Table of Contents

 

 

 

 

Preface

v

 

Acknowledgements

vii

 

Reviewers

viii

PART I

INTRODUCTION

 

Chapter 1

Histologic Methods

2

Section 1

Tissue Preparation and Staining of Sections

2

Section 2

Histoiogic Slide Interpretation

3

Figure 1.1

Kidney Cortex with Renal Corpuscle and Different Convoluted Tubules

4

Figure 1.2

Skeletal Muscle Sectioned in Longitudinal Plane and Cross Section with Surrounding Blue Staining Connective Tissue

4

Figure 1.3

Villus of Small Intestine with Brush Border, Columnar Epithelium, and Goblet Cells

4

Figure 1.4

Section of a Wall from the Aorta, Showing the Presence of Dark-Staining Elastic Fibers and the Pink Smooth Muscles

5

Figure 1.5

Sntramembranous Ossification in Skull Bones Showing the Blue Connective Tissue, Red Blood Cells, and Blood Vessels with Blood Cells

5

Figure 1.6

Blood Smear with Different Cells and Platelets

5

Figure 1.7

Cross Section of the Spinal Cord Showing the Gray and White Matter

6

Figure 1.8

Cross Section of a Peripheral Nerve, Showing the Myelin Sheath of the Axons

6

Figure 1.9

Small Artery and Veins, Showing Blood Cells and the Surrounding Connective Tissues

6

Figure 1.10

Planes of Sections through a Round Object, a Hard-Boiled, Solid Egg

8

Figure 1.11

Planes of Section through a Hollow Object, a Tube

9

Figure 1.12

Tubules of the Testis in Different Planes of Section

10

PART II

CELL AND CYTOPLASM

 

Chapter 2

Light and Transmission Electron Microscopy

13

Overview Figure 2.1

Composite Illustration of a Cell, its Cytoplasm, and its Organelles

12

Overview Figure 2.2

Composition of the Cell Membrane

18

Figure 2.1

Internal and External Morphologies of Ciliated and Nonciliated Epithelium

19

Figure 2.2

Junctional Complex Between Epithelial Cells

21

Figure 2.3

Basal Regions of Epithelial Cells

21

Figure 2.4

Basal Region of an Ion-Transporting Cell

23

Figure 2.5

Cilia and Microvilli

23

Figure 2.6

Nuclear Envelope and Nuclear Pores

25

Figure 2.7

Mitochondria {Longitudinal and Cross Section)

27

Figure 2.8

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

27

Figure 2.9

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

29

Figure 2.10

Golgi Apparatus

29

Figure 2.11

Ultrastructure of Lysosomes and Residual Bodies in the Cytoplasm of a Tissue Macrophage

31

Chapter 3

Cells and the Celt Cycle

37

Overview Figure 3.1

Cell Cycle

36

Figure 3.1

Different Phases of Mitosis and Cytokinesis

39

PART III

TISSUES

 

Chapter 4

Epithelial Tissue

43

Overview Figure 4.1

Different Types of Epithelia in Selected Organs

42

Section 1

Classification of Epithelial Tissue

43

Figure 4.1

Simple Squamous Epithelium: Surface View of Peritoneal Mesothelium

45

Figure 4.2

Simple Squamous Epithelium: Peritoneal Mesothelium Surrounding Small Intestine (Transverse Section)

45

Figure 4.3

Different Epithelial Types in the Kidney Cortex

46

Figure 4.4

Simple Columnar Epithelium: Surface of Stomach

47

Figure 4.5

Simple Columnar Epithelium on Villi in Small Intestine: Cells with Striated Borders (Microvilli) and Goblet Cells

48

Figure 4.6

Pseudostratified Columnar Ciliated Epithelium: Respiratory Passages— Trachea

49

Figure 4.7

Transitional Epithelium: Bladder (Unstretched, or Relaxed)

50

Figure 4.8

Transitional Epithelium: Bladder (Stretched)

52

Figure 4.9

Stratified Squamous Nonkeratinized Epithelium: Esophagus

52

Figure 4.10

Stratified Squamous Keratinized Epithelium: Palm of the Hand

54

Figure 4.11

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium: an Excretory Duct in Salivary Gland

54

Section 2

Classification of Glandular Tissue

56

Figure 4.12

Unbranched Simple Tubular Exocrine Glands: Intestinal Glands. (A) Diagram of Gland. (B) Transverse Section of Large Intestine

57

Figure 4.13

Simple Branched Tubular Exocrine Gland: Gastric Glands. (A) Diagram of Gland. (B) Transverse Section of Stomach

58

Figure 4.14

Coiled Tubular Exocrine Glands: Sweat Glands. (A) Diagram of Gland. (B) Transverse and Three-Dimensional View of Coiled Sweat Gland

59

Figure 4.15

Compound Acinar Exocrine Gland: Mammary Gland. (A) Diagram of Gland. (B and C) Mammary Gland during Lactation

