Preface

xv

PART 1

SAFETY IN THE CLINICAL ENVIRONMENT

1

SECTION 1-1

PHYSICAL THERAPIST AND PHYSICAL THERAPIST ASSISTANT RELATIONSHIP

3

The Collaborative Path Between the PT and the PTA

4

PTA Duties (as per the American Physical Therapy Association)

4

The PTA’s Clinical Considerations During Interventions

4

SECTION 1-2

PATIENT COMMUNICATION

5

General Recommendations for Verbal Communication

6

Methods of Effective Patient Communication

6

Informed Consent

7

Methods of Effective Listening

7

SECTION 1-3

PATIENT EDUCATION

8

The PTA’s Responsibilities During Patient Education

9

Patient Education for Patients/Clients Who Have Difficulty Reading

9

Patient/Client Education for Older Adults

9

Patient Education for Patients/Clients Who Have Visual Impairments

10

Patient Education for Patients/Clients Who Have Hearing Impairments

10

Patient Education for Patients/Clients Who Cannot Speak English

10

Basic Requirements for the Home Exercise Program

11

Example of a Home Exercise Program to Improve Upper Body Postural Control

11

Section 1-4: Patient Confidentiality

12

Significance of Patient Confidentiality

13

Situations When the Patient’s Written Authorization for Release of Medical Information is Required

13

SECTION 1-5

CULTURAL COMPETENCE

14

General Methods to Increase Cultural Competence

15

Guidelines to Cultural Competence

15

Religious Beliefs and Health Concepts

15

Intervention Strategies Considering Cultural Diversity

19

SECTION 1-6

INFECTION CONTROL

21

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Recommended Standard Precautions

22

Occupational Safety and Guidelines for Airborne, Droplet, and Contact Transmission-Based Precautions

23

Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s Universal Precautions Recommendations

24

Asepsis Methods

24

Types of Nosocomial Infections

25

Infectious Diseases

25

SECTION 1-7

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

28

How to Recognize Forms of Domestic Abuse

29

Difficulties in Identifying and Helping Victims of Domestic Violence

29

Methods to Overcome Difficulties in Identifying and Helping Victims of Domestic Violence

29

Signs Indicating a Victim of Domestic Abuse

30

Domestic Abuse Signs That Need Screening

30

The Joint Commission’s Guidelines and Goals for Identifying Victims of Domestic Violence

30

SECTION 1-8

PATIENT SAFETY DURING INTERVENTIONS

31

Vital Signs Normatives

32

Patient Emergency Situations

32

General Signs and Symptoms That Warrant Discontinuing Physical Therapy Interventions

33

Signs and Symptoms of Hypcrglycemia: High Blood Sugar of More Than 200 mg/dL

33

Signs and Symptoms of Hypoglycemia: Low Blood Sugar of Less Than 50 mg/dL

34

Intervention Precautions for Patients with Diabetes

34

Signs and Symptoms of Electrolyte Disturbances: Hyperkalemia (High Potassium Level in Blood)

34

Signs and Symptoms of Electrolyte Disturbances: Hypokalemia (Low Potassium Level in Blood)

35

Signs and Symptoms of Electrolyte Disturbances: Hypernatremia (High Sodium Level in Blood

35

Signs and Symptoms of Electrolyte Disturbances: Hyponatremia (Low Sodium Level in Blood)

36

Signs and Symptoms of Electrolyte Disturbances: Hypercalccmia (High Calcium Level in Blood)

36

Signs and Symptoms of Electrolyte Disturbances: Hypocalcemia (Low Calcium Level in Blood)

37

Signs and Symptoms of Respiratory Acidosis: CO₂ Retention and Impaired Alveolar Ventilation

37

Signs and Symptoms of Respiratory Alkalosis: Low CO₂ and Alveolar Hyperventilation

