Preface

v

Foreword

vii

Contributors

viii

SECTION I

NATIVE VALVULAR HEART DISEASE: AORTIC STENOSIS/AORTIC REGURGITATION   Editor: Roberto M. Lang, MD, FASE

1

1

Morphologic Variants of the Aortic Valve   Steven A. Goldstein, MD

2

2

Aortic Stenosis Quantitation   Steven A. Goldstein, MD

11

3

Aortic Stenosis: Subaortic Membrane   Vera Lennie, MD, and José Luis Zamorano Gomez, MD

14

4

Aortic Stenosis With Low Gradient and Poor Left Ventricular Dysfunction   Alan S. Pearlman, MD, FASE

18

5

Asymptomatic Severe Aortic Stenosis   Helmut Baumgartner, MD

22

6

Challenges in Aortic Stenosis   Joseph A. Lodato, MD, and Roberto M. Lang, MD, FASE

28

7

Technical Issues: Aortic Stenosis   Matt M. Urnland, RDCS, FASE

31

8

Quantitation of Aortic Regurgitation   Hart P. Chaliki, MD, FASE

33

SECTION II

NATIVE VALVULAR HEART DISEASE: MITRAL STENOSIS/MITRAL REGURGITATION   Editor: Steven A. Goldstein, MD

37

9

Mitral Stenosis   Itzhak Kronzon, MD, FASE, Muhamed Saric, MD, PhD, FASE, and Roberto M. Lang, MD, FASE

38

10

Exercise Echocardiography in Mitral Stenosis   Kathleen Stergiopoulos, MD, PhD, FASE, and Smadar Kort, MD, FASE

46

11

Mitral Valve   Jose Luis Gutierrez-Bernal, MD, and José Luis Zamorano Gomez, MD

48

12

Mitral Stenosis: Complex Disease, Situations that Mimic Mitral Stenosis, and Technical Pearls   Steven A. Goldstein, MD

57

13

Morphologic Basis of Valvular Nonischemic Mitral Regurgitation   Lissa Sugeng, MD, MPH, and Roberto M. Lang, MD, FASE

62

14

Quantification of Nonischemic Mitral Regurgitation   Dominic Y. Leung, MBBS, PhD, and Thomas H. Marwick, MBBS, PhD

65

15

Suitability for Nonischemic Mitral Regurgitation Repair   Lissa Sugeng, MD, MPH, and Steven A. Goldstein, MD

71

16

Exercise Hemodynamics in Nonischemic Mitral Regurgitation   Dominic Y. Leung, MBBS, PhD, and Thomas H. Marwick, MBBS, PhD

74

17

Nonischemic Mitral Regurgitation in Infective Endocarditis   Lissa Sugeng, MD, MPH, and Roberto M. Lang, MD, FASE

79

18

Nonischemic Mitral Regurgitation and Left Ventricular Dysfunction   David S. Bach, MD, FASE

81

19

Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation   Judy W. Hung, MD, FASE, and Steven A. Goldstein, MD

84

20

Evaluation of Tricuspid Regurgitation by Two-Dimensional and Doppler Echocardiography: Implications for Management   William K. Freeman, MD

90

SECTION III

PROSTHETIC HEART VALVE DISEASE   Editor: William A. Zoghbi, MD, FASE

99

21

Valve Prosthesis-Patient Mismatch   Jean G. Dumesnil, MD, and Philippe Pibarot, DVM, PhD

100

22

Valve Prosthesis and Pressure Recovery   Jean G. Dumesnil, MD, and Philippe Pibarot, DVM, PhD

104

23

Aortic Prosthetic Valve Obstruction   Darryl J. Burstow, MBBS, FRACP

108

24

Mitral Prosthetic Valve Obstruction   Darryl J. Burstow, MBBS, FRACP

112

25

Prosthetic Mitral Regurgitation   Sherif F. Nagueh, MD, FASE

116

26

Prosthetic Aortic Regurgitation   Karla M. Kurrelmeyer, MD, FASE

119

27

Technical Echo-Doppler Pearls in Prosthetic Heart Valves   David B. Adams, RCS, RDCS, FASE

124

SECTION IV

INTERVENTIONAL/LNTRAOPERATIVE ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY   Editor: Mani A. Vannan, MBBS