60

Figure 4.16

Compound Tubuloacinar (Exocrine) Gland: Salivary Gland. (A) Diagram of Gland. (B) Submandibular Salivary Gland

61

Figure 4.17

Compound Tubuloacinar {Exocrine) Gland: Submaxillary Salivary Gland

62

Figure 4.18

Endocrine Gland: Pancreatic Islet. (A) Diagram of Pancreatic Islet. (B) High Magnification of Endocrine and Exocrine Pancreas

63

Figure 4.19

Endocrine and Exocrine Pancreas

64

Chapter 5

Connective Tissue

67

Overview Figure 5.1

Composite Illustration of Loose Connective Tissue with its predominant Cells and Fibers

66

Figure 5.1

Loose Connective Tissue (Spread)

71

Figure 5.2

Cells of the Connective Tissue

73

Figure 5.3

Connective a Tissue, a Capillary, and a Mast Cell in the Mesentery of A Small Intestine

75

Figure 5.4

Embryonic Connective Tissue

75

Figure 5.5

Loose Connective Tissue with Blood Vessels and Adipose Cells

77

Figure 5.6

Dense Irregular and Loose Irregular Connective Tissue

77

Figure 5.7

Dense Irregular and Loose Irregular Connective Tissue

79

Figure 5.8

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue and Adipose Tissue

79

Figure 5.9

Dense Regular Connective Tissue: Tendon (Longitudinal Section)

81

Figure 5.10

Dense Regular Connective Tissue: Tendon (Longitudinal Section)

81

Figure 5.11

Dense Regular Connective Tissue: Tendon (Transverse Section)

83

Figure 5.12

Adipose Tissue in the Intestine

83

Chapter 6

Hematopoietic Tissue

87

Overview Figure 6.1

Differentiation of Myeloid and Lymphoid Stem Cells into their Mature Forms and their Distribution in the Blood and Connective Tissue

86

Section 1

Blood

87

Figure 6.1

Human Blood Smear: Erythrocytes, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Lymphocyte, and Platelets

89

Figure 6.2

Human Blood Smear: Rbcs, Neutrophils, Large Lymphocytes, and Platelets

89

Figure 6.3

Erythrocytes and Platelets in a Biood Smear

91

Figure 6.4

Neutrophils and Erythrocytes

91

Figure 6.5

Eosinophil

93

Figure 6.6

Lymphocytes

93

Figure 6.7

Monocyte

95

Figure 6.8

Basophil

95

Figure 6.9

Human Blood Smear: Basophil, Neutrophil, Erythrocytes, and Platelets

97

Figure 6.10

Human Blood Smear-, Monocyte, Erythrocytes, and Platelets

97

Section 2

Bone Marrow

100

Figure 6.11

Development of Different Blood Cells in the Red Bone Marrow (Decalcified)

101

Figure 6.12

Bone Marrow Smear: Development of Different Blood Cell Types

103

Figure 6.13

Bone Marrow Smear: Selected Precursors of Different Biood Cells

105

Chapter 7

Skeletal Tissue: Cartilage and Bone

109

Overview Figure 7.1

Endochondral Ossification Illustrating the Progressive Stages of Bone Formation, from a Cartilage Model to Bone, Including the Histology of a Section of Formed Compact Bone

108

Section 1

Cartilage

109

Figure 7.1

Developing Fetal Hyaline Cartilage

111

Figure 7.2

Hyaline Cartilage and Surrounding Structures: Trachea

113

Figure 7.3

Cells and Matrix of Mature Hyaline Cartilage

113

Figure 7.4

Hyaline Cartilage: Developing Bone

115

Figure 7.5

Elastic Cartilage: Epiglottis

115

Figure 7.6

Elastic Cartilage: Epiglottis

117

Figure 7.7

Fibrous Cartilage: Intervertebral Disk

117

Figure 7.8

FibrocartilageIntervertebral Disk

119

Section 2

Bone

122

Figure 7.9

Endochondral Ossification: Development of a Long Bone (Panoramic View, Longitudinal Section)

127

Figure 7.10

Endochondral Ossification: Zone of Ossification

129

Figure 7.11

Endochondral Ossification: Zone of Ossification

129

Figure 7.12

Endochondral Ossification; Formation of Secondary (Epiphyseal) Centers of Ossification and Epiphyseal Plate in Long Bone (Decalcified Bone, Longitudinal Section)

131

Figure 7.13

Bone Formation: Primitive Bone Marrow and Development of Osteons (Haversian Systems; Decalcified Bone, Transverse Section)

133

Figure 7.14

Intramembranous Ossification: Developing Mandible (Decalcified Bone, Transverse Section)

133

Figure 7.15

Intramembranous Ossification: Developing Skull Bone

135

Figure 7.16

Cancellous Bone with Trabeculae and Bone Marrow Cavities: Sternum (Decalcified Bone, Transverse Section)

