Table of Contents
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|
Introduction |
1 |
|
1 |
Orbit |
3 |
|
|
Trauma |
3 |
|
|
Blunt Trauma |
3 |
|
|
Orbital
Contusion |
3 |
|
|
Orbital
Hemorrhage/Orbital Compartment Syndrome |
4 |
|
|
Orbital
Fractures |
5 |
|
|
Penetrating
Trauma |
8 |
|
|
Intraorbital
Foreign Body |
8 |
|
|
Globe
Subluxation |
9 |
|
|
Carotid-Cavernous
and Dural Sinus Fistulas |
10 |
|
|
Infections |
12 |
|
|
Preseptal
Cellulitis |
12 |
|
|
Orbital
Cellulitis |
13 |
|
|
Inflammation |
15 |
|
|
Thyroid-Related
Ophthalmopathy |
15 |
|
|
Idiopathic
Orbital Inflammation (Orbital Pseudotumor) |
18 |
|
|
Congenital
Anomalies |
19 |
|
|
Congenital
Anophthalmia |
19 |
|
|
Microphthalmos |
20 |
|
|
Microphthalmos
with Cyst |
20 |
|
|
Nanophthalmos |
20 |
|
|
Craniofacial
Disorders |
20 |
|
|
Pediatric
Orbital Tumors |
21 |
|
|
Benign
Pediatric Orbital Tumors |
21 |
|
|
Orbital Dermoid
(Dermoid Cyst) |
21 |
|
|
Lymphangioma |
21 |
|
|
Juvenile
Xanthogranuloma |
22 |
|
|
Histiocytic
Tumors |
23 |
|
|
Malignant
Pediatric Orbital Tumors |
23 |
|
|
Rhabdomyosarcoma |
23 |
|
|
Neuroblastoma |
24 |
|
|
Leukemia |
24 |
|
|
Adult Orbital
Tumors |
26 |
|
|
Benign Adult
Orbital Tumors |
26 |
|
|
Cavernous
Hemangioma |
26 |
|
|
Mucocele |
26 |
|
|
Neurilemoma
(Schwannoma) |
27 |
|
|
Meningioma |
28 |
|
|
Fibrous
Histiocytoma |
28 |
|
|
Fibro-Osseous
Tumors |
29 |
|
|
Cholesterol
Granuloma |
29 |
|
|
Aneurysmal Bone
Cyst |
29 |
|
|
Malignant Adult
Orbital Tumors |
29 |
|
|
Lymphoid Tumors |
29 |
|
|
Fibro-Osseous
Tumors |
30 |
|
|
Metastatic
Tumors |
31 |
|
|
Acquired
Anophthalmia |
31 |
|
|
Atrophia Bulbi
and Phthisis Bulbi |
32 |
|
|
Atrophia Bulbi
without Shrinkage |
32 |
|
|
Atrophia Bulbi
with Shrinkage |
32 |
|
|
Atrophia Bulbi
with Disorganization (Phthisis Bulbi) |
32 |
|
2 |
Ocular Motility and Cranial Nerves |
35 |
|
|
Strabismus |
35 |
|
|
Phoria |
35 |
|
|
Tropia |
35 |
|
|
Horizontal
Strabismus |
37 |
|
|
Esotropia |
37 |
|
|
Infantile
Esotropia |
37 |
|
|
Accommodative
Esotropia |
38 |
|
|
Acquired
Nonaccommodative Esotropia and Other Forms of Esotropia |
39 |
|
|
Exotropia |
40 |
|
|
Basic Exotropia |
40 |
|
|
Convergence
Insufficiency |
40 |
|
|
Pseudodivergence
Excess |
41 |
|
|
True Divergence
Excess |
41 |
|
|
A-, V-, and
X-Patterns |
41 |
|
|
A-Pattem |
41 |
|
|
V-Pattern |
42 |
|
|
X-Pattern |
42 |
|
|
Vertical
Strabismus |
42 |
|
|
Brown’s
Syndrome (Superior Oblique Tendon Sheath Syndrome) |
42 |
|
|
Dissociated
Strabismus Complex: Dissociated
Vertical Deviation, Dissociated Horizontal Deviation, Dissociated Torsional
Deviation |
43 |
|
|
Monocular
Elevation Deficiency (Double Elevator Palsy) |
44 |
|
|
Type 1 |
44 |
|
|
Type 2 |
44 |
|
|
Type 3 |
44 |
|
|
Miscellaneous
Strabismus |
45 |
|
|
Duane’s
Retraction Syndrome |
45 |
|
|
Type 1 |
45 |
|
|
Type 2 |
45 |
|
|
Type 3 |
45 |
|
|
Möbius’ Syndrome |
46 |
|
|
Restrictive
Strabismus |
46 |
|
|
Congenital
Fibrosis Syndrome |
46 |
|
|
Generalized
Fibrosis (Autosomal Dominant [AD] > Autosomal Recessive [AR] > Idiopathic) |
46 |
|
|
Congenital
Fibrosis of Inferior Rectus (Sporadic or Familial) |
46 |
|
|
Strabismus
Fixus (Sporadic) |
47 |
|
|
Vertical
Retraction Syndrome |
47 |
|
|
Congenital
Unilateral Fibrosis (Sporadic) |
47 |
|
|
Nystagmus |
47 |
|
|
Congenital
Nystagmus |
47 |
|
|
Acquired Nystagmus |
48 |
|
|
Physiologic
Nystagmus |
49 |
|
|
Third Cranial
Nerve Palsy |
50 |
|
|
Nuclear |
51 |
|
|
Fascicular |
51 |
|
|
Subarachnoid
Space |
51 |
|
|
Intracavernous
Space |
51 |
|
|
Orbital Space |
51 |
|
|
Fourth Cranial
Nerve Palsy |
53 |
|
|
Nuclear |
54 |
|
|
Fascicular |
54 |
|
|
Subarachnoid
Space |
54 |
|
|
Intracavernous
Space |
54 |
|
|
Sixth Cranial
Nerve Palsy |
56 |
|
|
Nuclear |
56 |
|
|
Fascicular |
56 |
|
|
Subarachnoid
Space |
57 |
|
|
Petrous Space |
57 |
|
|
Intracavernous
Space |
57 |
|
|
Multiple
Cranial Nerve Palsies |
58 |
|
|
Brain Stem |
58 |
|
|
Subarachnoid
Space |
58 |
|
|
Cavernous Sinus
Syndrome |
59 |
|
|
Orbital Apex
Syndrome |
59 |
|
|
Chronic
Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia |
61 |
|
|
Kearns–Sayre
Syndrome |
61 |
|
|
Mitochondrial
Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-Like Episodes |
61 |
|
|
Myoclonic
Epilepsy and Ragged Red Fibers |
61 |
|
|
Myotonic
Dystrophy |
61 |
|
|
Oculopharyngeal
Muscular Dystrophy |
61 |
|
|
Horizontal
Motility Disorders |
63 |
|
|
Internuclear
Ophthalmoplegia |
63 |
|
|
One-and-a-Half
Syndrome |
63 |
|
|
Vertical
Motility Disorders |
65 |
|
|
Progressive
Supranuclear Palsy (Steele–Richardson–Olszewski Syndrome) |
65 |
|
|
Dorsal Midbrain
(Parinaud’s) Syndrome |
65 |
|
|
Skew Deviation |
65 |
|
|
Myasthenia
Gravis |
67 |
|
3 |
Lids, Lashes and Lacrimal System |
69 |
|
|
Eyelid Trauma |
69 |
|
|
Contusion |
69 |
|
|
Abrasion |
70 |
|
|
Avulsion |
70 |
|
|
Laceration |
71 |
|
|
Eyelid
Infections |
73 |
|
|
Blepharitis and
Mcibomitis |
73 |
|
|
Herpes Simplex
Virus |
75 |
|
|
Herpes Zoster
Virus |
76 |
|
|
Molluscum
Contagiosum |
77 |
|
|
Demodicosis |
78 |
|
|
Phthiriasis or
Pediculosis |
78 |
|
|
Leprosy |
79 |
|
|
Eyelid
Inflammations |
79 |
|
|
Chalazion or
Hordeolum (Stye) |
79 |
|
|
Contact Dermatitis |
80 |
|
|
Blepharochalasis |
82 |
|
|
Madarosis |
82 |
|
|
Vitiligo and
Poliosis |
83 |
|
|
Acne Rosacea |
84 |
|
|
Eyelid
Malpositions |
85 |
|
|
Ptosis |
85 |
|
|
Aponeurotic
(Involutional) |
85 |
|
|
Mechanical |
85 |
|
|
Myogenic |
85 |
|
|
Neurogenic |
86 |
|
|
Congenital |
86 |
|
|
Dermatochalasis |
88 |
|
|
Ectropion |
89 |
|
|
Cicatricial |
89 |
|
|
Congenital |
89 |
|
|
Inflammatory |
89 |
|
|
Involutional |
89 |
|
|
Mechanical |
89 |
|
|
Paralytic |
89 |
|
|
Entropion |
91 |
|
|
Cicatricial |
91 |
|
|
Congenital |
91 |
|
|
Involutional |
92 |
|
|
Spastic |
92 |
|
|
Blepharospasm |
93 |
|
|
Essential
Blepharospasm |
93 |
|
|
Meige’s
Syndrome |
93 |
|
|
Bell’s Palsy |
94 |
|
|
Floppy Eyelid
Syndrome |
96 |
|
|
Trichiasis |
97 |
|
|
Congenital
Eyelid Anomalies |
99 |
|
|
Ankyloblepharon |
99 |
|
|
Blepharophimosis |
99 |
|
|
Coloboma |
99 |
|
|
Cryptophthalmos |
100 |
|
|
Distichiasis |
100 |
|
|
Epiblepharon |
101 |
|
|
Epicanthus |
101 |
|
|
Euryblepharon |
102 |
|
|
Microblepharon |
102 |
|
|
Telecanthus |
102 |
|
|
Benign Eyelid
Tumors |
103 |
|
|
Pigmented
Benign Eyelid Tumors |
103 |
|
|
Acquired Nevus |
103 |
|
|
Ephelis
(Freckle) |
103 |
|
|
Oculodermal
Melanocytosis (Nevus of Ota) |
104 |
|
|
Seborrheic
Keratosis |
104 |
|
|
Squamous
Papilloma |
105 |
|
|
Verruca
Vulgaris (Viral Papilloma) |
105 |
|
|
Nonpigmented
Benign Eyelid Tumors |
106 |
|
|
Xanthelasma |
106 |
|
|
Moll’s Gland
Cyst (Hidrocystoma, Sudoriferous Cyst) |
107 |
|
|
Epidermal
Inclusion Cyst |
107 |
|
|
Inverted
Follicular Keratosis |
108 |
|
|
Milia |
108 |
|
|
Sebaceous
(Pilar) Cyst |
108 |
|
|
Pilomatrixoma
(Calcifying Epithelioma of Malherbe) |
109 |
|
|
Vascular Benign
Eyelid Tumors |
109 |
|
|
Capillary
Hemangioma |
109 |
|
|
Lymphangioma |
110 |
|
|
Port Wine Stain
(Nevus Flammeus) |
110 |
|
|
Malignant
Eyelid Tumors |
110 |
|
|
Basal Cell
Carcinoma |
110 |
|
|
Squamous Cell
Carcinoma |
111 |
|
|
Actinic
Keratosis |
112 |
|
|
Keratoacanthoma |
112 |
|
|
Sebaceous Cell
Carcinoma |
113 |
|
|
Malignant
Melanoma |
114 |
|
|
Merkel Cell
Tumor |
115 |
|
|
Metastatic
Tumors |
115 |
|
|
Kaposi’s
Sarcoma |
116 |
|
|
Systemic Diseases |
116 |
|
|
Neurofibromatosis |
116 |
|
|
Sarcoidosis |
118 |
|
|
Amyloidosis |
119 |
|
|
Canaliculitis |
120 |
|
|
Dacryocystitis |
121 |
|
|
Nasolacrimal
Duct Obstruction |
123 |
|
|
Dacryoadenitis |
125 |
|
|
Lacrimal Gland
Tumors |
128 |
|
|
Benign Mixed
Cell Tumor (Pleomorphic Adenoma) |
128 |
|
|
Malignant Mixed
Cell Tumor (Pleomorphic Adenocardnoma) |
129 |
|
|
Adenoid Cystic
Carcinoma (Cylindroma) |
129 |
|
4 |
Conjunctiva and Sclera |
131 |
|
|
Trauma |
131 |
|
|
Foreign Body |
131 |
|
|
Laceration |
131 |
|
|
Open Globe |
131 |
|
|
Subcojunctival
Hemorrhage |
134 |
|
|
Telangiectasia |
135 |
|
|
Microancurysm |
136 |
|
|
Dry Eye Disease
(Dry Eye Syndrome, Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca) |
