1

Introduction

1

Sonography

1

Doppler Ultrasound

8

Review

10

Exercises

10

2

Ultrasound

13

Sound

14

Pulsed Ultrasound

19

Attenuation

22

Echoes

28

Review

36

Exercises

36

3

Transducers

40

Construction and Operation

41

Beams and Focusing

45

Automatic Scanning

49

Detail Resolution

58

Review

64

Exercises

64

4

Instruments

69

Beam Former

70

Signal Processor

82

Image Processor

88

Display

109

Review

118

Exercises

119

5

Doppler Principles

125

Flow

126

Doppler Effect

131

Color-Doppler Displays

135

Spectral-Doppler Displays

150

Review

170

Exercises

171

6

Artifacts

176

Propagation

177

Attenuation

180

Spectral Doppler

190

Color Doppler

198

Review

204

Exercises

205

7

Performance and Safety

211

Performance Measurements

212

Output Measurements

218

Bioeffects

224

Safety

230

Review

233

Exercises

234

8

Review

238

ARDMS SPI Examination Content Outline

240

Comprehensive Examination

241

Glossary

255

Answers to Exercises

260

APPENDICES

A

Lists of Symbols

269

B

Compilation of Equations

271

C

Mathematics Review

272

References

282