135

Figure 7.17

Cancellous Bone: Sternum (Decalcified Bone, Transverse Section)

137

Figure 7.18

Dry, Compact Bone: Ground, Transverse Section

137

Figure 7.19

Dry, Compact Bone: Ground, Longitudinal Section

139

Figure 7.20

Dry, Compact Bone: an Osteon, Transverse Section

139

Chapter 8

Muscle Tissue

145

Overview Figure 8.1

Diagrammatic Representation of the Microscopic Appearance of Muscle Tissue

142

Section 1

Skeletal Muscle

143

Overview Figure 8.2

Diagrammatic Representation of the Microscopic Appearance of Skeletal Muscle

144

Figure 8.1

Longitudinal and Transverse Sections of Skeletal (Striated) Muscles of the Tongue

145

Figure 8.2

Skeletal (Striated) Muscles of the Tongue (Longitudinal and Transverse Section)

147

Figure 8.3

Skeletal Muscle Fibers (Longitudinal Section)

149

Figure 8.4

Ultrastructure of Myofibrils in Skeletal Muscle

149

Figure 8.5

Ultrastructure of Sarcomeres, T Tubules, and Triads in Skeletal Muscle

151

Figure 8.6

Skeletal Muscles, Nerves, Axons, and Motor Endplates

153

Figure 8.7

Skeletal Muscle with Muscle Spindle (Transverse Section)

155

Overview Figure 8.3

Diagrammatic Representation of the Microscopic Appearance of Smooth Muscle

156

Section 2

Cardiac Muscle

156

Figure 8.8

Longitudinal and Transverse Sections of Cardiac Muscle

157

Figure 8.9

Cardiac Muscle (Longitudinal Section)

159

Figure 8.10

Cardiac Muscle in Longitudinal Section

159

Figure 8.11

Ultrastructure of Cardiac Muscle in Longitudinal Section

161

Overview Figure 8.4

Diagrammatic Representation of the Microscopic Appearance of Smooth Muscle

162

Section 3

Smooth Muscle

163

Figure 8.12

Longitudinal and Transverse Sections of Smooth Muscle in the Wall of the Small Intestine

165

Figure 8.13

Smooth Muscle: Wall of the Small Intestine (Transverse and Longitudinal Section)

165

Figure 8.14

Ultrastructure of Smooth Muscle Fibers from a Section of an Intestinal Wall

167

Chapter 9

Nervous Tissue

171

Overview Figure 9.1

Central Nervous System (CNS). The CNS is Composed of the Brain and Spinal Cord. a Section of the Brain and Spinal Cord is Illustrated with their Protective Connective Tissue Layers Called Meninges (Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, and Pia Mater)

170

Section 1

Central Nervous System: Brain and Spinal Cord

171

Figure 9.1

Spinal Cord: Midthoracic Region (Transverse Section)

175

Figure 9.2

Spinal Cord: Anterior Gray Horn, Motor Neuron, and Adjacent White Matter

175

Figure 9.3

Spinal Cord: Midcervical Region (Transverse Section)

177

Figure 9.4

Spinal Cord: Anterior Gray Horn, Motor Neurons, and Adjacent Anterior White Matter

177

Figure 9.5

Infrastructure of Typical Axodendritic Synapses in the Cns. Transmission Electron Micrograph

179

Figure 9.6

Motor Neurons: Anterior Horn of the Spinal Cord

181

Figure 9.7

Neurofibrils and Motor Neurons in the Gray Matter of the Anterior Horn of the Spinal Cord

183

Figure 9.8

Anterior Gray Horn of the Spinal Cord: Multipolar Neurons, Axons, and Neu-Roglial Cells

183

Figure 9.9

Cerebral Cortex: Gray Matter

185

Figure 9.10

Layer V of the Cerebral Cortex

187

Figure 9.11

Cerebellum (Transverse Section)

187

Figure 9.12

Cerebellar Cortex: Molecular, Purkinje Cell, and Granular Cell Layers

189

Figure 9.13

Fibrous Astrocytes and Capillary in the Brain

191

Figure 9.14

Ultrastructure of a Capillary in the Cns and the Perivascuiar Endfeet of Astrocytes. Transmission Electron Micrograph

191

Figure 9.15

Oligodendrocytes of the Brain

193

Figure 9.16

Ultrastructure of an Oligodendrocyte in the Cns with Myelinated Axons. Transmission Electron Micrograph

193

Figure 9.17

Ultrastructure of Myelinated Axons in the CNS with a Node of Ranvier. Transmission Electron Micrograph

195

Figure 9.18

Microglia of the Brain

197

Overview Figure 9.2

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). the PNS is Composed of the Cranial and Spinal Nerves. a Cross Section of the Spinal Cord is Illustrated with the Characteristic Features of the Motor Neuron and a Cross Section of a Peripheral Nerve. Also Illustrated are Types of Neurons Located in Different Ganglia and Organs Outside the CNS