136 |
|
|
Aqueous-Deficient
Dry Eye |
137 |
|
|
Evaporative Dry
Eye |
137 |
|
|
Inflammation |
141 |
|
|
Chemosis |
141 |
|
|
Follicles |
141 |
|
|
Granuloma |
142 |
|
|
Hyperemia |
142 |
|
|
Membranes |
142 |
|
|
Papillae |
142 |
|
|
Phlyctenule |
143 |
|
|
Conjunctivitis |
144 |
|
|
Acute
Conjunctivitis |
144 |
|
|
Infectious |
144 |
|
|
Gonococcal |
144 |
|
|
Nongonococcal
Bacterial |
144 |
|
|
Adenoviral |
145 |
|
|
Herpes Simplex
Virus |
145 |
|
|
Herpes Zoster
Virus |
146 |
|
|
Pediculosis |
146 |
|
|
Allergic |
146 |
|
|
Seasonal |
146 |
|
|
Atopic
Keratoconjunctivitis |
146 |
|
|
Vernal
Keratoconjunctivitis |
147 |
|
|
Toxic |
147 |
|
|
Chronic
Conjunctivitis |
148 |
|
|
Infectious |
148 |
|
|
Chlamydial |
148 |
|
|
Molluscum
Contagiosum |
148 |
|
|
Allergic |
148 |
|
|
Perennial |
148 |
|
|
Giant Papillary
Conjunctivitis |
149 |
|
|
Toxic |
149 |
|
|
Other |
149 |
|
|
Superior Limbic
Keratoconjunctivitis |
149 |
|
|
|
150 |
|
|
Ligneous |
150 |
|
|
Parinaud’s
Oculoglandular Syndrome |
150 |
|
|
Ophthalmia
Neonatorum |
150 |
|
|
Degenerations |
153 |
|
|
Amyloidosis |
154 |
|
|
Concretions |
154 |
|
|
Pinguecula |
154 |
|
|
Pterygium |
154 |
|
|
Ocular
Cicatricial Pemphigoid |
156 |
|
|
Stevens–Johnson
Syndrome (Erythema Multiforme Major) |
157 |
|
|
Tumors |
158 |
|
|
Congenital |
158 |
|
|
Hamartoma |
158 |
|
|
Choristoma |
159 |
|
|
Epithelial |
159 |
|
|
Cysts |
159 |
|
|
Papilloma |
159 |
|
|
Conjunctival
Intraepithelial Neoplasia |
160 |
|
|
Squamous Cell
Carcinoma |
161 |
|
|
Melanocytic |
161 |
|
|
Nevus |
161 |
|
|
Ocuiar
Melanocytosis |
162 |
|
|
Oculodermal
Melanocytosis (Nevus of Ota) |
163 |
|
|
Primary
Acquired Melanosis |
163 |
|
|
Secondary
Acquired Melanosis |
163 |
|
|
Malignant
Melanoma |
164 |
|
|
Stromal |
165 |
|
|
Cavernous
Hemangioma |
165 |
|
|
Juvenile
Xanthogranuloma |
165 |
|
|
Kaposi’s
Sarcoma |
165 |
|
|
Lymphangiectasis |
166 |
|
|
Lymphoid |
166 |
|
|
Pyogenic
Granuloma |
167 |
|
|
Caruncle |
167 |
|
|
Episcleritis |
168 |
|
|
Scleritis |
169 |
|
|
Scleral Discoloration |
171 |
|
|
Alkaptonuria
(Ochronosis) |
171 |
|
|
Ectasia
(Staphyloma) |
172 |
|
|
Ostcogenesis
Imperfecta |
172 |
|
|
Scleral Icterus |
172 |
|
|
Senile Scleral
Plaque |
172 |
|
5 |
Cornea |
175 |
|
|
Trauma |
175 |
|
|
Abrasion |
175 |
|
|
Birth Trauma |
176 |
|
|
Burn |
177 |
|
|
Foreign Body |
178 |
|
|
Laceration |
179 |
|
|
Recurrent
Erosion |
180 |
|
|
Peripheral
Ulcerative Keratitis |
180 |
|
|
Marginal
Keratolysis |
180 |
|
|
Mooren’s Ulcer |
180 |
|
|
Staphylococcal
Marginal Keratitis |
180 |
|
|
Marginal
Keratolysis |
181 |
|
|
Mooren’s Ulcer |
181 |
|
|
Staphylococcal
Marginal Keratitis |
182 |
|
|
Contact
Lens-Related Problems |
183 |
|
|
Rigid Lenses |
183 |
|
|
Soft Lenses |
184 |
|
|
Corneal
Abrasion |
185 |
|
|
Corneal Hypoxia |
185 |
|
|
Contact
Lens-Related Dendritic Keratitis |
185 |
|
|
Contact Lens
Solution Hypersensitivity or Toxicity |
185 |
|
|
Corneal
Neovascularization |
185 |
|
|
Corneal Warpage |
186 |
|
|
Damaged Contact
Lens |
187 |
|
|
Deposits on
Contact Lens |
187 |
|
|
Giant Papillary
Conjunctivitis |
187 |
|
|
Infectious
Keratitis |
188 |
|
|
Sterile Corneal
Infiltrates |
188 |
|
|
Poor Fit
(Loose) |
188 |
|
|
Poor Fit
(Tight) |
188 |
|
|
Superior Limbic
Keratoconjunctivitis |
188 |
|
|
Superficial
Punctate Keratitis |
188 |
|
|
Miscellaneous |
189 |
|
|
Delle |
189 |
|
|
Exposure
Keratopathy |
189 |
|
|
Filamentary
Keratitis |
190 |
|
|
Keratic
Precipitates |
190 |
|
|
Superficial
Punctate Keratitis |
191 |
|
|
Thygeson’s
Superficial Punctate Keratitis |
191 |
|
|
Corneal Edema |
193 |
|
|
Graft Rejection
or Failure |
194 |
|
|
Infectious
Keratitis (Corneal Ulcer) |
196 |
|
|
Bacterial |
196 |
|
|
Fungal |
197 |
|
|
Parasitic |
197 |
|
|
Viral |
198 |
|
|
Interstitial
Keratitis |
203 |
|
|
Pannus |
205 |
|
|
Degenerations |
206 |
|
|
Arcus Senilis |
206 |
|
|
Band
Keratopathy |
207 |
|
|
Crocodile
Shagreen |
207 |
|
|
Furrow
Degeneration |
208 |
|
|
Lipid
Keratopathy |
208 |
|
|
Spheroidal