131

28

Role of Transesophageal Echocardiography and Intracardiac Echocardiography in Atrial Fibrillation Ablation   Hyun Suk Yang, MD, PhD, Brian D. Powell, MD, Joseph F. Malouf, MD, Samuel J. Asirvatham, MD, and Krishnaswamy Chandrasekaran, MD, FASE

132

29

Left Atrial Appendage Closure: Alternative Treatment to Prevent Thromboembolism   Krishnaswamy Chandrasekaran, MD, FASE, Hyun Suk Yang, MD, PhD, Rebecca B. Fountain, RN, BSN, and David R. Holmes, Jr., MD

135

30

Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiographic Evaluation of Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation   Stanton K. Shernan, MD, FASE

139

31

Mitral Valve Repair for Myxomatous Disease of the Mitral Valve   Bilal Shaukat Ali, MD, Patrick M. McCarthy, MD, and Vera H. Rigolin, MD, FASE

142

32

Echocardiography in Left Ventricular Infarct Exclusion Surgery   Mario J. Garcia, MD

145

33

Patent Foramen Ovale   Steven A. Goldstein, MD

149

SECTION V

TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY   Editor: Randolph P. Martin, MD, FASE

157

34

Precardioversion Transesophageal Echocardiography in Atrial Fibrillation   Boris S. Lowe, BHB, MBChB, and Allan L. Klein, MD, FASE

158

35

Cardiac Source of Embolus   Kirk T. Spencer, MD, FASE

164

36

Perivalvular Complications in Infective Endocarditis   Kwan-Leung Chan, MD

169

37

Aortic Dissection   Muhamed Saric, MD, PhD, FASE, and Itzhak Kronzon, MD, FASE

171

38

Aortic Intramural Hematoma   Raimund Erbel, MD, and Holger Eggebrecht, MD

176

39

Aortic Atherosclerosis and Embolic Events   Itzhak Kronzon, MD, FASE, and Paul A. Tunik, MD

180

40

Featured Expert Commentary and Review: Central Role of Transesophageal Echocardiography in Clinical Cardiology   Gerald Maurer, MD

183

SECTION VI

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE   Editor: Patricia A. Pellikka, MD, FASE

187

41

Stress Echocardiography in Chest Pain Syndromes   Hector R. Villarraga, MD, FASE

188

42

Exercise Echocardiography in Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (and Other Pitfalls)   Thomas H. Marwick, MBBS, PhD

191

43

Abnormal Exercise Echocardiography in Coronary Artery Disease   Hector I. Michelena, MD

194

44

Abnormal Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography for Ischemia (Preoperative Risk Assessment)   Christine Attenbofer Jost, MD

198

45

Myocardial Viability   Sripal Bangalore, MD, MHA, and Farooq A. Chaudhry, MD, FASE

201

46

Use of Tissue Doppler during Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography   Thomas H. Marwick, MBBS, PhD, and Manish Bansal, MD, DNB

208

47

Diastolic Stress Test for the Evaluation of Exertional Dyspnea   Jong-Won Ha, MD, PhD

213

48

Featured Expert Commentary and Review: Prognostic Value of Stress Echocardiography   Nithima Chaowalit, MD, and Patricia A. Pellikka, MD, FASE

216

49

Featured Expert Commentary and Review: Functional Imaging in the Era of Computed Tomographic Coronary Angiography   Pui W. Lee, MBChB, and Patricia A. Pellikka, MD, FASE

218

50

Vasodilator Stress With Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography: Abnormal Test Indicating Acute Ischemia   Victor Mor-Avi, PhD, FASE, and Roberto M. Lang, MD, FASE

222

51

Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease by Dobutamine Stress Real-Time Myocardial Contrast Perfusion Imaging   Thomas R. Porter, MD, FASE, and Feng Xie, MD

226

52

Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography after Myocardial Infarction   Hiroshi Ito, MD, PhD

231

53

Technical Pearls in Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography   Jonathan R. Lindner, MD, FASE

233

54

Featured Expert Commentary and Review: Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography for Chest Pain Syndromes in the Emergency Department   Kevin Wei, MD, and Sanjiv Kaul, MD, FASE

239

SECTION VII

MECHANICAL COMPLICATIONS OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION   Editor: Malissa J. Wood, MD, FASE