201

Section 2

Peripheral Nervous System

202

Figure 9.19

Peripheral Nerves and Blood Vessels (Transverse Section)

203

Figure 9.20

Myelinated Nerve Fibers (Longitudinal and Transverse Sections)

205

Figure 9.21

Sciatic Nerve (Longitudinal Section)

207

Figure 9.22

Sciatic Nerve (Longitudinal Section)

207

Figure 9.23

Sciatic Nerve (Transverse Section)

207

Figure 9.24

Peripheral Nerve: Nodes of Ranvier and Axons

209

Figure 9.25

Ultrastructure of Peripheral Nerve Fascicle in the PNS Cut in Transverse Plane

209

Figure 9.26

Dorsal Root Ganglion, with Dorsal and Ventral Roots, Spinal Nerve (Longitudinal Section)

211

Figure 9.27

Cells and Unipolar Neurons of a Dorsal Root Ganglion

211

Figure 9.28

Multipolar Neurons, Surrounding Cells, and Nerve Fibers of the Sympathetic Ganglion

213

Figure 9.29

Dorsal Root Ganglion: Unipolar Neurons and Surrounding Cells

213

PART IV

SYSTEMS

 

Chapter 10

Circulatory System

217

Overview Figure 10.1

Comparison of a Muscular Artery, a Large Vein, and the Three Types of Capillaries (Transverse Sections)

216

Figure 10.1

Blood and Lymphatic Vessels in the Connective Tissue

221

Figure 10.2

Capillaries Sectioned in Transverse and Longitudinal Planes in a Mesentery of the Small Intestine

221

Figure 10.3

Infrastructure of a Continuous Capillary Sectioned in a Transverse Plane in the CNS

223

Figure 10.4

Ultrastructure of a Fenestrated Capillary Sectioned in a Transverse Plane in the Choroid Plexus of a Cns Ventricle

225

Figure 10.5

Muscular Artery and Vein {Transverse Section)

225

Figure 10.6

Artery and Vein in the Dense Irregular Connective Tissue of the Vas Deferens

227

Figure 10.7

Wall of a Large Elastic Artery: Aorta (Transverse Section)

227

Figure 10.8

Wall of a Large Vein: Portal Vein (Transverse Section)

229

Figure 10.9

Heart: a Section of the Left Atrium, Atrioventricular Valve, and Left Ventricle (Longitudinal Section)

229

Figure 10.10

Heart: a Section of Right Ventricle, Pulmonary Trunk, and Pulmonary Valve (Longitudinal Section)

231

Figure 10.11

Heart: Contracting Cardiac Muscle Fibers and Impulse-Conducting Purkinje Fibers

231

Figure 10.12

A Section of Heart Wall: Purkinje Fibers

233

Chapter 11

Immune System

239

Overview Figure 11.1

Location and Distribution of the Lymphoid Organs and Lymphatic Channels in the Body. Internal Contents of the Lymph Node and the Spleen are Illustrated in Greater Detail

238

Figure 11.1

Lymph Node (Panoramic View)

243

Figure 11.2

Lymph Node: Capsule, Cortex, and Medulla (Sectional View)

245

Figure 11.3

Cortex and Medulla of a Lymph Node

247

Figure 11.4

Lymph Node: Subcortical Sinus, Trabecular Sinus, Reticular Cells, and Lymphatic Nodule

247

Figure 11.5

Lymph Node: High Endothelial Venule in the Paracortex (Deep Cortex) of a Lymph Node

249

Figure 11.6

Lymph Node: Subcapsular Sinus, Trabecular Sinus, and Supporting Reticular Fibers

249

Figure 11.7

Thymus Gland (Panoramic View)

251

Figure 11.8

Thymus Gland (Sectional View)

251

Figure 11.9

Cortex and Medulla of a Thymus Gland

253

Figure 11.10

Spleen (Panoramic View)

255

Figure 11.11

Spleen: Red and White Pulp

255

Figure 11.12

Red and White Pulp of the Spleen

257

Figure 11.13

Palatine Tonsil

257

Chapter 12

Integumentary System

261

Overview Figure 12.1

Comparison Between Thin Skin in the Arm and Thick Skin in the Palm, Including the Contents of the Connective Tissue Dermis

260

Section 1

Thin Skin

264

Figure 12.1

Thin Skin: Epidermis and the Contents of the Dermis

265

Figure 12.2

Skin: Epidermis, Dermis, and Hypodermis in the Scalp

267

Figure 12.3

Hairy Thin Skin of the Scalp: Hair Follicles and Surrounding Structures

269

Figure 12.4

Hair Follicle: Bulb of the Hair Follicle, Sweat Gland, Sebaceous Gland, and Arrector Pili Muscle

