Preface

xi

Authors

xiii

1

Important biological features

1

Breeds

1

The Landrace

3

The Yorkshire, or Large White

3

The Duroc

3

The Hampshire

4

The Pietrain

5

Other Breeds

5

Hybrid Breeds

5

Miniature Breeds

6

The Vietnamese Potbelly Pig

6

The Ossabaw Island Hog

6

Nomenclature

6

Behavior

8

Anatomical and physiological features

9

Integument and Skeleton

9

Digestive System

10

Abdominal Organs

10

Cardiovascular System

10

Pulmonary System

11

Lymphatic and Endocrine System

11

Normative values

11

2

Husbandry

15

Housing

15

Environmental conditions

17

Temperature and Humidity

18

Ventilation

18

Illumination

19

Noise

19

Environmental enrichment

19

Group Housing

19

Individual Housing

20

Nutrition

21

Nutrient Requirements

21

Feeding Levels

22

Sanitation

24

Frequency

24

Methods

25

Transportation

25

Record keeping

26

Securing welfare

26

3

Management and quality assurance

29

Microbiological monitoring

29

Infections in Swine and Their Impact on Experiments

29

Pathological Changes, Clinical Disease, and Mortality

29

Immunomodulation

30

Physiological Modulation

30

Competition between Microorganisms within the Animal

30

Interference with Reproduction

31

Interference with Oncogenesis

31

Contamination of Biological Products

31

Impact of the Normal Flora

31

Zoonotic Diseases

32

Legal Regulations

32

Precautions to Prevent Infections

34

Rederivation

35

Barrier Protection

36

Health Monitoring

37

Common Findings in Health Monitoring

41

Genetic monitoring

41

Accreditation

42

AAALAC International

42

ISO 9000

43

4

Veterinary care

45

Clinical examination of swine

45

Microbiological sampling

46

Diseases of swine

46

Therapeutic treatment

50

Pathological examination

51

Anesthesia and analgesia

52

Acclimatization

52

Clinical Examination Prior to Anesthesia

52

Preoperative Fasting

53

Premedication

53

Ear Vein Catheter

56

Induction of Anesthesia

56

Endotracheal Intubation

57

Cricothyrotomy

59

Artificial Ventilation

59

Thermal Support

60

Maintenance of Anesthesia

60

Inhalation Anesthesia

60

Halothane

60

Isoflurane

61

Desflurane

61

Sevoflurane

61

Enflurane

61

Nitrous Oxide

61

Injectable Anesthesia

62

Propofol

62

Ketamine and Other Dissociatives

63

Barbiturates

63

Adrenoreceptor (a2) Agonists

64

Benzodiazepines

64

Alpha-Chloralose

64

Medetomidine-Butorphanol-Ketamine (MBK)

64

Supplementary Analgesia

64

Fluid Infusion

65

Depth of Anesthesia

65

Monitoring during Anesthesia

65

Neuromuscular Blocking Agents

66

Postoperative Management

67

Clinical Signs of Postoperative Pain

67

Postoperative Analgesics

68

Anesthetic Emergencies

69

Laryngospasm and Edema

70

Euthanasia

71

5

Experimental techniques

73

Restraint

74

Sampling techniques

75

Blood Sampling

75

Urine and Feces

78

Cerebrospinal Fluid

79

Bile and Pancreatic Excretions

79

Administration of compounds

80

Basic surgical procedures

81

Catheterization

82

The Carotid Artery and the Internal Jugular Vein

82

The Carotid Artery

82

The Internal Jugular Vein

83

The External Jugular Vein

83

The Cephalic Vein

83

The Femoral Artery and Vein

83

Laparotomy

84

Portal Vein Cannulation

84

The Hepatic Vein

84

The Pancreatic Duct

84

Exteriorization of Catheters

85

Catheter Sizes and Material

85

Catheter Maintenance

86

Safety testing of chemicals and drugs

86

Dermal Toxicology

86

Acute and Chronic Systemic Toxicology

87

Necropsy

90

Equipment

90

Preservation

92

Procedure

92

Special issues regarding gene-modified swine

93

6

Resources

95

Associations

95

Books

99

Journals

100

Internet resources

103

Swine and diet, and equipment

103

Miniature Swine Resources

104

Diet Resources

104

References

107

Index

119