38

Signs and Symptoms of Overhydralion: Excess of Body Fluid

39

Signs and Symptoms of Dehydration: Extreme Decrease of Body Fluid

39

Medications and Patients’ Adverse Reactions in the Clinic

40

Contraindications to and Precautions for Physical Agents and Modalities

40

Acute Care Safety

40

References

40

PART 2

CLINICAL DOCUMENTATION

47

SECTION 2-1

DOCUMENTATION GUIDELINES

48

General Documentation Guidelines

49

American Physical Therapy Association’s Documentation Guidelines

49

APTA’s Documentation Guidelines on Domestic Violence

49

SECTION 2-2

DOCUMENTATION ELEMENTS

51

Initial Examination and Evaluation Elements

52

Patient History Elements

52

Progress Report Elements

53

Discontinuation of Physical Therapy Report Elements

53

Possible Indications for Patient’s Discontinuation of Physical Therapy

53

SECTION 2-3

DAILY/WEEKLY SOAP NOTE ELEMENTS

54

Subjective Data

55

Strategies for Writing Subjective Data

55

Objective Data

55

Objective Data Guidelines

56

Examples of Impairments and Related Functional Limitations

56

Strategies for Writing Objective Data

56

Assessment Data

57

Strategies for Writing Assessment Data

57

Plan Data

57

Strategies for Writing Plan Data

57

Documentation Tips

58

Telephone Referral Documentation

58

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and Documentation

59

SECTION 2-4

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS FREQUENTLY USED IN PHYSICAL THERAPY

60

Abbreviations

61

Symbols

66

References

66

PART 3

MUSCULOSKELETAL INTERVENTIONS

67

SECTION 3-1

MUSCULOSKELETAL DATA COLLECTION

69

Goniometry—Joint Measurements: Body Position, Goniometer Alignment, and Normal Range of Motion Degrees (per AAOS)

70

Cervical and Thoracolumbar Range of Motion Normatives (per AAOS)

82

Manual Muscle Testing: Grading System of Hislop and Montgomery

82

Upper Extremity Manual Muscle Testing

83

Finger and Thumb Manual Muscle Testing

96

Lower Extremity Manual Muscle Testing

97

Big Toe and Other Toes Manual Muscle Testing

105

Myotomes Testing

105

Pain Rating

106

Deep Tendon Reflexes and Grades

106

Orthopedic Special Tests: Shoulder, Elbow, Wrist, and Hand

107

Orthopedic Special Tests: Hip, Knee, and Ankle

109

Common Injuries of the Brachial Plexus

111

Common Muscle Substitutions

112

SECTION 3-2

BASIC CLINICAL IMPAIRMENTS AND FUNCTIONAL LIMITATIONS OF COMMON MUSCULOSKELETAL CONDITIONS

113

Clinical Impairments and Functional Limitations of Arthritic Disorders

114

Clinical Impairments and Functional Limitations of Other Musculoskeletal Conditions

115

SECTION 3-3

TYPES OF MUSCULOSKELETAL INTERVENTIONS

116

Therapeutic Exercises: Indications and Contraindications

117

Relaxation Exercises

122

PNF Exercises: Diagonal Patterns

123

Closed Kinetic Chain Exercises to Increase Weight-Bearing Control and Stability

127

Patient Education Topics Related lo the Lumbar Spine

128

Abdominal Strengthening Exercises

129

Exercise Topics for the Obstetric Patient

130

Physical Agents and Modalities: Indications and Applications

131

Therapeutic Massage Application

142

Orthotics

142

Orthotic Interventions

146

Transtibial (Below Knee) Prostheses

147

Transfemoral (Above Knee) Prostheses

148

Prosthetics: Levels of Amputation

149

Prosthetics; Pressure-Tolerant and Pressure-Sensitive Areas

149

Prosthetic Interventions

150

Phases of Gait Cycles

152

Muscle Activation Patterns

152

Common Gait Deviations: Stance Phase

153

Common Gait Deviations: Swing Phase

153

Gait Training Points

154

Wheelchair Measurements

155

Wheelchair’s Postural Support System

155

Wheelchair Training

160

SECTION 3-4

MUSCULOSKELETAL INTERVENTION PATTERNS

161

APTA’s Guide to Physical Therapist Practice 11: APTA’s Musculoskeletal Intervention Patterns

161

Arthritic Disorders: Intervention Patterns

164

Tendonitis and Bursitis: Intervention Patterns

166

Strains, Sprains, Dislocations, and Fractures: Intervention Patterns

167

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome, Adhesive Capsulitis, Low Back Disorders, Plantar Fasciitis, and Arthroplastics: Intervention Patterns

