines and Newspapers

204

Abstracts

B.4.53

Reference Correctly the Article Abstracts Used as the Primary Source

204

Books and Book Chapters

B.4.54

Books in Reference Lists

206

B.4.55

Edited Books and Chapters in Edited Books

208

Proceedings, Presentations, and Reports

B.4.56

Proceedings of Conferences and Symposia Published as a Book

210

B.4.57

Unpublished Convention Presentations

210

B.4.58

Unpublished Poster Session Presentations

210

B.4.59

Reports from Organizations and Government Agencies

212

Unpublished Articles, Theses, or Dissertations

B.4.60

Unpublished Articles, Theses, or Dissertations

214

B.4.61

Theses and Dissertations in Abstracts International

214

Using and Citing Electronic Sources

B.4.62

Using Electronic Sources in Scientific and Professional Writing

216

B.4.63

Reference the Electronic Sources Correctly

216

B.4.64

Reference Correctly an Article from a Print Journal Available on the Internet

218

B.4.65

Reference Correctly an Article or an Abstract Published by an Online Journal, With No Print Edition

218

B.4.66

Reference Correctly an Article or an Abstract Retrieved from an Aggregated Database

219

B.4.67

Reference Correctly Electronic Book or Book Chapters

219

B.4.68

Reference Correctly Theses and Dissertations Obtained from Web Sites

219

B.4.69

Reference Correctly a Convention Presentation Abstract

220

B.4.70

Reference Correctly an Abstract from a Secondary Source

220

B.4.71

Reference Correctly an Online Encyclopedia

220

B.4.72

Reference Correctly an Electronic Version of a Daily Newspaper Article

221

B.4.73

Reference Correctly a Document or Report Available on a U.S Government Web Site

221

B.4.74

Reference Correctly a Document or Report from a Private Organization Available on its Web Site

221

B.4.75

Reference Correctly Computer Software Programs

221

B.5

Writing Sections of Research Papers and Proposals

223

Completed Empirical Studies

B.5.1

Sections of a Research Paper

223

Writing the Different Sections of a Research Paper

B.5.2

Write the Review, the Methods, and the Results Sections of a Completed Study in the Past Tense

228

B.5.3

Write the Discussion Section of a Completed Study in the Present Tense

228

Writing a Research Proposal

B.5.4

Write the Review Section of a Research Proposal in the Past Tense

228

B.5.5

Write the Methods and Expected Results Sections of a Research Proposal in the Future Tense

230

B.6

Electronic Manuscript Preparation, Editing, and Proofreading

233

B.6.1

Electronic Manuscript Preparation

233

B.6.2

Electronic Manuscript Editing and Revising

240

B.6.3

Electronic Proofreading

245

PART C

PROFESSIONAL WRITING

249

Introduction to Professional Writing

250

C.1

Formats of Diagnostic Reports

251

C.1.1

Outline of a Typical Diagnostic Report on a Child Client

252

C.1.2

Outline of a Typical Diagnostic Report on an Adult Client

254

C.1.3

Anatomy of a Diagnostic Report

256

C.2

Sample Diagnostic Reports

263

C.2.1

Sample Diagnostic Report: Articulation Disorder

264

C.2.2

Sample Diagnostic Report: Voice Disorder

267

C.2.3

Sample Diagnostic Report: Aphasia and Apraxia

270

C.2.4

Sample Diagnostic Report: Stuttering

274

C.2.5

Sample Diagnostic Report: Dysphagia

277

C.3

Practice in Diagnostic Report Writing

281

C.3.1

Diagnostic Report: Articulation Disorder

282

C.3.2

Diagnostic Report: Child Language Disorder

296

C.3.3

Diagnostic Report: Stuttering

310

C.3.4

Diagnostic Report: Voice Disorder

324

C.4

Diagnostic Reports Written as Letters

339

C.4.1

Letter 1: Laryngectomy Speech-Language Evaluation

340

C.4.2

Letter 2: Adult Voice Evaluation

342

C.5

Practice in Writing Diagnostic Reports as Letters

345

C.5.1

Diagnostic Report as a Letter: Articulation Disorder

346

C.6

Comprehensive Treatment Plans

351

C.6.1

Comprehensive Treatment Plan: Articulation Disorder

352

C.7

Brief Treatment Plans

355

C.7.1

Brief Treatment Plan: Fluency Disorder

356

C.7.2

Brief Treatment Plan: Articulation Disorder

358

C.7.3

Brief Treatment Plan: Child Language Disorder

360

C.7.4

Brief Treatment Plan: Voice Disorder

362

C.7.5

Brief Treatment Plan: Dysphagia

364

C.8

Individualized Educational Programs

367

C.8.1

IEP: Treatment of Child Language Disorder

368

C.8.2

IEP: Treatment of Articulation Disorder

369

C.8.3

IEP: Treatment of Voice Disorder

370

C.8.4

IEP: Treatment of Fluency Disorder

371

C.9

Practice in Writing Treatment Plans

373

C.9.1

Comprehensive Treatment Plan: Child Language Disorder

374

C.9.2

Brief Treatment Plan: Fluency Disorder

382

C.9.3

Brief Treatment Plan: Articulation Disorder

386

C.9.4

Brief Treatment Plan: Child Language Disorder

390

C.9.5

Brief Treatment Plan: Voice Disorder

394

C.10

Progress Reports

399

C.10.1

Progress Report: Treatment of Stuttering

400

C.10.2

Progress Report: Treatment of Articulation Disorder

403

C.10.3

Progress Report: Treatment of Child Language Disorder

405

C.10.4

Progress Report: Treatment of Voice Disorder

407

C.10.5

Progress Report: Written as a Letter

410

C.11

Practice in Writing Progress Reports

413

C.11.1

Progress Report: Treatment of Stuttering

414

C.11.2

Progress Report: Treatment of Articulation Disorder

420

C.11.3

Progress Report: Treatment of Child Language Disorder

426

C.11.4

Progress Report: Treatment of Voice Disorder

432

C.11.5

Progress Report: Written as a Letter

438

C.12

Professional Letters

441

C.12.1

A Thank-You Letter

442

C.12.2

A Referral Letter

443

C.13

Practice in Writing Professional Letters

445

C.13.1

A Thank-You Letter

446

C.13.2

A Referral Letter

448

Appendix A

Selected References

451

Appendix B

Glossary

455

Index

465