271

Section 2

Thick Skin

272

Figure 12.5

Thick Skin: Epidermis, Dermis, and Hypodermis of the Palm

273

Figure 12.6

Thick Skin of the Palm, Superficial Cell Layers, and Melanin Pigment

273

Figure 12.7

Thick Skin: Epidermis and Superficial Cell Layers

275

Figure 12.8

Apocrine Sweat Gland: Secretory and Excretory Potions of the Sweat Gland

275

Figure 12.9

Cross Section and Three-Dimensional Appearance of an Eccrine Sweat Gland

277

Figure 12.10

Glomus in the Dermis of Thick Skin

279

Figure 12.11

Pacinian Corpuscles in the Dermis of Thick Skin (Transverse and Longitudinal Sections)

281

Chapter 13

Digestive System Part I: Oral Cavity and Major Salivary Glands

285

Overview Figure 13.1

Oral Cavity. the Salivary Glands and their Connections to the Oral Cavity, Morphology of the Tongue in Cross Section, Tooth, and Detail of a Taste Bud are Illustrated

284

Section 1

Oral Cavity

285

Figure 13.1

Lip (Longitudinal Section)

287

Figure 13.2

Anterior Region of the Tongue: Apex (Longitudinal Section)

289

Figure 13.3

Tongue: Circumvallate Papilla (Cross Section)

289

Figure 13.4

Tongue: Filiform and Fungiform Papillae

291

Figure 13.5

Tongue: Taste Buds

291

Figure 13.6

Posterior Tongue: Behind Circumvallate Papillae and Near Lingual Tonsil (Longitudinal Section)

293

Figure 13.7

Lingual Tonsils (Transverse Section)

293

Figure 13.8

Dried Tooth (Longitudinal Section)

295

Figure 13.9

Dried Tooth: Dentinoenamei Junction

297

Figure 13.10

Dried Tooth: Cementum and Dentin Junction

297

Figure 13.11

Developing Tooth (Longitudinal Section)

299

Figure 13.12

Developing Tooth: Dentinoenamei Junction in Detail

299

Overview Figure 13.2

Salivary Glands. the Different Types of Acini (Serous, Mucous, and Mixed, with Serous Demilunes), Different Duct Types (Intercalated, Striated, and Interlobular), and Myoepithelial Cells of a Salivary Gland are Illustrated

300

Section 2

Major Salivary Glands

301

Figure 13.13

Parotid Salivary Gland

303

Figure 13.14

Submandibular Salivary Gland

305

Figure 13.15

Sublingual Salivary Gland

307

Figure 13.16

Serous Salivary Gland: Parotid Gland

309

Figure 13.17

Mixed Salivary Gland: Sublingual Gland

309

Chapter 14

Digestive System Part Ii: Esophagus and Stomach

313

Overview Figure 14.1

Detailed Illustration Comparing the Structural Differences of the Four Layers (Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis Externa, and Adventitia or Serosa) in the Wall of the Esophagus and Stomach

312

Section 1

Esophagus

314

Figure 14.1

Wall of the Upper Esophagus (Transverse Section)

315

Figure 14.2

Upper Esophagus (Transverse Section)

317

Figure 14.3

Lower Esophagus (Transverse Section)

317

Figure 14.4

Upper Esophagus: Mucosa and Submucosa (Longitudinal View)

319

Figure 14.5

Lower Esophageal Wall (Transverse Section)

321

Figure 14.6

Esophageal-Stomach Junction

323

Figure 14.7

Esophageal-Stomach Junction (Transverse Section)

323

Section 2

Stomach

324

Figure 14.8

Stomach: Fundus and Body Regions (Transverse Section)

325

Figure 14.9

Stomach: Mucosa of the Fundus and Body (Transverse Section)

327

Figure 14.10

Stomach: Fundus and Body Regions (Plastic Section)

329

Figure 14.11

Stomach: Superficial Region of Gastric {Fundic) Mucosa

331

Figure 14.12

Stomach: Basal Region of Gastric (Fundic) Mucosa

333

Figure 14.13

Pyloric Region of the Stomach

335

Figure 14.14

Pyloric-Duodenal Junction (Longitudinal Section)

337

Chapter 15

Digestive System Part Hi: Small Intestine and Large Intestine

341

Overview Figure 15.1

Structural Differences Between the Wall of the Small Intestine and the Large Intestine, with Emphasis on Different Layers of the Wall

340

Section 1

Small Intestine

341

Figure 15.1

Small Intestine: Duodenum (Longitudinal Section)

345

Figure 15.2

Small Intestine: Duodenum (Transverse Section)

347

Figure 15.3

Small Intestine: Jejunum (Transverse Section)

349

Figure 15.4

Intestinal Glands with Paneth Ceils and Enteroendocrine Cells

349

Figure 15.5

Small Intestine: Jejunum with Paneth Cells

351

Figure 15.6

Small Intestine: Ileum with Lymphatic Nodules (Peyer Patches) (Transverse Section)