170

SECTION 3-5

PHASES OF TISSUE HEALING AND CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS

175

Tissue Healing and Interventions

176

SECTION 3-6

BONES

177

Human Skeleton

178

Carpal Bones

179

Tarsal Bones

179

SECTION 3-7

MUSCLES: FUNCTION, NERVE, ORIGIN, INSERTION, AND PALPATION

180

Pelvis and Hip Muscles

182

Pelvis and Hip Muscles

183

Knee Muscles

184

Ankle and Foot Muscles

185

Shoulder Muscles

187

Elbow and Forearm Muscles

190

Wrist, Hand, and Finger Muscles

191

Neck, Trunk, and Back Muscles

194

Thenar and Hypothenar Muscles

196

References

196

PART 4

NEUROLOGIC INTERVENTIONS

197

SECTION 4-1

NEUROLOGIC DATA COLLECTION

199

Patient Arousal Levels

200

Memory and Amnesia Terms

200

Ranchos Los Amigos Levels of Cognitive Functioning

201

Terms of Cognitive-Perceptual Deficits

202

Speech and Communication Functions and Impairments

203

Sensory Function: Dermatomes

205

Motor Function: Tonal Abnormalities

206

Motor Function: Myotatic Reflexes (Stretch Reflexes)

206

Motor Function: Grading Scale for Muscle Stretch Reflex

207

Motor Function: Babinski’s Reflex

207

Motor Function: Basal Ganglia Dysfunction Characteristics

210

Motor Function: Characteristics of Upper Motor Neuron and Lower Motor Neuron Lesions

211

Motor Function: Coordination Tests and Scoring

211

Motor Function: Balance Tests and Scoring

212

Functional Balance Test: Berg Balance Scale

212

Functional Balance Test: Performance-Oriented Assessment of Mobility I: POMAI (Tinetti)

215

Functional Balance Test: Timed Get Up and Go Test and Normatives

218

Motor Deficits Associated with Cerebral Vascular Accident: Abnormal Synergy Patterns

218

Brunnstrom’s Spasticity Patterns

219

Motor Deficits Associated with Cerebral Vascular Accident: Brunnstrom’s Stages of Recovery

219

Cerebral Vascular Accident: Gait Deficits

220

Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: Functional Capabilities and Assistance

220

Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: Mechanisms of Injury

223

Spinal Cord Injury Syndromes

223

Classification of Spinal Cord Injury

224

Classification of Multiple Sclerosis

224

SECTION 4-2

CLINICAL IMPAIRMENTS AND FUNCTIONAL LIMITATIONS OF NEUROLOGIC CONDITIONS

225

Clinical Impairments and Functional Limitations: Cerebral Vascular Accident

226

Clinical Impairments and Functional Limitations: Parkinson’s Disease

229

Clinical Impairments and Functional Limitations: Multiple Sclerosis

230

Clinical Impairments and Functional Limitations: Traumatic Brain Injury

231

Clinical Impairments and Functional Limitations: Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury

232

Clinical Impairments and Functional Limitations: Guillain-Barré Syndrome (Polyneuritis)

213

Clinical Impairments and Functional Limitations: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

234

SECTION 4-3

TYPES OF NEUROLOGIC INTERVENTIONS

235

Motor Function Interventions: Postural Strategies to Regain Balance

236

Motor Function Interventions: Developmental Motor Skills (Essential Functional Skills)

236

Motor Function Interventions: Restore Movement and Functional Mobility (Using Developmental Sequence Postures)

237

Motor Function Interventions: Basic Motor Learning Strategies

238

Neurologic Facilitation Techniques

239

PNF Diagonal Patterns

240

Neurologic Inhibition Techniques

241

Locomotion Training

242

Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy as a Form of Functional Training

243

SECTION 4-4

NEUROLOGIC INTERVENTION PATTERNS

244

APTA’s Guide to Physical Therapist Practice: APTA’s Neuromuscular Intervention Patterns