Degeneration (Actinic Degeneration, Labrador Keratopathy, Climatic Droplet
Keratopathy, Bietti’s Nodular Dystrophy) |
208 |
|
|
Salzmann’s
Nodular Degeneration |
208 |
|
|
Terrien’s
Marginal Degeneration |
209 |
|
|
White Limbal
Girdle of Vogt |
209 |
|
|
Ectasias |
211 |
|
|
Keratoconus |
211 |
|
|
Keratoglobus |
212 |
|
|
Pellucid
Marginal Degeneration |
212 |
|
|
Congenital
Anomalies |
214 |
|
|
Cornea Plana |
214 |
|
|
Dermoid |
214 |
|
|
Haab’s Striae |
215 |
|
|
Megalocornea |
215 |
|
|
Microcornea |
216 |
|
|
Sclerocornea |
216 |
|
|
Dystrophies |
218 |
|
|
Anterior
(Epithelial and Bowman’s Membrane) |
218 |
|
|
Anterior
Basement Membrane Dystrophy (Epithelial Basement Membrane Dystrophy,
Map-Dot-Fingerprint Dystrophy, Cogan’s Microcystic Dystrophy) |
218 |
|
|
Gelatinous
Droplike Dystrophy |
218 |
|
|
Reis-Bückler
Dystrophy (Honeycomb Dystrophy, Thiel-Behnke Dystrophy) |
219 |
|
|
Stromal |
219 |
|
|
|
219 |
|
|
Central Cloudy
Dystrophy of François |
219 |
|
|
Schnyder’s Central
Crystalline Dystrophy |
220 |
|
|
Congenital
Hereditary Stromal Dystrophy |
220 |
|
|
François-Nectans
Fleck (Mouchetée) Dystrophy |
221 |
|
|
Granular
Dystrophy |
221 |
|
|
Lattice
Dystrophy |
221 |
|
|
Macular
Dystrophy |
222 |
|
|
Pre-Descemet’s
Dystrophy (Deep Filiform Dystrophy) |
223 |
|
|
Posterior
(Endothelial) |
223 |
|
|
Congenital
Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy |
223 |
|
|
Fuchs’
Endothelial Dystrophy |
223 |
|
|
Posterior
Polymorphous Dystrophy |
224 |
|
|
Metabolic
Diseases |
225 |
|
|
Deposits |
226 |
|
|
Calcium |
226 |
|
|
Copper |
226 |
|
|
Cysteine (Cystinosis) |
227 |
|
|
Drugs |
227 |
|
|
Immunoglobulin
(Multiple Mycloma) |
228 |
|
|
Iron |
228 |
|
|
Lipid or
Cholesterol (Dyslipoproteinemias) |
228 |
|
|
Melanin |
229 |
|
|
Tyrosine
(Tyrosinemia) Type II |
229 |
|
|
Urate (Gout) |
229 |
|
|
Verticillata
(Vortex Keratopathy) |
229 |
|
|
Enlarged Corneal
Nerves |
230 |
|
|
Tumors |
231 |
|
6 |
Anterior Chamber |
233 |
|
|
Primary
Angle-Closure Glaucoma |
233 |
|
|
Secondary
Angle–Closure Glaucoma |
236 |
|
|
Hypotony |
238 |
|
|
Hyphema |
240 |
|
|
Cells and Flare |
241 |
|
|
Hypopyon |
243 |
|
|
Endophthalmitis |
244 |
|
|
Postoperative |
244 |
|
|
Posttraumatic |
244 |
|
|
Endogenous |
245 |
|
|
Anterior
Uveitis (Iritis Iridocyditis) |
248 |
|
|
Infectious
Anterior Uveitis |
248 |
|
|
Herpes Simplex
and Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus |
248 |
|
|
Lyme Disease |
248 |
|
|
Syphilis |
248 |
|
|
Tuberculosis |
248 |
|
|
Noninfectious
Anterior Uveitis |
249 |
|
|
Nongranulomatous |
249 |
|
|
Granulomatous |
251 |
|
|
Uveitis-Glaucoma-Hyphema
Syndrome |
255 |
|
7 |
Iris and Pupils |
257 |
|
|
Trauma |
257 |
|
|
Angle Recession |
258 |
|
|
Cyclodialysis |
258 |
|
|
Iridodialysis |
258 |
|
|
Sphincter Tears |
259 |
|
|
Corectopia |
261 |
|
|
Seclusio
Pupillae |
262 |
|
|
Peripheral
Anterior Synechiae |
263 |
|
|
Rubeosis Iridis |
264 |
|
|
Neovascular
Glaucoma |
265 |
|
|
Pigment
Dispersion Syndrome |
266 |
|
|
Pigmentary
Glaucoma |
268 |
|
|
Iris
Heterochromia |
269 |
|
|
Heterochromia
Iridis |
269 |
|
|
Heterochromia
Iridum |
269 |
|
|
Congenital |
269 |
|
|
Acquired |
270 |
|
|
Anisocoria |
271 |
|
|
Greater
Anisocoria in Dark (Abnormal Pupil is Smaller) |
271 |
|
|
Greater
Anisocoria in Light (Abnormal Pupil is Larger) |
271 |
|
|
Anisocoria
Equal in Light and Dark |
271 |
|
|
Adie’s Tonic
Pupil |
272 |
|
|
Argyll
Robertson Pupil |
274 |
|
|
Horner’s
Syndrome |
275 |
|
|
Central
(First-Order Neuron) |
275 |
|
|
Preganglionic
(Second-Order Neuron) |
275 |
|
|
Postganglionic
(Third-Order Neuron) |
275 |
|
|
Relative
Afferent Pupillary Defect (Marcus Gunn Pupil) |
277 |
|
|
Leukocoria |
279 |
|
|
Congenital
Anomalies |
280 |
|
|
Aniridia |
280 |
|
|
Coloboma |
281 |
|
|
Persistent
Pupillary Membrane |
281 |
|
|
Mesodermal
Dysgenesis Syndromes |
282 |
|
|
Axenfeld’s
Anomaly |
283 |
|
|
Alagille’s
Syndrome |
283 |
|
|
Rieger’s
Anomaly |
283 |
|
|
Rieger’s
Syndrome |
283 |
|
|
Iridocorneal
Endothelial Syndromes |
285 |
|
|
Essential Iris
