1

Introduction

1

2

Frequency

17

3

Abnormality

31

4

Risk: Basic Principles

50

5

Risk: Exposure to Disease

61

6

Risk: From Disease to Exposure

80

7

Prognosis

93

8

Diagnosis

108

9

Treatment

132

10

Prevention

152

11

Chance

175

12

Cause

194

13

Summarizing the Evidence

209

14

Knowledge Management

225

Appendix A

Answers to Review Questions

237

Appendix B

Additional Readings

249

Index

251