245

55

Mechanical Complications of Myocardial Infarction   Malissa J. Wood, MD, FASE

246

SECTION VIII

PERICARDIAL DISEASE AND INTRACARDIAC MASSES   Editor: Itzhak Kronzon, MD, FASE

249

56

Pericardial Tamponade   R. Parker Ward, MD, FASE, and Roberto M. Lang, MD, FASE

250

57

Constrictive Pericarditis   Itzhak Kronzon, MD, FASE

254

58

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy   Itzhak Kronzon, MD, FASE

258

59

Rare Pericardial Disorders   Itzhak Kronzon, MD, FASE, and Monvadi B. Srichai, MD

262

60

Atrial Masses   Jeanne M. DeCara, MD, FASE

266

61

Aortic Valve Masses   Jeanne M. DeCara, MD, FASE, and Roberto M. Lang, MD, FASE

271

62

Artifacts Masquerading as Intracardiac Masses   Steven A. Goldstein, MD

275

63

Use of Contrast to Distinguish Intracardiac Masses from Thrombi   James N. Kirkpatrkk, MD, FASE, and Roberto M. Lang, MD, FASE

280

64

Featured Expert Commentary and Review: Pericardial Disease and Intracardiac Masses   Ronan J. Curtin, MD, MSc, and Allan L Klein, MD, FASE

285

SECTION IX

MYOCARDIAL DISEASES   Editor: Neil J. Weissman, MD, FASE

291

65

Hypertrophie Cardiomyopathy   Steve R. Ommen, MD

292

66

Technical Issues in Assessing Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Gradient   S. Michelle Bierig, MPH, RDCS, ROMS, FASE

296

67

Treatment of Hypertrophie Obstructive Cardiomyopathy With Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction   Sherif F. Nagueh, MD, FASE

298

68

Apical Hypertrophie Cardiomyopathy   Steven A. Goldstein, MD

301

69

Dilated Cardiomyopathy   Sherif F. Nagueh, MD, FASE

303

70

Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy   Dipak Shah, MD, and Roberto M. Lang, MD, FASE

306

71

Heart Failure in Idiopathic Hypereosinophilic Syndrome   Hélčne Thibault, MD, PhD, and Genevičve Derumeanx, MD, PhD

309

72

Use of Guidelines to Evaluate Chamber Quantitation   Patrick D. Coon, RDCS, RCVT, FASE, and Roberto M. Lang, MD, FASE

311

73

Right Ventricle: Carcinoid Heart Disease   James G. Jollis, MD

317

74

Right Ventricular Dysplasia   Danita M. Yoerger Sanborn, MD, MMSc, FASE

320

75

Primary Pulmonary Hypertension   Danita M. Yoerger Sanborn, MD, MMSc, FASE

322

76

Pulmonary Embolism   Qiong Zhao, MD, PhD, FASE, and Vera H. Rigolin, MD, FASE

324

77

Pulmonary Stenosis   Qiong Zhao, MD, PhD, FASE, and Vera H. Rigolin, MD, FASE

330

78

Fenfluramine Valve Disease   James G. Jollis, MD

335

79

Featured Expert Commentary and Review: Morphologic and Functional Evaluation of the Right Heart: Progress and Challenges   Michael H. Picard, MD, FASE

337

SECTION X

HEART FAILURE FILLING PRESSURES/DIASTOLOGY   Editor: Bijoy K. Khandheria, MD, FASE

341

80

Evaluation of Diastolic Function   Steven J. Lester, MD, FASE

342

81

Mechanics of Heart Failure With Normal Left Ventricular Systolic Function   Partho P. Sengupta, MD, DM

346

82

Technical Issues in Diastolic Function Evaluation   Joan I. Lusk, RN, RDCS, FASE

350

SECTION XI

CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY   Editor: Bijoy K. Khandheria, MD, FASE

353

83

Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: Is it for Everyone?   Veronica Lea J. Dimaano, MD, and Theodore P. Abraham, MD, FASE

354

84

Mitral Regurgitation and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy   Veronica Lea J. Dimaano, MD, and Theodore P. Abraham, MD, FASE

357

85

Technical Issues in Evaluating Dyssynchrony   Deborah A. Agler, RCT, RDCS, FASE

359

86

Featured Expert Commentary and Review: Assessment of Left Ventricular Dyssynchrony in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy   Gabe B. Bleeker, MD, PhD, and Jeroen J. Bax, MD, PhD