Atrophy (Progressive Iris Atrophy) |
285 |
|
|
|
285 |
|
|
Iris Nevus
(Cogan-Reese) Syndrome |
286 |
|
|
Tumors |
287 |
|
|
Cyst |
287 |
|
|
Nevus |
288 |
|
|
Nodules |
288 |
|
|
Iris Pigment
Epithelium Tumors |
290 |
|
|
Juvenile
Xanthogranuloma |
290 |
|
|
Malignant
Melanoma |
290 |
|
|
Metastatic
Tumors |
291 |
|
8 |
Lens |
293 |
|
|
Congenital
Anomalies |
293 |
|
|
Coloboma |
293 |
|
|
Lenticonus |
294 |
|
|
Lentiglobus |
294 |
|
|
Microspherophakia |
294 |
|
|
Mittendorf Dot |
295 |
|
|
Congenital
Cataract |
296 |
|
|
Capsular |
296 |
|
|
Lamellar or
Zonular |
296 |
|
|
Lenticular or
Nuclear |
296 |
|
|
Polar |
297 |
|
|
Sutural |
297 |
|
|
Hereditary or
Syndromes |
297 |
|
|
Intrauterine
Infections |
298 |
|
|
Metabolic |
298 |
|
|
Ocular
Disorders |
298 |
|
|
Other |
299 |
|
|
Acquired
Cataract |
300 |
|
|
Cortical
Degeneration |
300 |
|
|
Nuclear
Sclerosis |
301 |
|
|
Subcapsular Cataract |
302 |
|
|
Senile |
303 |
|
|
Systemic
Disease |
303 |
|
|
Other Eye
Diseases |
304 |
|
|
Toxic |
305 |
|
|
Trauma |
305 |
|
|
Posterior
Capsular Opacification (Secondary Cataract) |
306 |
|
|
Aphakia |
308 |
|
|
Pseudophakia |
309 |
|
|
Exfoliation |
310 |
|
|
Pseudoexfoliation
Syndrome |
311 |
|
|
Pseudoexfoliation
Glaucoma |
312 |
|
|
Lens-Induced
Glaucoma |
314 |
|
|
Lens Particle |
314 |
|
|
Phacolytic |
314 |
|
|
Phacomorphic |
314 |
|
|
Dislocated Lens
(Ectopia Lentis) |
316 |
|
|
Ectopia Lentis
Et Pupillae (Autosomal Recessive) |
316 |
|
|
Homocystinuria
(Autosomal Recessive) |
316 |
|
|
Hyperlysinemia |
316 |
|
|
Marfan’s
Syndrome (Autosomal Dominant) |
316 |
|
|
Microspherophakia |
317 |
|
|
Simple Ectopia
Lentis (Autosomal Dominant) |
317 |
|
|
Sulfite Oxidase
Deficiency (Autosomal Recessive) |
317 |
|
|
Other |
317 |
|
9 |
Vitreous |
319 |
|
|
Amyloidosis |
319 |
|
|
Asteroid
Hyalosis |
320 |
|
|
Persistent
Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous (Persistent Fetal Vasculature Syndrome) |
321 |
|
|
Posterior
Vitreous Detachment |
323 |
|
|
Synchesis
Scintillans |
324 |
|
|
Vitreous
Hemorrhage |
324 |
|
|
Vitritis |
326 |
|
10 |
Retina and Choroid |
327 |
|
|
Trauma |
328 |
|
|
Choroidal
Rupture |
328 |
|
|
Commotio
Retinae ( |
32h |
|
|
Purtscher’s
Retinopathy |
329 |
|
|
Traumatic
Retinal Breaks |
330 |
|
|
Chorioretinitis
Sclopetaria |
331 |
|
|
Hemorrhages |
331 |
|
|
Preretinal
Hemorrhage |
331 |
|
|
Intraretinal
Hemorrhage |
331 |
|
|
Subretinal Hemorrhage |
333 |
|
|
Cotton-Wool
Spot |
333 |
|
|
Branch Retinal
Artery Occlusion |
334 |
|
|
Central Retinal
Artery Occlusion |
336 |
|
|
Ophthalmic
Artery Occlusion |
339 |
|
|
Branch Retinal
Vein Occlusion |
340 |
|
|
Central/Hemiretinal
Vein Occlusion |
342 |
|
|
Venous Stasis
Retinopathy |
346 |
|
|
Ocular Ischemic
Syndrome |
346 |
|
|
Retinopathy of
Prematurity |
348 |
|
|
Coats’
Disease/Leber’s Miliary Aneurysms |
350 |
|
|
Eales’ Disease |
352 |
|
|
Idiopathic
Juxtafoveal Retinal Telangiectasia |
352 |
|
|
Type 1a
(Unilateral Congenital Parafoveal Telangiectasia) |
353 |
|
|
Type 1B
(Unilateral Idiopathic Parafoveal Telangiectasia) |
353 |
|
|
Type 2
(Bilateral Acquired Parafoveal Telangiectasia) |
353 |
|
|
Type 3
(Bilateral Perifoveal Telangiectasis with Capillary Obliteration) |
354 |
|
|
Retinopathies
Associated with Blood Abnormalities |
354 |
|
|
Retinopathy of
Anemia |
354 |
|
|
Leukemic
Retinopathy |
355 |
|
|
Sickle Cell
Retinopathy |
356 |
|
|
Diabetic
Retinopathy |
357 |
|
|
Insulin-Dependent
Diabetes (Type I) |
357 |
|
|
Non-Insulin-Dependent
Diabetes (Type Ii) |
358 |
|
|
Non-Proliferative
Diabetic Retinopathy |
358 |
|
|
Proliferative
Diabetic Retinopathy |
360 |
|
|
Hypertensive
Retinopathy |
363 |
|
|
Toxemia of
Pregnancy |
364 |
|
|
Acquired
Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysm |
365 |
|
|
Radiation
Retinopathy |
366 |
|
|
Age-Related
Macular Degeneration |
367 |
|
|
Non-Exudative
(Dry) Macular Degeneration |
368 |
|
|
Exudative (Wet)
Macular Degeneration |
370 |
|
|
Retinal
Angiomatous Proliferation |
374 |
|
|
Polypoidal
Choroidal Vasculopathy |
