Contributors & Reviewers
iii
Preface
v
SECTION 1
OBTAINING AND UNDERSTANDING DATA
1
Chapter 1
Using Research and Statistics in Health Care
3
Chapter 2
Organizing, Displaying, and Describing Data
19
Chapter 3
Key Principles Underlying Statistical Inference:
Probability and the Normal Distribution
61
Chapter 4
Hypothesis Testing with Inferential Statistics
77
SECTION 2
ANALYZING THE DATA
91
Chapter 5
The Independent t
Test and the Mann-Whitney U-Test: Measuring the Differences Between
the Means of Two Unrelated Groups
93
Chapter 6
The Paired t Test
and the Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed Rank Test: Comparing
the Means/Medians of Two Related Groups
127
Chapter 7
The One-Way ANOVA and the Kruskal-Wallis
H-Test: Comparing the Means of Three or More Unrelated Groups
151
Chapter 8
Differences Among Group Means: N-Way ANOVA and MANOVA
185
Chapter 9
Comparing the Means of Three or More Related Groups:
Repeated-Measures ANOVA and Friedman’s ANOVA by Rank
215
Chapter 10
Comparing Means and Controlling for Covariates: ANCOVA
247
Chapter 11
Correlation Coefficients: Measuring the Association of
Two Variables
263
Chapter 12
Examining Cross-Tabulations: The Chi-Square and
Associated Statistics
289
SECTION 3
MODEL BUILDING AND PRESENTATION
317
Chapter 13
Statistical Model Building and Logistic Regression
319
Chapter 14
Linear Regression
339
Chapter 15
Exploratory Factor Analysis
371
Chapter 16
Path Analysis
399
Chapter 17
Structural Equation Modeling
419
Chapter 18
Writing and Presenting for Publication
445
APPENDICES AND OTHER END OF BOOK ITEMS
Glossary
455
Answers to Chapter Review
Questions
465
Appendix A
Entering Data into SPSS
507
Appendix B
Percent of Total Area of Normal Curve Between a z-Score
and the Mean
515
Appendix C
Distribution of t
517
Appendix D
Critical Values of the U-Statistic
519
Appendix E
Critical Values of the Wilcoxon
Signed-Rank Statistic
521
Appendix F
The 5% and 1% Points for the Distribution of F
523
Appendix G
Critical Values of H for the Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA by
Rank
531
Appendix H
Critical Values of Dunn’s Q for Nonparametric Multiple Comparison
Testing
533
Appendix I
Exact Distribution of the Friedman’s X2 for the Friedman’s ANOVA
by Rank Comparing Three Related Groups
535
Appendix J
Critical Values of the Pearson Correlation Coefficient
537
Appendix K
Critical Values of the Spearman Correlation Coefficient
539
Appendix L
Distribution of X2
Probability
541
References
543
Index
553