Table
of Contents
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1 |
The Body |
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What is anatomy? |
2 |
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How can gross anatomy be studied? |
2 |
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Important anatomical terms |
2 |
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Imaging |
3 |
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Diagnostic Imaging techniques |
3 |
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Image interpretation |
6 |
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Plain
radiography |
6 |
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Computed
tomography |
7 |
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Magnetic
resonance imaging |
7 |
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Nuclear
medicine imaging |
7 |
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Safety in imaging |
8 |
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Body systems |
8 |
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Skeletal system |
8 |
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Cartilage |
8 |
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Bone |
8 |
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Joints |
10 |
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Skin
and fascias |
13 |
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Skin |
13 |
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Fascia |
14 |
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Muscular system |
14 |
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Cardiovascular system |
15 |
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Lymphatic system |
16 |
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Lymphatic
vessels |
16 |
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Lymph nodes |
16 |
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Lymphatic
trunks and ducts |
17 |
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Nervous system |
18 |
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Central
nervous system |
18 |
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Functional
subdivisions of the CNS |
19 |
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Other systems |
30 |
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2 |
Back |
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Regional anatomy |
32 |
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Skeletal framework |
32 |
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Vertebrae |
32 |
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Intervertebral foramina |
37 |
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Posterior
spaces between vertebral arches |
38 |
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Curvatures
of vertebral column |
38 |
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Joints |
40 |
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Joints
between vertebrae in the back |
40 |
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Ligaments |
41 |
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Anterior and
posterior longitudinal ligaments |
41 |
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Ligaments flava |
42 |
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Supraspinous ligament and ligamentum
nuchae |
42 |
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Interspinous ligaments |
42 |
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Back musculature |
43 |
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Superficial
group of back muscles |
43 |
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Intermediate
group of back muscles |
45 |
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Deep group
of back muscles |
46 |
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Thoracolumbar fascia |
48 |
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Spinal cord |
49 |
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Vasculature |
50 |
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Meninges |
52 |
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Arrangement
of structures in the vertebral canal |
53 |
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Spinal
nerves |
53 |
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3 |
Thorax |
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Regional anatomy |
58 |
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Pectoral region |
58 |
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Breast |
58 |
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Muscles of
the pectoral region |
60 |
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Thoracic wall |
60 |
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Superior
thoracic aperture |
61 |
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Inferior
thoracic aperture |
62 |
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Skeletal
framework |
62 |
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Intercostal spaces |
71 |
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Diaphragm |
75 |
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Venous drainage |
77 |
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Innervation |
77 |
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Movements of the thoracic wall and diaphragm during breathing |
77 |
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Pleural cavities |
78 |
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Pleura |
78 |
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Lungs |
81 |
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Mediastinum |
93 |
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Middle mediastinum |
94 |
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Superior mediastinum |
116 |
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Posterior mediastinum |
123 |
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Anterior mediastinum |
129 |
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4 |
Abdomen |
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Regional anatomy |
134 |
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Surface topography |
134 |
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Four-quadrant
pattern |
134 |
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Nine-region
pattern |
134 |
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Abdominal wall |
135 |
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Superficial
fascia |
136 |
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Anterolateral muscles |
136 |
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Extra
peritoneal fascia |
140 |
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Peritoneum |
141 |
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Innervation |
141 |
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Arterial
supply and venous drainage |
142 |
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Lymphatic
drainage |
143 |
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Groin |
143 |
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Inguinal
canal |
144 |
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Abdominal viscera |
149 |
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Peritoneum |
149 |
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Peritoneal
cavity |
150 |
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Organs |
153 |
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Arterial
supply to the gastrointestinal tract |
172 |
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Venous
drainage |
177 |
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Lymphatics |
180 |
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Innervation |
180 |
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Posterior abdominal region |
185 |
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Posterior
abdominal wall |
185 |
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Viscera |
189 |
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Vasculature |
195 |
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Lymphatic
system |
199 |
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Nervous system
in the posterior abdominal region |
200 |
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Sympathetic
trunks and splanchnic nerves |
201 |
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5 |
Pelvis and Perineum |
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Regional anatomy |
208 |
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Pelvis |
208 |
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Bones |
208 |
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Joints |
211 |