375 |
|
|
Myopic
Degeneration/Pathologic Myopia |
377 |
|
|
Angioid Streaks |
379 |
|
|
Central Serous
Chorioretinopathy (Idiopathic Central Serous Choroidopathy) |
381 |
|
|
Cystoid Macular
Edema |
383 |
|
|
Macular Hole |
385 |
|
|
Epiretinal
Membrane/Macular Pucker |
388 |
|
|
Myelinated
Nerve Fibers |
390 |
|
|
Solar/Photic
Retinopathy |
391 |
|
|
Toxic (Drug)
Maculopathies |
392 |
|
|
Aminoglycosides
(Gentamkin/Tobramicin/Amikacin) |
392 |
|
|
Canthaxanthine
(Orobronze) |
392 |
|
|
Chloroquine
(Aralen)/Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) |
392 |
|
|
Chlorpromazine
(Thorazine) |
394 |
|
|
Deferoxamine
(Desferal) |
394 |
|
|
Interferon-Alpha |
394 |
|
|
Methoxyflurane
(Penthrane) |
394 |
|
|
Niacin |
395 |
|
|
Quinine
(Quinamm) |
395 |
|
|
Sildenafil
(Viagra) |
396 |
|
|
Tadalafil
(Cialis)/Vardenafil (Levitra) |
396 |
|
|
Talc |
396 |
|
|
Tamoxifen
(Nolvadex) |
396 |
|
|
Thioridazine
(Mellaril) |
397 |
|
|
Lipid Storage
Diseases |
397 |
|
|
Farber’s
Disease (Glycolipid) |
398 |
|
|
Mucolipidosis (Mucopolysaccharidoses) |
398 |
|
|
Niemann–Pick
Disease (Ceramide Phosphaddyl Choline) |
398 |
|
|
Sandhoff’s
Disease (Gangliosidosis Type II) |
398 |
|
|
|
398 |
|
|
Peripheral
Retinal Degenerations |
398 |
|
|
Lattice
Degeneration |
398 |
|
|
Pavingstone
(Cobblestone) Degeneration |
399 |
|
|
Peripheral
Cystoid Degeneration |
400 |
|
|
Snail Track
Degeneration |
400 |
|
|
Retinoschisis |
400 |
|
|
Retinal
Detachment |
403 |
|
|
Rhegmatogenous
Retinal Detachment |
403 |
|
|
Serous
(Exudative) Retinal Detachment |
404 |
|
|
Traction
Retinal Detachment |
405 |
|
|
Choroidal
Detachment |
407 |
|
|
Choroidal
Effusion |
407 |
|
|
Choroidal
Hemorrhage |
407 |
|
|
Chorioretinal
Folds |
408 |
|
|
Chorioretinal
Coloboma |
409 |
|
|
Proliferative
Vitreoretinopathy |
410 |
|
|
Intermediate
Uveitis/Pars Planitis |
411 |
|
|
Neuroretinitis
(Leber’s Idiopathic Stellate Neuroretinitis) |
412 |
|
|
Posterior
Uveitis: Infections |
414 |
|
|
Acute Retinal
Necrosis |
414 |
|
|
Candidiasis |
415 |
|
|
Cysticercosis |
416 |
|
|
Cytomegalovirus |
416 |
|
|
Diffuse
Unilateral Subacute Neuroretinitis |
418 |
|
|
Human Immunodeficiency
Virus |
419 |
|
|
Pneumocystis
Carinii Choroidopathy |
419 |
|
|
Presumed Ocular
Histoplasmosis Syndrome |
420 |
|
|
Progressive
Outer Retinal Necrosis Syndrome |
421 |
|
|
Rubella |
422 |
|
|
Syphilis
(Luetic Chorioretinitis) |
422 |
|
|
Toxocariasis |
423 |
|
|
Toxoplasmosis |
424 |
|
|
Tuberculosis |
426 |
|
|
Posterior
Uveitis: White Dot Syndromes |
426 |
|
|
Acute Macular
Neuroretinopathy |
426 |
|
|
Acute Posterior
Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy |
426 |
|
|
Acute Retinal
Pigment Epitheliitis (Krill’s Disease) |
428 |
|
|
Birdshot
Choroidopathy (Vitiliginous Chorioretinitis) |
429 |
|
|
Multifocal
Choroiditis and Panuveitis/Subretinal Fibrosis and Uveitis Syndrome |
430 |
|
|
Punctate Inner
Choroidopathy |
430 |
|
|
Multiple
Evanescent White Dot Syndrome |
431 |
|
|
Acute
Idiopathic Blind Spot Enlargement Syndrome |
432 |
|
|
Posterior
Uveitis: Other Inflammatory
Disorders |
432 |
|
|
Behçet’s Disease |
432 |
|
|
Idiopathic
Uveal Effusion Syndrome |
433 |
|
|
Masquerade
Syndromes |
434 |
|
|
Posterior
Scleritis |
435 |
|
|
Sarcoidosis |
436 |
|
|
Serpiginous
Choroidopathy (Geographic Helicoid Peripapillary Choroidopathy) |
437 |
|
|
Sympathetic
Ophthalmia |
438 |
|
|
Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada
Syndrome/Harada’s Disease |
439 |
|
|
Posterior
Uveitis: Evaluation/Management |
440 |
|
|
Hereditary
Chorioretinal Dystrophies |
442 |
|
|
|
442 |
|
|
Choroideremia |
443 |
|
|
Congenital
Stationary Night Blindness |
444 |
|
|
Crystalline
Retinopathy of Bietti |
446 |
|
|
Gyrate Atrophy |
446 |
|
|
Progressive
Cone Dystrophy |
447 |
|
|
Rod
Monochromatism (Achromatopsia) |
448 |
|
|
Hereditary
Macular Dystrophies |
448 |
|
|
Adult
Foveomacular Vitelliform Dystrophy |
448 |
|
|
Best’s Disease |
448 |
|
|
Butterfly
Pattern Dystrophy |
451 |
|
|
Dominent Drusen