351

Figure 15.7

Small Intestine: Villi (Longitudinal and Transverse Sections)

353

Figure 15.8

Ultrastructure of the Microvilli in an Absorptive Cell in the Small Intestine

353

Section 2

Large Intestine (Colon)

354

Figure 15.9

Large Intestine: Colon and Mesentery (Panoramic View, Transverse Section)

355

Figure 15.10

Large Intestine: Colon Wall (Transverse Section)

357

Figure 15.11

Large Intestine: Colon Wall (Transverse Section)

359

Figure 15.12

Appendix (Panoramic View, Transverse Section)

361

Figure 15.13

Rectum (Panoramic View, Transverse Section)

363

Figure 15.14

Anorectal Junction (Longitudinal Section)

363

Chapter 16

Digestive System Part Iv: Accessory Digestive Organs (Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder)

367

Overview Figure 16.1

A Section from the Liver and the Pancreas is Illustrated, with Emphasis on the Details of the Liver Lobule and the Duct System of the Exocrine Pancreas

366

Section 1

Liver

367

Figure 16.1

Pig Liver (Panoramic View, Transverse Section)

369

Figure 16.2

Primate Liver (Panoramic View, Transverse Section)

371

Figure 16.3

Bovine Liver: Liver Lobule (Transverse Section)

373

Figure 16.4

Hepatic (Liver) Lobule (Sectional View, Transverse Section)

373

Figure 16.5

Bile Canaliculi in Liver Lobule (Osmic Acid Preparation)

375

Figure 16.6

Kupffer Cells in Liver Lobule (India Ink Preparation)

375

Figure 16.7

Glycogen Granules in Liver Cells (Hepatocytes)

375

Section 2

Pancreas

376

Figure 16.8

Reticular Fibers in Liver Lobule

377

Figure 16.9

Liver Sinusoids, Space of Dtsse, Hepatocytes, and Endothelial Cells in a Liver Lobule

377

Figure 16.10

Exocrine and Endocrine Pancreas (Sectional View)

379

Figure 16.11

Pancreatic Islet

381

Figure 16.12

Pancreatic Islet (Special Preparation)

381

Figure 16.13

Pancreas: Endocrine (Pancreatic Islet) and Exocrine Regions

383

Figure 16.14

Immunohistochemical Preparation of Mammalian Pancreatic Islet

383

Section 3

Gallbladder

384

Figure 16.15

Wall of the Gallbladder

385

Chapter 17

Respiratory System

389

Overview Figure 17.1

A Section of the Lung is Illustrated in Three Dimensions and in Transverse Section, with Emphasis on the Internal Structure of the Respiratory Bronchiole and Alveolar Cells

388

Figure 17.1

Olfactory Mucosa and Superior Concha (Panoramic View)

391

Figure 17.2

Olfactory Mucosa: Details of a Transitional Area

393

Figure 17.3

Olfactory Mucosa in the Nose: Transition Area

395

Figure 17.4

Epiglottis (Longitudinal Section)

397

Figure 17.5

Larynx (Frontal Section)

399

Figure 17.6

Trachea (Panoramic View, Transverse Section)

401

Figure 17.7

Tracheal Wall (Sectional View)

401

Figure 17.8

Lung (Panoramic View)

403

Figure 17.9

Intrapulmonary Bronchus (Transverse Section)

405

Figure 17.10

Intrapulmonary Bronchus, Cartilage Plates, and Surrounding Alveoli of the Lung

405

Figure 17.11

Terminal Bronchiole (Transverse Section)

407

Figure 17.12

Respiratory Bronchiole, Alveolar Duct, and Lung Alveoli

407

Figure 17.13

Lung: Terminal Bronchiole, Respiratory Bronchiole, Alveolar Ducts, Alveoli, and Blood Vessel

409

Figure 17.14

Alveolar Walls and Alveolar Cells

409

Figure 17.15

A Section of Lung Alveoli Adjacent to Bronchiole Wall

411

Figure 17.16

A Low-Power Ultrastructure of the Lung, Showing a Portion of a Bronchiole Wall and Adjacent Alveoli

413

Chapter 18

Urinary System

417

Overview Figure 18.1

A Sagittal Section of the Kidney Shows the Cortex and Medulla, with Blood Vessels and the Excretory Ducts, Including the Pelvis and the Ureter and a Histologic Comparison of Blood Vessels, the Different Tubules of the Nephron, and the Collecting Ducts

416

Figure 18.1

Kidney: Cortex, Medulla, Pyramid, Renal Papilla and Calyx (Panoramic View)

421

Figure 18.2

Kidney Cortex and Upper Medulla

423

Figure 18.3

Kidney Cortex: Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

427

Figure 18.4

Kidney Cortex: Renal Corpuscle, Juxtaglomerular Apparatus, and Convoluted Tubules