245

Intervention Patterns: Cerebral Vascular Accident

248

Intervention Patterns: Parkinson’s Disease

252

Intervention Patterns: Multiple Sclerosis

254

Intervention Patterns: Traumatic Brain Injury

257

Intervention Patterns: Spinyl Cord Injury

259

Intervention Patterns: Guillain-Barre Syndrome

261

Intervention Patterns: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

262

Recent Advances in Neurological Physical Therapy: Virtual Reality

263

SECTION 4-5

REVIEW OF NERVOUS SYSTEM ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

264

Parts of the Brain and Their Functions

265

Cerebral Hemispheres and Their Functions

267

Spinal Cord

269

Ascending (Sensory) Tracts

270

Descending (Motor) Tracts

271

Autonomic Nervous System

271

Brain Meninges and Ventricles

271

Role of Cerebrospinal Fluid

272

Brain Blood Supply

273

Muscle Sensory Receptors and Their Functions

273

References

273

PART 5

CARDIOPULMONARY INTERVENTIONS

275

SECTION 5-1

CARDIOPULMONARY DATA COLLECTION

277

Vital Signs and Normatives

278

Abnormal Breathing Patterns

279

Dyspnea Grades

279

Blood Values and Normatives

280

Heart and Lung Sounds

281

Sputum Analysis

282

Cardiopulmonary Signs and Symptoms

282

Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG)

283

Cardiac Cycle

284

Cardiac Terminology and Normatives

285

Pulmonary Terminology and Normatives

286

Contraindications to Exercise Tolerance Tests

287

Termination Criteria for Exercise Tolerance Test

287

Medical Cardiac Tests and Procedures: Left Heart Cardiac Catheterization, Echocardiogram, Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery, and Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty

288

SECTION 5-2

IMPAIRMENTS CAUSED BY CARDIOPULMONARY CONDITIONS

290

Coronary Artery Disease: Impairments

291

Congestive Heart Failure: Impairments

292

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Impairments

292

Chronic Restrictive Lung Disease: Impairments

294

SECTION 5-3

PATIENT SAFETY DURING CARDIOPUHNONARY INTERVENTIONS

295

Basic Cardiac Life Support for Adults

296

Effects of Medications in Cardiac Rehabilitation

296

Bronchodilators Commonly Used in Pulmonary Rehabilitation

298

Signs and Symptoms That Warrant Discontinuing Cardiac Interventions

298

Signs and Symptoms That Warrant Changing or Discontinuing Interventions in Pulmonary Rehabilitation

299

Postural Drainage: Possible Complications and Safety Interventions During Pulmonary Rehabilitation

300

Oxygen Safety

301

Cardiac Safety Rehabilitation Guidelines After Medical Cardiac Procedures

301

Orthostatic Hypotension in Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation

302

SECTION 5-4

TYPES OF CARDIOPULMONARY INTERVENTIONS

303

Target Heart Rate

304

Patient Education: Rating of Perceived Exertion

304

Metabolic Equivalents and Activities

305

Patient Education Topics for Cardiac Disease

306

Phases of Cardiac Rehabilitation After Myocardial Infarction

307

Prevention Interventions for Coronary Artery Disease

308

Pulmonary Interventions: Terms Related to Postural Drainage

309

Postural Drainage Positions: Indications, Contraindications, and Precautions

309

Percussion and Shaking Techniques: Indications, Contraindications, and Precautions

312

Other Interventions for Pulmonary Rehabilitation

313

Examples of Pulmonary Exercises

315

SECTION 5-5

CARDIOPULMONARY INTERVENTION PATTERNS

316

APTA’s Guide to Physical Therapist Practice: APTA’s Cardiopulmonary Intervention Patterns

317

Coronary Artery Disease: Intervention Patterns

319

Congestive Heart Failure: Intervention Patterns

320

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Intervention Patterns

321

Chronic Restrictive Lung Diseases, Atelectasis, and Pulmonary Edema: Intervention Patterns

322

SECTION 5-6

REVIEW OF CARDIOPULMONARY SYSTEM ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

323

Overview of the Heart

324

Arteries and Veins of the Body

325

Overview of the Coronary Circulation (Hemodynamics)