(Doyne’s Honeycomb Dystrophy, Malattia Leventinese) |
451 |
|
|
|
452 |
|
|
Pseudoinilammatory
Macular Dystrophy (Sorsby’s Dystrophy) |
453 |
|
|
Sjögren
Reticular Pigment Dystrophy |
453 |
|
|
Stargardt’s
Disease/Fundus Flavimaculatus |
453 |
|
|
Hereditary
Vitreoretinal Degenerations |
454 |
|
|
Familial
Exudative Vitreoretinopathy |
454 |
|
|
Enhanced S-Cone
Syndrome/Goldmann–Favre Syndrome |
456 |
|
|
Marshall
Syndrome |
456 |
|
|
Snowflake
Degeneration |
456 |
|
|
Wagner/Jansen/Stickler
Vitreoretinal Dystrophies |
456 |
|
|
Leber’s
Congenital Amaurosis |
458 |
|
|
Retinitis
Pigmentosa |
459 |
|
|
Atypical Forms |
459 |
|
|
Retinitis
Pigmentosa Inversus |
459 |
|
|
Retinitis
Pigmentosa Sine Pigmento |
459 |
|
|
Retinitis
Punctata Albescens |
459 |
|
|
Sector
Retinitis Pigmentosa |
459 |
|
|
Forms
Associated with Systemic Abnormalities |
459 |
|
|
Abetalipoproteinemia
(Bassen-Kornzweig Syndrome) |
459 |
|
|
Alstrom’s
Disease |
459 |
|
|
Cockayne’s
Syndrome |
460 |
|
|
Kearns–Sayre
Syndrome |
460 |
|
|
Laurence–Moon/Bardet–Biedl
Syndromes |
460 |
|
|
Neuronal Ceroid
Lipofuscinosis (Batten Disease) |
461 |
|
|
Refsum’s
Disease |
461 |
|
|
Usher’s
Syndrome |
461 |
|
|
Albinism |
464 |
|
|
Ocular Albinism |
464 |
|
|
Oculocutaneous
Albinism |
464 |
|
|
Phakotnatoses |
465 |
|
|
Angiomatosis
Retinae (Von Hippel-Lindau Disease) |
465 |
|
|
Ataxia
Telangiectasia (Louis-Bar Syndrome) |
465 |
|
|
Encephalotrigeminal
Angiomatosis (Sturge-Weber Syndrome) |
466 |
|
|
Neurofibromatosis
(Von Recklinghausen’s Disease) |
466 |
|
|
Racemose
Hemangiomiitosis (Wyburn–Mason Syndrome) |
467 |
|
|
Tuberous
Sclerosis (Bourneville’s Disease) |
467 |
|
|
Tumors |
468 |
|
|
Benign
Choroidal Tumors |
468 |
|
|
Choroidal
Hemangioma |
468 |
|
|
Choroidal Nevus |
470 |
|
|
Choroidal
Osteoma |
470 |
|
|
Benign Retinal
Tumors |
471 |
|
|
Astrocytic
Hamartoma |
471 |
|
|
Capillary
Hemangioma |
471 |
|
|
Cavernous
Hemangioma |
472 |
|
|
Congenital
Hypertrophy of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium |
473 |
|
|
Bear Tracks |
474 |
|
|
Combined
Hamartoma of Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Retina |
475 |
|
|
Malignant
Tumors |
475 |
|
|
Choroidal
Malignant Melanoma |
475 |
|
|
Choroidal
Metastasis |
477 |
|
|
Primary
Intraocular Lymphoma (Reticulum Cell Sarcoma) |
479 |
|
|
Retinoblastoma |
479 |
|
|
Paraneoplastic
Syndromes |
480 |
|
|
Bilateral
Diffuse Uveal Melanocytic Proliferation Syndrome |
480 |
|
|
Carcinoma-Associated
Retinopathy |
480 |
|
|
Cutaneous
Melanoma-Associated Retinopathy |
481 |
|
11 |
Optic Nerve and Glaucoma |
483 |
|
|
Papilledema |
483 |
|
|
Idiopathic
Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor Cerebri) |
485 |
|
|
Optic Neuritis |
486 |
|
|
Papillitis |
486 |
|
|
Retrobulbar |
486 |
|
|
Devic’s
Syndrome |
487 |
|
|
Anterior
Ischemic Optic Neuropathy |
488 |
|
|
Artcritic |
488 |
|
|
Nonarteritic |
488 |
|
|
Traumatic Optic
Neuropathy |
491 |
|
|
Other Optic
Neuropathies |
493 |
|
|
Compressive |
493 |
|
|
Hereditary |
493 |
|
|
Infectious |
494 |
|
|
Infiltrative |
494 |
|
|
Ischemic |
494 |
|
|
Nutritional |
494 |
|
|
Toxic |
495 |
|
|
Congenital
Anomalies |
496 |
|
|
Aplasia |
497 |
|
|
Dysplasias |
497 |
|
|
Coloboma |
497 |
|
|
Hypoplasia |
497 |
|
|
Morning Glory
Syndrome |
498 |
|
|
Optic Nerve
Drusen |
498 |
|
|
Pit |
499 |
|
|
Septo-Optic
Dysplasia (De Morsier Syndrome) |
500 |
|
|
Tilted Optic
Disc |
500 |
|
|
Tumors |
501 |
|
|
Angioma (Von
Hippel Lesion) |
501 |
|
|
Astrocytic
Hamartoma |
501 |
|
|
Combined
Hamartoma of Retina and Retinal Pigment Epithelium |
501 |
|
|
Glioma |
502 |
|
|
Melanocytoma |
502 |
|
|
Meningioma |
503 |
|
|
Chiasmal
Syndromes |
505 |
|
|
Congenital Glaucoma |
508 |
|
|
Primary
Open-Angle Glaucoma |
509 |
|
|
Secondary
Open-Angle Glaucoma |
517 |
|
|
Drug Induced |
517 |
|
|
Intraocular
Tumor |
518 |
|
|
Traumatic |
518 |
|
|
Uveitic |
518 |
|
|
Normal (Low)
Tension Glaucoma |
520 |
|
12 |
Visual Acuity, Refractive
Procedures and Sudden Vision Loss |
523 |
|
|
Refractive
Error |
523 |
|
|
Ametropia |