429

Figure 18.5

Ultrastructure of Cells in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule of the Kidney

431

Figure 18.6

Ultrastructure of Apical Cell Surface in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule of the Kidney

433

Figure 18.7

Kidney: Scanning Electron Micrograph of Podocytes (Visceral Epithelium of Glomerular [Bowman] Capsule) Surrounding the Glomerular Capillaries

435

Figure 18.8

Kidney: Transmission Electron Micrograph of Podocyte and Adjacent Capillaries in the Renal Corpuscle

435

Figure 18.9

Kidney Medulla: Papillary Region (Transverse Section)

437

Figure 18.10

Kidney Medulla: Terminal End of Papilla (Longitudinal Section)

437

Figure 18.11

Kidney: Ducts of Medullary Region (Longitudinal Section)

439

Figure 18.12

Urinary System: Ureter (Transverse Section)

439

Figure 18.13

Section of a Ureter Wall (Transverse Section)

441

Figure 18.14

Ureter (Transverse Section)

441

Figure 18.15

Urinary Bladder: Wall (Transverse Section)

443

Figure 18.16

Urinary Bladder: Contracted Mucosa (Transverse Section)

443

Figure 18.17

Urinary Bladder: Stretched Mucosa (Transverse Section)

445

Chapter 19

Endocrine System

451

Overview Figure 19.1

Hypothalamus and Hypophysis (Pituitary Gland). a Section of Hypothalamus and Hypophysis Illustrates the Neuronal, Axonal, and Vascular Connections Between the Hypothalamus and the Hypophysis. Also Illustrated are the Major Target Cells, Tissues, and Organs of the Hormones that are Produced by Both the Anterior (Adenohypophysis) and Posterior (Neurohypophysis) Pituitary Gland

450

Section 1

Hormones and Pituitary Gland

451

Figure 19.1

Hypophysis (Panoramic View, Sagittal Section)

455

Figure 19.2

Hypophysis: Sections of Pars Distalis, Pars Intermedia, and Pars Nervosa

455

Figure 19.3

Hypophysis: Pars Distalis (Sectional View)

457

Figure 19.4

Cell Types in the Hypophysis

457

Figure 19.5

Hypophysis: Pars Distalis, Pars Intermedia, and Pars Nervosa

459

Overview Figure 19.2

Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Gland, and Adrenal Gland. the Microscopic Organization and General Location in the Body of the Thyroid, Parathyroid, and Adrenal Glands are Illustrated

462

Section 2

Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Glands, and Adrenal Gland

463

Figure 19.6

Thyroid Gland: Canine (General View)

465

Figure 19.7

Thyroid Gland Follicles: Canine (Sectional View)

465

Figure 19.8

Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands: Canine (Sectional View)

467

Figure 19.9

Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid Gland

469

Figure 19.10

Adrenal (Suprarenal) Gland

471

Figure 19-11

Adrenal (Suprarenal) Gland: Cortex and Medulla

473

Chapter 20

Male Reproductive System

477

Overview Figure 20.1

Location of the Testes and the Accessory Male Reproductive % Organs, with Emphasis on the Internal Organization of the Testis, the Different Phases of - Q Spermiogenesis, and the Structure of a Mature Sperm

476

Section 1

Testis

477

Figure 20.1

Peripheral Section of Testis (Sectional View)

481

Figure 20.2

Testis: Seminiferous Tubules (Transverse Section)

481

Figure 20.3

Testis: Spermatogenesis in Seminiferous Tubules (Transverse Section)

483

Figure 20.4

Cross Section of Seminiferous Tubules Showing Supportive Sertoli Cells, Spermatogonia, and Spermatids in Different Stages of Development

483

Figure 20.5

Primate Testis: Different Stages of Spermatogenesis

485

Figure 20.6

Ultrastructure of a Sertoli Cell and Surrounding Cells

485

Figure 20.7

Seminiferous Tubules, Straight Tubules, Rete Testis, and Efferent Ductules (Ductuli Efferentes)

487

Figure 20.8

Ductuli Efferentes and Tubules of Ductus Epididymis

487

Figure 20.9

Tubules of Ductus Epididymis (Transverse Section)

489

Figure 20.10

Ductus (Vas) Deferens {Transverse Section)

489

Figure 20.11

Ampulla of the Ductus (Vas) Deferens (Transverse Section)

491

Section 2

Accessory Reproductive Sex Glands

494

Figure 20.12

Prostate Gland and Prostatic Urethra

495

Figure 20.13

Prostate Gland: Glandular Acini and Prostatic Concretions

497

Figure 20.14

Prostate Gland: Prostatic Glands with Prostatic Concretions

497

Figure 20.15

Seminal Vesicle

499

Figure 20.16

Bulbourethral Gland

499

Figure 20.17

Human Penis (Transverse Section)