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Orientation |
212 |
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Gender
differences |
212 |
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True pelvis |
212 |
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Viscera |
220 |
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Fascia |
230 |
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Peritoneum |
230 |
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Nerves |
232 |
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Blood
vessels |
239 |
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Lymphatics |
243 |
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Perineum |
244 |
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Borders and
ceiling |
244 |
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Ischio-anal fossae and
their anterior recesses |
245 |
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Anal
triangle |
246 |
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Urogenital triangle |
246 |
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Somatic
nerves |
252 |
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Visceral
nerves |
253 |
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Blood
vessels |
253 |
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Veins |
255 |
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Lymphatics |
255 |
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6 |
Lower Limb |
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Regional anatomy |
266 |
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The Hip |
267 |
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Bony pelvis |
267 |
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Proximal
femur |
270 |
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Hip joint |
272 |
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Gateways to
the lower limb |
274 |
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Nerves |
276 |
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Arteries |
276 |
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Veins |
276 |
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Lymphatics |
278 |
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Deep fascia
and the saphenous opening |
279 |
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Femoral
triangle |
280 |
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Gluteal region |
281 |
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Muscles |
282 |
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Nerves |
283 |
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Arteries |
286 |
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Veins |
287 |
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Lymphatics |
287 |
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Thigh |
287 |
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Bones |
288 |
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Muscles |
291 |
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Arteries |
294 |
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Veins |
298 |
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Nerves |
298 |
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Knee joint |
300 |
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Tibiofibular joint |
305 |
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Popliteal fossa |
306 |
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Leg |
307 |
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Bones |
308 |
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Joints |
309 |
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Posterior
compartment of leg |
309 |
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Lateral
compartment of leg |
313 |
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Foot |
315 |
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Bones |
316 |
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Joints |
319 |
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Tarsal
tunnel, retinacula, and arrangement of major
structures at the ankle |
326 |
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Arches of
the foot |
327 |
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Plantar aponeurosis |
328 |
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Fibrous
sheaths of toes |
328 |
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Extensor
hoods |
328 |
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Intrinsic
muscles |
329 |
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Arteries |
332 |
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Veins |
334 |
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Nerves |
334 |
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7 |
Upper Limb |
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Regional anatomy |
342 |
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Shoulder |
343 |
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Bones |
344 |
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Joints |
346 |
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Muscles |
351 |
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Posterior scapular region |
351 |
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Gateways to
the posterior scapular region |
351 |
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Nerves |
354 |
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Arteries and
veins |
354 |
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Axilla |
355 |
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Axillary inlet |
355 |
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Anterior
wall |
356 |
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Medial wall |
357 |
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Lateral wall |
358 |
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Posterior
wall |
358 |
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Gateways in
the posterior wall |
359 |
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Floor |
359 |
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Contents of
the axilla |
360 |
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Arm |
370 |
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Bones |
370 |
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Muscles |
373 |
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Nerves |
374 |
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Arteries and
veins |
375 |
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Elbow joint |
377 |
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Cubital fossa |
380 |
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Forearm |
382 |
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Bones |
383 |
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Joints |
384 |
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Anterior compartment of the forearm |
385 |
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Muscles |
385 |
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Arteries and
veins |
387 |
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Nerves |
388 |
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Posterior compartment of forearm |
390 |
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Muscles |
390 |
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Arteries and
veins |
392 |
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Nerves |
392 |
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Hand |
394 |
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Bones |
394 |
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Joints |
397 |
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Carpal
tunnel and structures at the wrist |
398 |
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Palmar aponeurosis |
399 |
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Anatomical
snuffbox |
400 |
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Fibrous
digital sheaths |
400 |
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Extensor
hoods |
401 |
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Muscles |
402 |
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Arteries
arid veins |
403 |
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Nerves |
407 |
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8 |
Head and Neck |
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Regional anatomy |
415 |
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Head |
416 |
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Neck |
416 |
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Skull |
416 |
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Anterior
view |
416 |