327

Blood Supply to the Heart

327

Overview of the Electrical Conduction of the Heart

328

Autonomic Nervous System Influences on the Heart

328

Overview of the Pulmonary Anatomy, Including the Respiratory Muscles

328

References

330

PART 6

INTEGUMENTARY INTERVENTIONS

333

SECTION 6-1

INTEGUMENTARY DATA COLLECTION

335

Burn Classification

336

Burn Wound Zones

337

Rule of Nines and Lund-Browder Burn Classifications

338

Complications of Burn Injury

339

Burn Healing

340

Normal Physiology of Wound Healing

341

Pressure Ulcer Staging

342

Wound Characteristics

343

Wound Closure

343

Signs of Potential Wound Infection

344

Factors Contributing to Abnormal Wound Healing

344

Arterial/Venous Insufficiency and Ulcers

344

Neuropathic Ulcers (Caused by Diabetes)

345

Classification of Edema

346

Grading of Arterial Pulses

347

Terms Related to Integumentary Lesions

347

Other Integumentary Signs and Symptoms

348

Section 6-2

Clinical Impairments and Functional Limitations of Integumentary Conditions

349

Clinical Impairments and Functional Limitations in Wounds/Burns and Ulcerations

350

Integumentary Conditions and impairments (Not Related to Wounds, Burns, and Ulcerations)

350

SECTION 6-3

TYPES OF INTEGUMENTARY INTERVENTIONS

352

Burn Rehabilitation Interventions

353

Elements to Effect Wound Healing

354

Integumentary Patient Education

355

Patient Education: Skin Care

355

Patient Education: Foot Care

356

Wound Cleansing Methods

356

Wound Debridement Methods

357

Types of Wound Dressings

358

Patient Safety Precautions During Wound Interventions

361

Pressure Ulcers and Interventions

361

Other Integumentary Interventions for Lymphedema, Edema, and Wounds

362

Immunocompromised Patients and Infection Control

364

SECTION 6-4

INTEGUMENTARY INTERVENTION PATTERNS

365

APTA’s Guide to Physical Therapist Practice: APTA’s Integumentary Intervention Patterns

366

Other Integumentary Intervention Patterns (Not Related to Wounds, Burns, and Ulcerations)

368

SECTION 6-5

WOUND DOCUMENTATION

370

Wound Documentation Elements

371

SECTION 6-6

REVIEW OF INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM ANATOMY

372

Skin Anatomy

373

Sensory Receptors Location in the Skin: Identification of Burn Depth

374

References

374

PART 7

GERIATRIC INTERVENTIONS

377

SECTION 7-1

GERIATRIC DATA COLLECTION

378

Theories of Aging

379

Sleep Patterns in Older Persons

381

Factors Contributing to Malnutrition (Protein Deficiency) in Older Persons

381

Risk Factors for Hypothermia in Older Persons

382

SECTION 7-2

AGE-RELATED IMPAIRMENTS, FUNCTIONAL LIMITATIONS, AND I SUGGESTIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS

383

Muscular Impairments, Functional Limitations, and Suggestions for Interventions

384

Skeletal Impairments, Functional Limitations, and Suggestions for Interventions

385

Neurologic Impairments, Functional Limitations, and Suggestions for Interventions

385

Sensory Visual Impairments, Functional Limitations, and Suggestions for Interventions

387

Sensory Hearing Impairments, Functional Limitations, and Suggestions for Interventions

388

Vestibular and Balance Sensory Impairments, Functional Limitations, and Suggestions for Interventions

389

Somatosensory Balance Impairments, Functional Limitations, and Suggestions for Interventions

390

Taste and Smell Impairments, Functional Limitations, and Suggestions for Interventions

390

Cognitive Impairments, Functional Limitations, and Suggestions for Interventions

391

Cardiopulmonary System Impairments, Functional Limitations, and Suggestions for Interventions

392

Integumentary, Gastrointestinal, and Renal Impairments

393

Bladder Impairments and Interventions (for Incontinence)

394

SECTION 7-3

GERIATRIC DISORDERS/DISEASES AND INTERVENTION PATTERNS

395

Osteoporosis: Intervention Goals

396

Common Geriatric Fractures: Interventions

397

Degenerative Joint Disease: Interventions

399

Stroke and Parkinson’s Disease: Interventions

400

Cognitive Disorders: Intervention Goals

401

Cardiopulmonary Disorders and Diseases: Intervention Goals

404

Integumentary Conditions and Diseases, and Intervention Goals for Pressure Ulcers