501

Figure 20.18

Penile Urethra (Transverse Section)

501

Chapter 21

Female Reproductive System

505

Overview Figure 21.1

The Anatomy of the Female Reproductive Organs is Presented in Detail, with Emphasis on the Ovary and the Sequence of Changes during Follicular Development, Culminating in Ovulation and Corpus Luteum Formation. in Addition, the Changes in the Uterine Wall during the Menstrual Cycle are Correlated with Pituitary Hormones and Ovarian Functions

504

Section 1

Ovary and Uterus-An Overview

505

Figure 21.1

Ovary: Different Stages of Follicular Development (Panoramic View)

509

Figure 21.2

Ovary: Longitudinal Section of a Feline (Cat) Ovary Showing Numerous Follicles and Corpora Lutea

511

Figure 21.3

Ovary: a Section of Ovarian Cortex and Developing Follicles

511

Figure 21.4

Ovary: Ovarian Cortex and Primordial and Primary Follicles

513

Figure 21.5

Ovary: Primordial and Primary Follicles

513

Figure 21.6

Ovary: Maturing Ovarian Follicle in Feline (Cat) Ovary

515

Figure 21.7

Ovary: Primary Oocyte and Wall of a Mature Follicle

515

Figure 21.8

Corpus Luteum (Panoramic View)

517

Figure 21.9

Corpus Luteum: Theca Lutein Cells and Granulosa Lutein Cells

517

Figure 21.10

Human Ovary: a Section of Corpus Luteum and Corpus Albicans

519

Figure 21.11

Uterine Tube: Ampulla with Mesosalpinx Ligament (Panoramic View, Transverse Section)

521

Figure 21.12

Uterine Tube: Mucosal Folds

521

Figure 21.13

Uterine Tube: Lining Epithelium

523

Figure 21.14

Uterus: Proliferative (Follicular) Phase

525

Figure 21.15

Uterus: Secretory {Luteai) Phase

527

Figure 21.16

Uterine Wall (Endometrium): Secretory (Luteai) Phase

529

Figure 21.17

Uterine Wall: Menstrual Phase

531

Section 2

Cervix, Vagina, Placenta, and Mammary Glands

535

Figure 21.18

Cervix, Cervical Canal, and Vaginal Fornix (Longitudinal Section)

537

Figure 21.19

Vagina (Longitudinal Section)

539

Figure 21.20

Glycogen in Human Vaginal Epithelium

539

Figure 21.21

Vaginal Exfoliate Cytology (Vaginal Smear) during Different Reproductive Phases

541

Figure 21.22

Vagina: Surface Epithelium

543

Figure 21.23

Human Placenta (Panoramic View)

545

Figure 21.24

Chorionic Villi: Placenta during Early Pregnancy

547

Figure 2.1.25

Chorionic Villi: Placenta at Term

547

Figure 21.26

Inactive Mammary Gland

549

Figure 21.27

Mammary Gland: Micrograph of Inactive Mammary Gland

549

Figure 21.28

Mammary Gland during Proliferation and Early Pregnancy

551

Figure 21.29

Mammary Gland during Activation and Early Development

551

Figure 21.30

Mammary Gland during Late Pregnancy

553

Figure 21.31

Mammary Gland during Lactation

553

Figure 21.32

Lactating Mammary Gland

555

Chapter 22

Organs of Special Senses: Visual and Auditory Systems

559

Overview Figure 22.1

The Internal Structures of the Eye and the Ear are Illustrated, with Emphasis on the Cells that Constitute the Photosensitive Retina and the Hearing Organ of Corti

558

Section 1

Visual System

559

Figure 22.1

Eyelid (Sagittal Section)

561

Figure 22.2

Lacrimal Gland

563

Figure 22.3

Cornea (Transverse Section)

563

Figure 22.4

Whole Eye (Sagittal Section)

565

Figure 22.5

Posterior Eyeball: Sclera, Choroid, Optic Papilla, Optic Nerve, Retina, and Fovea (Panoramic View)

565

Figure 22.6

Layers of Choroid and Retina (Detail)

567

Figure 22.7

Eye: Layers of Retina and Choroid

567

Figure 22.8

Section of Posterior Eyeball Showing Retina with Depression Fovea

569

Figure 22.9

Optic Papilla (Optic Disk), Optic Nerve, and the Section of Retina in the : Posterior Region of the Eyeball

569

Figure 22.10

Section of Posterior Retina with the Yellow Pigment of Macula Lutea

571

Section 2

Auditory System

574

Flgure22.11

Inner Ear: Cochlea (Vertical Section)

575

Figure 22.12

Inner Ear: Cochlear Duct (Scala Media) and the Hearing Organ of Corti

577

Figure 22.13

Inner Ear: Cochlear Duct and the Organ of Corti

577

Figure 22.14

Inner Ear: Organ of Corti in the Cochlear Duct

579

 

Index

581