371

SECTION XII

NEW TECHNOLOGY   Editor: Mani A. Vannan, MBBS

375

87

Contrast for Resting Echocardiograms   S. Michelle Bierig, MPH, RDCS, RDMS, FASE

376

88

Contrast for Stress Echocardiography   G. Monet Strachan, RDCS, FASE

378

89

Three-Dimensional Transthoracic and Transesophageal Echocardiography   Tamar S. Polonsky, MD, Lissa Sugeng, MD, MPH, Victor Mor-Avi, PhD, FASE, and Roberto M. Lang, MD, FASE

381

90

Myocardial Tissue Imaging   SherifF, Nagueh, MD, FASE

386

91

Tissue Doppler Imaging: Quantitation of Myocardial Mechanics   Veronica Lea J. Dimaano, MD, and Theodore P. Abraham, MD, FASE

389

92

Assessment of Left Ventricular Twist, Rotation, and Torsion   Mani A. Vannan, MBBS

394

93

Hand-Carried Echocardiography Systems   Kenneth Morton, RCS, RDCS, FASE

395

SECTION XIII

CASES FROM AROUND THE WORLD   Editors: Roberto M. Lang, MD, FASE, and Fausto J. Pinto, MD, PhD, FASE

399

94

Familial Isolated Noncompaction Left Ventricle   Ricardo E. Ronderos, MD, PhD, and Jose E. Riarte, MD

400

95

Takotsubo-like Left Ventricular Dysfunction   Nozomi Watanabe, MD, PhD

404

96

Chagas Cardiomyopathy   Harry Acquatella, MD, FASE

407

97

Cardiovascular Behcet’s Disease   Namsik Chung, MD, PhD, FASE

410

98

Use of Three-Dimensional Echocardiography in Stress Testing: Principles and First Studies   Andreas Franke, MD

412

99

Cardiac Involvement in Hypereosinophilic Syndrome   Scipione Caretj, MD, and Concetta Zito, MD

414

100

Traumatic Disruption of the Aorta   Philippe Vignon, MD, PhD

417

101

Left Ventricular Free Wall Rupture After Acute Myocardial Infarction and Thrombolysis   Ivan Melgarejo, MD

421

102

Transthoracic Coronary Artery Imaging   Masaaki Takeuchi, MD, PhD, FASE

426

103

A Hole in the Heart   Hans Joachim Nesser, MD, FASE, Gudrun Kabicher, MD, Josef Akhinger, MD, Johannes Niel, MD, Wolfgang Tkalec, MD, Christian Ebner, MD, and Siegmund Winter, MD

429

104

Transesophageal Echocardiography: In-Procedure Guidance and Follow-up of Percutaneous Closure of Prosthetic Paravalvular Leaks   Miguel Angel Garcia Fernandez, MD, PhD, José Juan Gómez de Diego, MD, Esther Pérez David, MD, PhD, José Antonio Garcia Rubles, MD, and Eulogio Garcia Fernández, MD

433

SECTION XIV

CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE   Editor: Itzhak Kronzon, MD, FASE

437

105

Congenital Heart Disease in Adults   Muhamed Saric, MD, PhD, FASE, and Itzhak Kronzon, MD, FASE

438

106

Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Septal Defects   William B. Borden, MD, Patrick D. Coon, RDCS, FASE, and Roberto M. Lang, MD, FASE

440

107

Ventricular Septal Defects and Eisenmenger Syndrome   Muhamed Saric, MD, PhD, FASE, and Itzhak Kronzon, MD, FASE

446

108

Patent Ductus Arteriosus   Muhamed Saric, MD, PhD, FASE, and Itzhak Kronzon, MD, FASE

451

109

Anatomic Features of Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries   Sonal Chandra, MD, Heidi Pollard, RDCS, Roberto M. Lang, MD, FASE, and Lissa Sugeng, MD, MPH

455

110

Coarctation of the Aorta   Muhamed Saric, MD, PhD, FASE, and Itzhak Kronzon, MD, FASE

459

111

Ebstein’s Anomaly   Muhamed Saric, MD, PhD, FASE, and Itzhak Kronzon, MD, FASE

462

Index

465