406

Diabetes Mellitus: Intervention Goals

408

Immobility: Intervention Goals

409

Falls Intervention Goals

410

SECTION 7-4

REIMBURSEMENT OVERVIEW

413

Medicare Reimbursement

414

References

415

PART 8

PEDIATRIC INTERVENTIONS

417

SECTION 8-1

PEDIATRIC DATA COLLECTION

418

Pediatric Screening Tests

419

Infant Reflexes and Possible Effects When Reflexes Persist

421

Infant Reflexes and Possible Effects When Reflexes Persist

422

Impairments and Functional Limitations of Tonic Reflexes When Reflexes Persist

423

Other Reflexes and Postural Reactions

423

Reflexes and Developmental Reactions of Childhood

425

Common Surgical Procedures for the Hip in Children

431

Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis Medications and Possible Side Effects

432

Scoliosis Classification

432

Common Surgical Procedures for Scoliosis

433

Types of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip in Infancy

434

Spinal Bifida Classification and Functional Skill Levels

434

Cerebral Palsy Classification

436

Common Causes of Cerebral Palsy

437

Genetic Disorders

439

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

441

Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis

442

SECTION 8-2

PEDIATRIC INTERVENTIONS

443

Screening for Scoliosis

444

Pediatric Mobility Interventions

444

Pediatric Orthotic Interventions

446

Other Types of Pediatric Physical Therapy Interventions

448

Pediatric Wheelchair Positioning Components

449

SECTION 8-3

PEDIATRIC DISORDERS AND DISEASES: INTERVENTION PATTERNS

450

Pediatric Spondyloarthropathies: Intervention Patterns

451

Pediatric Orthopedic Disorders and Diseases: Intervention Patterns

452

Other Pediatric Disorders and Discuses: Intervention Patterns

457

References

459

PART 9

BASIC ACUTE CARE PHYSICAL THERAPY INTERVENTIONS

461

SECTION 9-1

ACUTE CARE PHYSICAL THERAPY MUSCULOSKELETAL/ORTHOPEDIC INTERVENTIONS

462

Total Knee Arthroplasty

463

Total Hip Arthroplasty

464

Hip Open-Reduction Internal Fixation

466

Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

466

Spinal Surgery Procedures and Precautions

467

Types of Fractures and Surgical Hardware

468

Fractures of the Pelvis

469

Humeral Fractures

470

Hip Fractures

470

Foot and Ankle Fractures

471

Postsurgical Infections and Medical Procedures

471

Major Pharmacological Agents Used in Musculoskeleral/Orthopedic Acute Care

472

SECTION 9 2

ACUTE CARE NEUROLOGICALLNTERVENTIONS

473

Types of Neurological Impairments and Physical Therapy Interventions in Acute Care

474

Transient Ischemic Attack

474

Cerebral Vascular Accident

475

Cerebral Vascular Accident: Impairments and Interventions

476

Post Spinal Cord Injury: Impairments

477

Post Spinal Cord Injury: Physical Therapy Interventions

478

Parkinson’s Disease and Parkinsonism: Impairments

479

Parkinson’s Disease and Parkinsonism: Physical Therapy Interventions

479

Traumatic Brain Injury: Medical and Physical Therapy Management

480

Pharmacological Agents Used in Neurologic Acute Care

481

SECTION 9-3

APPLICATION OF INTERVENTIONS TO VARIOUS ACUTE CARE CONDITIONS: FACTORS TO CONSIDER

482

Significant Factors for Patients with Endocrine Diseases and Disorders

483

Significant Factors for Patients with Gastrointestinal Diseases and Disorders

484

Significant Factors for Patients with Genitourinary Diseases and Disorders

485

Significant Factots for Patients with Oncological Diseases and Disorders

486

References

490

Appendix A

Berg Balance Scale

491

Appendix B

Functional Balance Test: Performance-Oriented Assessment of Mobility A (POMA I—Tinetti)

495

Tinetti Functional Mobility Test for Balance/Gait

496

Tinetti Functional Mobility Test for Balance/Gait

497

Appendix C

Patient Education: Borg Scale of Rating of Perceived Exertion

499

Appendix D

Skin Care for Lymphedema

501

Appendix E

Patient Education for Skin Care (for Diabetes)

503

Appendix F

Patient Education for Foot Care (for Diabetes)

505

Index

507