523 |
|
|
Anisometropia |
523 |
|
|
Astigmatism |
523 |
|
|
Emmetropia |
524 |
|
|
Hyperopia
(Farsightedness) |
524 |
|
|
Myopia
(Nearsightedness) |
524 |
|
|
Presbyopia |
524 |
|
|
Refractive
Surgery Complications |
526 |
|
|
Intraocular
Refractive Procedures |
526 |
|
|
Clear Lens
Extraction (Refractive Lens Exchange) |
526 |
|
|
Phakic
Intraocular Lens |
526 |
|
|
Corneal
Refractive Procedures |
527 |
|
|
Incisional |
527 |
|
|
Excimer Laser |
528 |
|
|
Implants |
532 |
|
|
Thermokeratoplasty |
533 |
|
|
Refractive
Surgery Complications: Evaluation/Management |
533 |
|
|
Vertebrobasilar
Insufficiency (Vertebrobasilar Atherothrombotic Disease) |
535 |
|
|
Migraine |
536 |
|
|
Migraine
without Aura |
536 |
|
|
Migraine with
Aura |
536 |
|
|
Childhood
Periodic Syndromes |
537 |
|
|
Retinal
Migraine |
537 |
|
|
Complications
of Migraine |
537 |
|
|
Convergence
Insufficiency |
538 |
|
|
Accommodative
Excess (Accommodative Spasm) |
539 |
|
|
Functional
Visual Loss |
540 |
|
|
Malingering |
540 |
|
|
Hysteria |
540 |
|
|
Transient
Visual Loss (Amaurosis Fugax) |
541 |
|
|
Amblyopia |
542 |
|
|
Strabismic |
542 |
|
|
Anisometropic |
542 |
|
|
Isoametropic |
543 |
|
|
Deprivation |
543 |
|
|
Occlusion |
543 |
|
|
Cortical
Blindness (Cortical Visual Impairment) |
544 |
|
|
Visual Pathway
Lesions |
544 |
|
|
Appendix |
549 |
|
|
Ophthalmic
History and Examination |
549 |
|
|
History |
549 |
|
|
Ocular
Examination |
549 |
|
|
Vision |
549 |
|
|
Refraction |
552 |
|
|
Retinoscopy |
553 |
|
|
Lensometer |
553 |
|
|
Potential
Acuity Meter |
554 |
|
|
Contrast
Sensitivity |
554 |
|
|
Color Vision |
555 |
|
|
Stereopsis |
555 |
|
|
4D Base Out
Prism Test |
556 |
|
|
Worth 4Dot Test |
556 |
|
|
Ocular Motility |
556 |
|
|
Cover Tests |
557 |
|
|
Corneal Light
Reflex Tests |
559 |
|
|
Forced Ductions |
560 |
|
|
Optokinetic
Testing |
560 |
|
|
Pupils |
561 |
|
|
Visual Fields |
561 |
|
|
Amsler Grid |
562 |
|
|
Tangent Screen |
562 |
|
|
Goldmann Visual
Field |
562 |
|
|
Humphrey Visual
Field |
563 |
|
|
External
Examination |
563 |
|
|
Exophthalmometry |
563 |
|
|
Schirmer’s Test |
564 |
|
|
Jones’ Dye
Tests |
564 |
|
|
Other Cranial
Nerve Examination |
564 |
|
|
Slit Lamp
Examination |
565 |
|
|
Dyes |
566 |
|
|
Gonioscopy |
566 |
|
|
Fundus Contact
and Noncontact Lenses |
567 |
|
|
Tonometry |
567 |
|
|
Specialized
Tests |
568 |
|
|
Pachymetry |
568 |
|
|
Keratometry |
569 |
|
|
Corneal
Topography |
570 |
|
|
Wavefront
Aberrometry |
570 |
|
|
Specular
Microscopy |
570 |
|
|
Fundus
Examination |
571 |
|
|
Specialized
Tests |
573 |
|
|
Ultrasonography |
573 |
|
|
Partial
Coherence Laser Interferometry (Iolmaster) |
574 |
|
|
Optical Coherence
Tomography |
574 |
|
|
AAO Suggested
Routine Eye Examination Guidelines |
575 |
|
|
Differential
Diagnosis of Common Ocular Symptoms |
575 |
|
|
Blurred Vision |
575 |
|
|
Eye Pain |
577 |
|
|
Tearing |
577 |
|
|
Discharge |
577 |
|
|
Flashes of
Light |
577 |
|
|
Red Eye |
577 |
|
|
Common Ophthalmic
Medications |
577 |
|
|
Anti-Infectives |
577 |
|
|
Antibiotics |
577 |
|
|
Antiamoebics |
580 |
|
|
Antifungals |
580 |
|
|
Antivirals |
581 |
|
|
Antiinflammatories |
581 |
|
|
NSAIDs |
581 |
|
|
Immunomodulator |
581 |
|
|
Steroids |
581 |
|
|
Ocular Hypotensive
(Glaucoma) Medications |
582 |
|
|
Alpha-Adrenergic
Receptor Agonists |
582 |
|
|
Beta-Blockers |
582 |
|
|
Cholinergic
Agonists (Miotics) |
582 |
|
|
Carbonic
Anhydrase Inhibitors |
583 |
|
|
Prostaglandin
Analogues |
583 |
|
|
Hyperosmotics |
583 |
|
|
Combinations |
583 |
|
|
Allergy
Medications |
583 |
|
|
Mydriatics/Cydoplegics |
584 |
|
|
Anesthetics |
584 |
|
|
Miscellaneous |
585 |
|
|
Artificial Tear
Gel Formulations |
585 |
|
|
Artificial Tear
Solution Formulations |
585 |
|
|
Color Codes for
Topical Ocular Medication Caps |
586 |
|
|
Ocular
Toxicology |
586 |
|
|
List of
Important Ocular Measurements |
587 |
|
|
List of Eponyms |
588 |
|
|
Common
Ophthalmic Abbreviations |
591 |
|
|
Common Spanish
Phrases |
593 |
|
|
Suggested |
595 |
|
|
Index |
597 |
|
|
|
|