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Lateral view |
418 |
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Posterior
view |
420 |
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Superior
view |
421 |
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Inferior
view |
421 |
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Cranial cavity |
424 |
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Roof |
424 |
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Floor |
425 |
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Meninges |
429 |
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Cranial dura mater |
429 |
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Arachnoid mater |
432 |
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Pia mater |
432 |
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Meningeal spaces |
432 |
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Brain and its blood supply |
434 |
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Brain |
434 |
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Blood supply |
435 |
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Venous drainage |
437 |
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Cranial nerves |
440 |
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Olfactory
nerve [I] |
440 |
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Optic nerve
[II] |
441 |
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Oculomotor nerve [III] |
441 |
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Trochlear nerve [IV] |
442 |
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Trigeminal
nerve [V] |
442 |
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Ophthalmic
nerve [V1] |
443 |
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Maxillary
nerve [V2] |
444 |
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Mandibular nerve [V3] |
444 |
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Abducent nerve [VI] |
444 |
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Facial nerve
[VII] |
444 |
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Vestibulocochlear nerve [VIII] |
445 |
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Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX] |
445 |
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Vagus nerve [X] |
446 |
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Accessory
nerve [XI] |
446 |
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Hypoglossal
nerve [XII] |
446 |
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Face |
446 |
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Muscles |
446 |
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Parotid
gland |
451 |
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Innervation |
453 |
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Vessels |
456 |
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Scalp |
459 |
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Layers |
459 |
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Innervation |
460 |
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Vessels |
461 |
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Lymphatic
drainage |
462 |
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Orbit |
463 |
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Bony orbit |
463 |
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Eyelids |
464 |
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Lacrimal apparatus |
467 |
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Sensory innervation |
469 |
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Fissures and
foramina |
469 |
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Fascial specializations |
471 |
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Muscles |
472 |
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Vessels |
475 |
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Innervation |
476 |
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Eyeball |
479 |
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Ear |
482 |
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External ear |
483 |
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Middle ear |
487 |
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Internal ear |
491 |
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Temporal and infratemporal
fossae |
495 |
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Bony
framework |
495 |
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Temporomandibular joints |
497 |
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Masseter muscle |
499 |
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Temporal fossa |
500 |
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Infratemporal fossa |
501 |
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Pterygopalatine
fossa |
509 |
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Skeletal framework |
510 |
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Gateways |
511 |
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Contents |
511 |
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Neck |
515 |
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Fascia |
516 |
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Superficial
venous drainage |
519 |
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Anterior
triangle of the neck |
519 |
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Posterior
triangle of the neck |
530 |
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Root of the
neck |
534 |
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Pharynx |
540 |
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Skeletal
framework |
541 |
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Pharyngeal
wall |
542 |
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Fascia |
543 |
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Gaps in the
pharyngeal wall and structures passing through them |
543 |
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Nasopharynx |
544 |
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Oropharynx |
545 |
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Laryngopharynx |
546 |
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Tonsils |
546 |
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Vessels |
546 |
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Nerves |
547 |
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Larynx |
548 |
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Laryngeal
cartilages |
549 |
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Extrinsic
ligaments |
550 |
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Intrinsic
ligaments |
551 |
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Laryngeal
joints |
553 |
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Cavity of
the larynx |
554 |
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Intrinsic
muscles |
555 |
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Function of
the larynx |
556 |
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Vessels |
558 |
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Nerves |
559 |
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Nasal cavities |
559 |
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Lateral wall |
560 |
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Regions |
560 |
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Skeletal
framework |
561 |
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External
nose |
562 |
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Paranasal sinuses |
562 |
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Walls,
floor, and roof |
564 |
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Choanae |
566 |
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Gateways |
566 |
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Vessels |
567 |
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Innervation |
568 |
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Oral cavity |
571 |
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Skeletal
framework |
571 |
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Walls: the
cheeks |
574 |
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Floor |
574 |
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Tongue |
574 |
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Salivary
glands |
580 |
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Roof—palate |
583 |
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Oral fissure
and lips |
586 |
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Oropharyngeal isthmus |
586 |
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Teeth and gingivae |
587 |
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